黄毛鼠种群数量季节变动及其影响因素的研究

黄毛鼠是农业、卫生保健事业的主要害鼠之一,其种群数量的季节变动明显地表现为初春的数量上升,夏秋季低数量和冬季持续高数量3个阶段。数量消长曲线呈马鞍形。 菜地是黄毛鼠良好的栖息地,鼠密度终年多保持在较高的水平;旱地的鼠密度稍高;水田的鼠密度较低。 黄毛鼠种群数量的季节变动主要是种群的繁殖力和年龄组成变化的反映,同时又受到气候条件和农业生产活动的制约。     

划分黄毛鼠种群年龄指标的分析比较

黄毛鼠(Ralluslosea)是我国南方农田主要害鼠,如何科学有效地控制农田鼠害已成为植保科技工作者共同关注的课题.为掌握黄毛鼠种群数量变动规律,首先必须研究黄毛鼠的种群年龄结构以及个体年龄的鉴定方法。目前对黄毛鼠的年龄划分大都采用臼齿法和眼球晶体重法。实践证明前者尚有一定的误差,后者则要求仪器精度太高。为寻找一种既科学又简易的划龄方法,我们选择了体重、体长及尾长等生长指标进行分析比较,并根据一定的数学理论,采用定性分析转化为定量研究的手,把臼齿划龄转化为生长指标体重体长法划龄,我出了黄毛鼠划龄的简易而实用的方法。     

黄毛鼠胴体重和睾丸发育的研究

探讨黄毛鼠（Ｒａｔｔｕｓｒａｔｔｉｏｄｅｓ）胴体重与体重、胴体重与睾丸发育的关系。证实黄毛鼠的胴体重与体重是同步增长的,两者呈非常显著的线性相关;平均胴重率为０．７３６２±０．００７８;全年整个种群的睾丸随胴体重增加而同步发育,它们的线性回归方程为：ｙ＝－０．４６６４＋０．０２１１ｘ）,睾丸平均增长率为０．０２１１。     

舟山群岛黄毛鼠种群的遗传多样性及多重父权研究

岛屿常被生态学家和进化生物学家视为研究生物进化的天然实验室。本研究利用微卫星分子标记技术,分析了舟山群岛优势鼠种——黄毛鼠(Rattus losea)刺山岛种群、六横岛种群、桃花岛种群3个种群的遗传多样性,并探讨该物种是否存在多重父权现象。研究结果表明,(1)黄毛鼠种群的平均观测等位基因数(NA)和平均有效等位基因数(Ne)分别为8.792和5.494,平均期望杂合度(He)和平均观测杂合度(Ho)分别为0.821和0.956,多态信息含量(PIC)均大于0.5,说明3个种群均具有较高的遗传多样性;(2)3个种群的平均遗传分化系数(Fst)为0.040,其中桃花岛种群与刺山岛种群的分化最大,分化系数为0.052,呈中度分化水平,不同种群间所贡献的变异百分数为3.98%,说明遗传变异主要发生在种群内,而种群间仅存在很小的遗传变异;(3)14只孕鼠中,有6只孕鼠的胚胎存在多重父权现象,占43%,最小父本值为2,其余8个孕鼠的胚胎均只有唯一父本。本研究提出黄毛鼠存在多重父权现象,为该物种繁殖策略及鼠害控制的研究提供依据。     

广东省发现局部白化黄毛鼠

正脊椎动物的皮肤及其衍生物构成了动物的体被,而体被富有的色素细胞具有颜色即为体色,其物质基础主要是酪氨酸源性色素,即黑色素及其衍生物(Hartmeyer et al.,1997;王晓玲和王信军,2006;吴宇婷,2011)。动物体色是自然选择的结果,常与周围环境相协调或形成强烈反差,具有保护、识别以及体温调节等作用(王晓玲和王信军,     

黄毛鼠内脏器官重量和含水量的测定

对黄毛鼠部分内脏器官的重量,相对重量（脏器指数）及含水量进行了测定。结果表明,心,肝,肺,肾脏的重量与体重存在正相关关系,相对重量与体重存在负相关关系;心,肺,肾脏相对重量存在年龄和性别差异,成年鼠的脾脏含水量高于未成年鼠。     

黄毛鼠的种群动态研究及数量预测的意见

本文研究了福建省古田县农田区黄毛鼠种群数量、种群特征的季节变化及其相互间的关系,运用回归分析和逐步回归分析的方法,得出利用雌成体性比、成体性比,怀孕率、胎仔数等种群特征,提前4或5个月预测种群数量的4个一元回归方程,并对预测的机制进行初步的探讨。     

中国水域江豚种群遗传变异的研究

运用ＰＣＲ产物的银染测序技术,测定了中国水域江豚长江豚长江种群、黄海种群和南海种群共１２头个休的２个长度分别为３１７ｂｐ和２４５ｂｐ的ｍｔＤＮＡ控制区序列,并以此分析了江豚种遗传变异。结果表明：中国水域江豚各种群的控制区序列所定义的单倍型互不相同,无共有的单保型。以２个ｍｔＤＮＡ控制区片段的核苷酸序旬,以及把２个片段合并后产生的较大片段的序列,用ＭＥＧＡ软件中的ＵＰＧＭＡ法构建的系统树把江豚聚类为     

鄱阳湖区黄毛鼠(Rattus losea)繁殖生态

2015—2016年对鄱阳湖区的滨湖农田和湖滩草洲的黄毛鼠种群繁殖进行了研究。研究结果表明,其种群雌雄比为81.36%,在不同的季节、生境和年龄组之间都有一定的差别,雌雄比在夏季较低,春、秋、冬季的雌雄比都超过了50.00%,其中冬季的达到了133.33%。农田和湖滩草洲上的雌雄比也都超过了50.00%,且农田的高于湖滩草洲的。在不同的年龄组之间,雌雄比最高的为幼体组140.00%,其次为成体90.20%。所有雌鼠全年的怀孕率为45.26%,平均胎仔数为6.74只,繁殖指数为1.36。夏和秋季的怀孕率都较高,冬季未捕获到怀孕鼠,仅捕获到有怀孕经历(有宫斑)的雌鼠。从繁殖指数看,春、秋季维持高峰水平,且秋峰高于春峰。雌性黄毛鼠总的参产率为71.58%,各季节间变化呈现单峰曲线,夏季最高,其次是秋季和春季,冬季停止怀孕。随着年龄的增长,平均胎仔数有明显增加的趋势,成体组胎仔数最高,而繁殖指数也是以成体组最高,说明成体组是种群中繁殖的主体。雄性黄毛鼠的睾丸下降率全年总计为81.36%,分四季平均为79.64%,春、夏、秋季都维持在较高水平,冬季最低。下位睾丸的大小季节性差异极显著(P0.01),春季与冬季相比,有显著性差异,说明开春后,雄性黄毛鼠在生殖潜能上已有明显变化。这些特征与雌鼠的繁殖高峰基本吻合。说明黄毛鼠主要在春、夏、秋季繁殖,繁殖盛期在春、秋季。从不同的年龄组看,幼体组个体不参与繁殖,亚成体组个体开始参与繁殖,繁殖主体是成体组个体。     

超声驱鼠器对黄毛鼠的驱逐效果

正始于20世纪中叶的超声驱鼠器是物理防治鼠害的重要手段之一(Frings,1948;汪诚信,1982;陈毅和刘全生,2016)。起初人们发现鼠类可听到超声(Gould and Morgan,1941;Schleidt,1948),Frings(1948)基于听源性惊厥(audiogenic seizure)的动物反应提出可用超声来驱逐害鼠。其后,Anderson(1954)首次报道实验大鼠夹尾时会     

基于线粒体DNA D-loop区部分序列分析舟山海域带鱼种群遗传结构

{{@ convertAbstractHtml(article.abstractinfoCn, \"cn\")}}       

Compensation of rodent pests after removal: control of two rat species in an irrigated farming system in the Red River Delta, Vietnam

Rodent pests have a strong capacity to recover rapidly from imposed reductions in abundance, but it is unclear how populations compensate to removal when farmers apply rodent control. The response of two rat species to rodent control was monitored using regular live-trapping in an irrigated lowland mixed rice agroecosystem. Rice field rats, Rattus argentiventer (52% of rodent captures), and lesser rice field rats, Rattus losea (29%), were removed using trap-barrier systems (TBS) at two sites while rice crops were present. The TBS was a plastic fence that enclosed a small field planted 3 weeks prior to the surrounding fields and set with multiple-capture cage-traps to capture rats that were attracted to the early-planted crop. Demographic responses of rats were compared to two untreated sites. There was a reduction in abundance of rodents on treated sites relative to untreated sites during the summer rice crop (by 45% and 28% for R. argentiventer and R. losea, respectively) an increase in abundance during the winter season (31% and 69%), and a mixed response during the spring rice crop (39% decrease and 41% increase). There was an increase in the proportion of juveniles captured on treated sites relative to untreated sites post-treatment (148% and 158%) and the body mass was lower on treated sites post-treatment (males: 13% and 41%; females: 22% and 22%). Older, larger animals were removed by the TBS and the rodent populations were compensating through high recruitment of young and high immigration into treated sites. No clear patterns were observed in the occurrence of adult breeding females for either R. argentiventer or R. losea. Rodent management, should therefore, occur over large areas (> 100 ha) to reduce the chance of reinvasion.     

两种竹鸡线粒体DNA的遗传变异

采用PCR和直接测序的方法测定灰胸竹鸡(Bambusicola thoracica)与棕胸竹鸡(B.fytchii)线粒体DNA(mtDNA)控制区1142bp的序列,分析二者间的遗传变异。两种竹鸡间共发现32个变异位点,其中20个转换,12个颠换。灰胸竹鸡mtDNA控制区的碱基含量T34.26%、C25.98%、A24.84%和G14.96%,棕胸竹鸡的分别是T34.47%、C25.60%、A25.03%和G14.93%。t-检验分析显示,两种竹鸡mtDNA控制区的T和C含量差异显著。在系统发生树上,两种竹鸡在系统发生树各聚成一支,支持率达到100%。两种竹鸡间的遗传距离是0.0396。根据分子钟计算,它们大约在200万年前分歧进化。推测它们的物种形成主要受更新世第二次寒冷期的影响。     

Genetic structure of chukar partridge ( Alectoris chukar) populations in the Longdong Loess Plateau, China

This study used polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and dideoxy direct sequencing methods to analyze the genetic structure of the chukar partridge (Alectoris chukar) in the Longdong Loess Plateau, northwestern China. A total of 491 nucleotides of mitochondrial DNA from the control region gene were sequenced for 78 chukar partridges from eight different populations. The 24 variable positions defined 25 haplotypes. The high gene flow (Nm=3.75) implied little genetic differentiation between the eight populations. All the populations shared the haplotype C_1, which suggested that they all came from a common ancestor. The 25 haplotypes were spread through the populations, but could be clustered into two groups. The haplotype similar index between the two groups was only 0.15, with a genetic distance of 0.43%. The genetic variation was significantly different between the two groups, which had been isolated for all of recorded history. The genetic structure of chukar partridge populations in the Plateau appears to be the result of the synergistic effect of a glacier, along with debris flow and human activities since the middle of the Pleistocene.Communicated by F. Bairlein     

Distribution of mitochondrial plasmid-like DNA in cultivated rice (Oryza sativa L.) and its relationship with varietal groups

Summary Mitochondrial (mt) plasmid-like DNA was found in most of more than 100 rice cultivars (Oryza sativa L.) by the use of 0.7% agarose gel electrophoresis (AGE). The DNA varied in molecular weight and number. By electron microscopy, small circular DNAs of different sizes could be detected in addition to the DNAs of high molecular weight, even in cultivars in which mt plasmid-like DNA was not detected by AGE. The detection of the mt plasmid-like DNAs by AGE did not depend on their presence or absence, but on their high stoichiometry. The relationship between cytoplasms with mt plasmid-like DNAs and varietal (for example, Indica rice) groups was close. The geographical distribution of cytoplasms is discussed.     

Non-invasive sampling and DNA amplification for paternity exclusion,community structure,and phylogeography in wild chimpanzees

Genetic studies of free-ranging primates have been seriously impeded by difficulties of sampling tissues, including the undesirability of bleeding habituated animals, of transporting frozen samples to the laboratory, and of the inherent inadequacies of accessible variation including allozymes, mtDNA RFLP patterns and DNA fingerprints. We have developed methods of non-invasive DNA sampling and DNA-level genotyping which, when combined with a hierarchical analysis of mtDNA sequences and hypervariable nDNA simple sequence repeat (microsatellite) loci size length polymorphisms, facilitate the resolution of most questions at the individual, social group (community), population, and species (phylogenetic) levels. This approach, based on DNA amplified from shed hair, represents an important new tool for the acquisition of genetic information and will facilitate the study and management of both captive and free-ranging chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Our hierarchical analysis of population genetics of chimpanzees has revealed high historical levels of gene flow and large effective population sizes, as well as substantial divergence between the West African subspecies and chimpanzees from central and East Africa. At the community level, closer relatedness among philopatric males than among females supports the view that kin selection has been an evolutionary force shaping male-male cooperation in this species. Results from our study of the now relatively isolated Gombe community suggest that habitat fragmentation affects population genetic structure and possibly population viability.     

Limited genetic diversity of an endemic subspecies Schizopygopsis chengi baoxingensis as inferred from the mitochondrial DNA control region

As a subspecies of Schizopygopsis chengi (Fang), Schizopygopsis chengi baoxingensis (Fu, Ding et Ye) occurs as a single population endemic to the Baoxing River in China. The influences from the construction of hydropower dams in its distribution area might result in its extinction in the future due to its very narrow habitat and small population size. In this study, we sequenced the mitochondrial DNA control region of 81 individuals to analyze the genetic variability of the subspecies, hoping to acquire basic genetic information. The results revealed a limited genetic diversity of the population. Total samples could only be defined as seven haplotypes based on nucleotide variations. The nucleotide diversity (0.0008), haplotype diversity (0.534), and overall mean genetic distance among individuals (0.00080 ± 0.00053) were very low. Therefore, it is very necessary and urgent to conserve the population of this subspecies, avoiding further genetic loss, or even extinction. Handling editor: Christian Sturmbauer     

Mitochondrial DNA sequence variability in red-legged partridge, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Alectoris rufa</Emphasis>, Spanish populations and the origins of genetic contamination from <Emphasis Type="Italic">A. chukar</Emphasis>

The analysis of 135 mitochondrial D-loop sequences of the Iberian autochthonous red-legged partridge (Alectoris rufa) from wild population hunting bags from various locations and fowl runs in Spain yielded 37 different haplotypes. Among these, three haplotypes correspond to chukar partridges (Alectoris chukar), indicating genetic introgression from birds illegally introduced for restocking: three individuals carrying such haplotypes where found in natural populations, one appeared among those sampled on a mass reproduction farm and the remaining 10 in another fowl-run. The geographical origin of the contaminating chukar haplotypes could be assigned to the most easterly area of the chukar partridge geographical distribution in China. Molecular diversity parameters in the A. rufa samples indicate a considerable amount of genetic variation. Φ_ST showed significant differences among populations that are not explained by geographical distance alone. Particularly, one northern population (Palencia) shows a certain degree of genetic differentiation that could reflect a previously suggested subspecies division. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.