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1.
大兴安岭北部地区原始林火干扰历史的研究   总被引:35,自引:5,他引:35       下载免费PDF全文
徐化成  李湛东  邱扬 《生态学报》1997,17(4):337-343
在大兴安岭阿龙山林业局的一个集水区,通过样地法(96个样地),调查了大量的火疤木,研究了景观水平上的火状况。结果表明,由1825至1993年间样区共发生14次火灾,火烧种类主要是地表火,但也有少量树冠火;火烧强度主要为弱度火;火场面积通常很大;火烧平均间隔期为37a,火烧轮回期的约30a。这些指标对大于大兴安岭北部林区有一定的代表意义。大兴安岭北部林区的火状况主要决定于兴安落叶松的抗火特性和森林群  相似文献   

2.
大兴安岭北部森林景观对气候变化的响应   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
将森林景观模型LANDIS和林窗模型LINKAGES相结合,模拟气候变化对大兴安岭森林景观的影响,并比较分析了气候变化对森林景观的直接影响与通过火干扰改变所产生的影响.结果表明:维持当前气候和火干扰情景的条件下,森林景观保持动态平衡,兴安落叶松占据优势树种地位,未来气候情景下,兴安落叶松和偃松的分布面积降低,白桦、山杨、甜杨和钻天柳等阔叶树以及樟子松的分布面积增加,森林景观的破碎化和多样性增加;气候变化对森林景观的影响具有时滞性和长期性,气候变暖有利于大部分树种(兴安落叶松除外)的生长,火干扰增加使山杨、甜杨和钻天柳等分布面积增加,使兴安落叶松、樟子松和偃松的分布面积明显降低;火干扰增加对森林景观的影响几乎与气候变化的直接影响同等重要,其加剧了气候变化对森林组成、森林景观破碎化和森林景观多样性的直接影响.  相似文献   

3.
小兴安岭西南部森林对洪水径流的影响   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
小兴安岭西南部森林对洪水径流的影响张庆费周晓峰,王传宽(华东师范大学环境科学系上海200062)(东北林业大学林学系哈尔滨150040)InfluenceofForestonFloodRunoffattheSouthwexternPartofXiao...  相似文献   

4.
气候变化对中国大兴安岭森林演替动态的影响   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
程肖侠  延晓冬 《生态学杂志》2007,26(8):1277-1284
应用森林生长演替动态模型-FAREAST,在气候变化背景下对大兴安岭漠河林区森林的演替动态进行了模拟。模拟选择了目前气候情景、增暖情景、温度和降水都增加情景3种气候情景,并考虑了气候变化引起的火干扰变化对森林演替的影响。结果表明:维持目前气候不变,兴安落叶松(Larix gmelini)将继续作为绝对优势树种,樟子松(Pinussylvestris var.mongolica)、桦树(Betula)、杨树(Populus)伴生其中;气候发生变化,东北森林带将有北移的趋势,大兴安岭将可能以温带针阔混交林为主,森林群落中出现红松(P.koraiensis)、蒙古栎(Quercus mongolica)、椴树(Tilia)等树种;火干扰影响森林生物量及森林的物种组成和结构。  相似文献   

5.
黄土高原森林植被对流域径流的调节作用   总被引:21,自引:3,他引:21  
对黄土高原腹地子午岭典型森林流域与非森林流域年径流变化的对比分析结果表明,森林流域径流年内分配比非森林流域相对均匀,汛期(6~9月)总径流量减少了8.9mm(葫芦河比蒲河)和7.1mm(合水川比东川),枯季径流与汛期降水及枯水季节降水的回归分析可见,森林植被能将雨季蓄积的部分降水转化为地下径流,增大枯水季节的径流量,但由于黄土区土层深度,植被蒸腾耗水强烈,森林植被对枯水期河川径流的调节作用十分有限,森林植被对10~12月径流总的补枯效应仅为1.69mm(葫芦河比蒲河)和0.5mm(合水川比东川),对1~4月径流无调节作用,说明森林植被拦蓄的大部分降雨被植物吸收利用,消耗于蒸腾,从而揭示了森林植被对河川径流的削洪补枯效应及其机理。  相似文献   

6.
在景观尺度自然火干扰历史研究的基础上,采用1个物种丰富度指数(物种数 S)、2个均匀度指数(Pielou均匀度指数Eh'和Alatalo均匀度指数E)、3个物种多样性指数(Shannon-Wiener指数H',Hill多样性指数N1和N2)共6个?多样性指数,研究了长期火干扰与最近一次火干扰对大兴安岭北部原始林下木层、草本层及下层总体的植物多样性的影响.研究结果表明,本区下层植物的物种数、均匀度指数和多样性指数都以下木层显著大于草本层,因而下木层对下层植物总体生物多样性的贡献最大,也是主要影响因子.火干扰对下木层、草本层和下层总体的物种丰富度和物种多样性有显著影响,而对均匀度的影响不显著.长期的火干扰影响下,下木层、草本层和下层总体的物种数、各类均匀度指数和物种多样性指数都呈现如下格局:高频类>中频类>低频类,低强类>中强类>高强类.最近一次火干扰影响下,各个生物多样性指数都表现为一致的趋势:低强类>中强类>高强类;短期类>长期类>中期类.下层植物多样性与火干扰的关系是长期适应的结果.  相似文献   

7.
森林干扰度评价   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
干扰普遍存在于森林生态系统,是森林群落演替的驱动力之一。干扰对森林生态系统的影响程度,决定于干扰的频率、强度、空间范围等,过度频繁或不合理的干扰,可能导致森林生态系统的毁灭。森林对干扰的响应表现在多方面,其内在联系十分复杂,因此,很难用森林中某个现象或某几个现象反映森林生态系统对干扰的响应。为了准确、科学地评价现有森林生态系统对干扰的响应程度,本文提出应用森林干扰度(REFD)评价现有森林受干扰的程度。森林干扰度是由于干扰的存在造成森林生态系统结构与功能的改变程度,仅反映干扰后现有森林与目标森林(地带性顶极植被或原有森林等)的距离程度(差距),不反映干扰的种类、强度、性质等因素;在对森林干扰度内涵进行详细分析的基础上,确定了评价森林干扰度的原则及不同尺度条件下森林干扰度的评价指标。  相似文献   

8.
大兴安岭北部林区景观格局变化及其影响分析   总被引:10,自引:3,他引:10  
人为干扰影响着景观格局变化的速率和方向 ,这在景观格局变化过程中的作用越来越大 ,同时景观格局的变化也对人类活动产生了重大影响。通过对大兴安岭北部林区的景观多样性指数、优势度指数等一系列景观指数来研究该地区森林景观格局的变化 ,简要分析了格局变化产生的影响。结果表明 ,大兴安岭森林景观中 ,人为干扰使森林景观短时期内多样性增加、森林的优势度降低 ;景观向破碎化趋势发展 ;景观格局的变化对环境和人类活动产生了重大影响 ,森林向不可持续方向发展 ,因此应该进行合理的人类活动使森林可持续发展。  相似文献   

9.
米槠次生林转换成米槠人工幼林和米槠人工促进天然更新幼林(以下简称\"人促幼林\")后,以这三种森林类型为研究对象,连续监测每次降雨后地表径流量及径流水中可溶性有机碳(DOC)的含量及通量,比较不同森林类型观测结果的差异,并分析降雨对实验结果的影响。结果表明:米槠人工幼林单次产流量是米槠次生林的1.5—19.0倍,观测期间总径流量为5.9倍;米槠人促幼林单次径流量和总径流量均与米槠次生林无显著差异(P0.05)。观测期间米槠次生林、人工幼林、人促幼林径流水DOC浓度值范围为5.9—18.4 mg/L,4.3—13.5 mg/L和3.2—9.9 mg/L,米槠次生林径流水浓度均值(12.6 mg/L)分别是米槠人促幼林(7.6 mg/L)和米槠人工幼林(5.3 mg/L)的1.6和2.4倍。回归分析表明,径流水中DOC浓度与降雨前土壤含水率呈显著相关;降雨前土壤含水率20.8%是一个临界值,含水率低于20.8%时,径流水DOC浓度与降雨前含水率呈显著正相关(P0.05);高于20.8%时,径流水DOC浓度与降雨前土壤含水率呈显著负相关(P0.05)。米槠人工幼林地表径流DOC输出通量是米槠次生林的0.7—5.4倍,观测期间总输出通量为2.1倍;米槠人促林DOC单次通量和观测期间总通量均与米槠次生林差异不显著(P0.05)。三种森林类型DOC输出通量均与降雨量呈显著相关(P0.05)。可见,米槠次生林转变成米槠人工幼林后DOC输出浓度降低,但径流量显著增加,导致DOC输出通量增加;而转变成米槠人促幼林后DOC输出浓度也降低,但径流量并未增加,因而并未增加DOC输出通量。  相似文献   

10.
应用空间直观景观模型(LANDIS)模拟了落叶松毛虫对呼中林区森林景观的长期影响,利用统计软件APACK计算了落叶松毛虫、代表性树种的分布面积以及反映物种分布格局的聚集度指数和森林斑块的平均面积,模拟了300年(1990—2290年)内有无落叶松毛虫干扰预案下大兴安岭呼中林区森林景观的动态变化.结果表明:研究区落叶松毛虫的分布面积呈先增加后降低的趋势;在落叶松毛虫干扰预案下,落叶松在模拟前150年的分布面积、平均斑块面积均低于无干扰预案,聚集度指数在前190年低于无干扰预案;干扰预案下白桦的分布面积和平均斑块面积百分比均高于无干扰预案,聚集度指数只在模拟的80~190年高于无干扰预案;樟子松的分布面积、聚集度指数和平均斑块面积在干扰预案下略低于无干扰预案.落叶松毛虫在一定程度上导致森林景观的破碎化.  相似文献   

11.
    
Frequent forest disturbances can significantly affect flow regimes (magnitude, timing, frequency, duration, and variability) and associated aquatic ecological functions. However, the lack of a comprehensive understanding of the impacts of forest disturbances on flow regimes impedes the development of adaptive strategies for sustainable water resource management and ecosystem protection. In this study, an innovative methodology that combines the time series cross‐correlation analysis and paired‐year approach was developed and applied in two snow‐dominated large watersheds (the Baker Creek and Willow River watersheds in the central interior of British Columbia (BC)) to provide a quantitative assessment on how forest disturbances affect the components of flow regimes at a large watershed scale. The results showed that the magnitude, variability, and return period of high flows in the Baker Creek watershed were increased on average by 154.3%, 324.2%, and 11 years, respectively, and the timing of high flows was advanced by about 9 days during the disturbed periods. In contrast, forest disturbances caused only a 36.2% increment in the magnitude and a 4‐day increase in the duration of high flows in the Willow River watershed. The responses of low flow regimes were less sensitive than those of high flow regimes. Only the magnitude and variability of low flows in the Baker Creek watershed and the duration of low flows in the Willow River watershed were significantly altered by forest disturbances. These findings can have implications for water management and ecosystem protection in the context of growing anthropogenic disturbances. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

12.
    
Forest disturbance can greatly alter flow regimes and consequently the structures and functions of ecosystems. However, the impacts of forest disturbance on flow regimes have rarely been investigated in large watersheds. In this study, we used a large severely disturbed watershed, the Baker Creek watershed located in the central interior of British Columbia, Canada, to examine how forest disturbance altered the flow regimes and to discuss the possible ecological implications of these alterations. Equivalent clear‐cut area, an indicator combining all types of forest disturbances and accounting for hydrological recovery, was adopted to represent the cumulative forest disturbance levels over time at a watershed scale. Flow duration curves and time series cross‐correlation analysis were used to detect the statistical significance of relationships between flow regimes (magnitude, duration, timing, frequency and variability of high flows and low flows) and forest disturbance (clear‐cut area). The results showed that the magnitude of high flows was significantly increased and the timing of high flows was significantly advanced by forest disturbance. After forest disturbance, the occurrence of high flows with greater return periods became more frequent with increased variations. In addition, forest disturbance significantly increased the magnitude of low flows but with reduced variability. On average, high flows and low flows in the disturbed period were 31·4% and 16·0% greater than those in the reference period, respectively. Possible ecological implications of these hydrological alterations caused by forest disturbance were also discussed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

13.
塔里木荒漠河岸林干扰状况与林隙特征   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3       下载免费PDF全文
韩路  王海珍  陈加利  于军 《生态学报》2011,31(16):4699-4708
对塔里木河中游荒漠河岸林林隙基本特征和干扰状况进行了研究。结果表明:形成的林隙形状近似于椭圆形,椭圆长短轴比率在扩展林隙(EG)和冠空隙(CG)有所不同,平均分别为1.52和2.31;林隙密度约为62.5个?hm-2, EG和CG在塔里木荒漠河岸林景观中的面积比例分别为69.52%和29.03%,干扰频率分别为1.45%?a-1和0.61%?a-1,林隙干扰返回间隔期约为164a。林隙大小结构表现出以小林隙为主的偏正态分布,EG大小40—200m2,CG大小0—80m2。林隙形成速率为1.30个?hm-2a-1,20—30a前形成的林隙最多。林隙形成方式由树木折干 枯立形成的最为普遍,占形成木总数95.73%。林隙大多由2—5株形成木形成, 而由4株形成木创造的林隙最多,平均每个林隙拥有形成木4.1株。林隙形成木主要为森林建群种,林隙形成木分布最多的径级在5—25cm,高度在4—8m,每株形成木所能形成的EG面积为27.12m2, CG面积为11.32m2。边缘木的径级结构呈正态分布,而高度结构呈偏左的正态分布,平均每个林隙拥有8.375株边缘木,林隙边缘木平均胸径比形成木平均胸径高73.1%,表明荒漠河岸林林隙干扰十分频繁,地下水位的持续下降是林隙形成的驱动力。  相似文献   

14.
15.
    
Disturbance regimes are changing in forests across the world in response to global climate change. Despite the profound impacts of disturbances on ecosystem services and biodiversity, assessments of disturbances at the global scale remain scarce. Here, we analyzed natural disturbances in boreal and temperate forest ecosystems for the period 2001–2014, aiming to 1) quantify their within- and between-biome variation and 2) compare the climate sensitivity of disturbances across biomes. We studied 103 unmanaged forest landscapes with a total land area of 28.2 × 106 ha, distributed across five continents. A consistent and comprehensive quantification of disturbances was derived by combining satellite-based disturbance maps with local expert knowledge of disturbance agents. We used Gaussian finite mixture models to identify clusters of landscapes with similar disturbance activity as indicated by the percent forest area disturbed as well as the size, edge density and perimeter–area-ratio of disturbed patches. The climate sensitivity of disturbances was analyzed using Bayesian generalized linear mixed effect models and a globally consistent climate dataset. Within-biome variation in natural disturbances was high in both boreal and temperate biomes, and disturbance patterns did not vary systematically with latitude or biome. The emergent clusters of disturbance activity in the boreal zone were similar to those in the temperate zone, but boreal landscapes were more likely to experience high disturbance activity than their temperate counterparts. Across both biomes high disturbance activity was particularly associated with wildfire, and was consistently linked to years with warmer and drier than average conditions. Natural disturbances are a key driver of variability in boreal and temperate forest ecosystems, with high similarity in the disturbance patterns between both biomes. The universally high climate sensitivity of disturbances across boreal and temperate ecosystems indicates that future climate change could substantially increase disturbance activity.  相似文献   

16.
Aim Spatial and temporal variation in fire regime parameters and forest structure were assessed. Location A 2630‐ha area of mid‐ and upper montane forest in Lassen Volcanic National Park (LVNP). Methods Two hypotheses were tested concerned with fire‐vegetation relationships in southern Cascades forests: (1) fire regime parameters (return interval, season of burn, fire size, rotation period) vary by forest dominant, elevation and slope aspect; and (2) fire exclusion since 1905 has caused forest structural and compositional changes in both mid‐ and upper montane forests. The implications of the study for national park management are also discussed. Results Fire regime parameters varied by forest compositional group and elevation in LVNP. Median composite and point fire return intervals were shorter in low elevation Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi) (JP) (4–6 years, 16 years) and Jeffrey pine–white fir (Abies concolor) (JP‐WF) (5–10 years, 22 years) and longer in high elevation red fir (Abies magnifica)— western white pine (Pinus monticola) (RF‐WWP) forests (9–27 years, 70 years). Median fire return intervals were also shorter on east‐facing (6–9 years, 16.3 years) and longer on south‐ (11 years, 32.5 years) and west‐facing slopes (22–28 years, 54‐years) in all forests and in each forest composition group. Spatial patterns in fire rotation length were the same as those for fire return intervals. More growing season fires also occurred in JP (33.1%) and JP‐WF (17.5%) than in RF‐WWP (1.1%) forests. A dramatic decline in fire frequency occurred in all forests after 1905. Conclusions Changes in forest structure and composition occurred in both mid‐ and upper montane forests due to twentieth‐century fire exclusion. Forest density increased in JP and JP‐WF forests and white fir increased in JP‐WF forests and is now replacing Jeffrey pine. Forest density only increased in some RF‐WWP stands, but not others. Resource managers restoring fire to these now denser forests need to burn larger areas if fire is going to play its pre‐settlement role in montane forest dynamics.  相似文献   

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18.
次生林概念与生态干扰度   总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12  
朱教君  刘世荣 《生态学杂志》2007,26(7):1085-1093
近一个世纪强烈的人为干扰使世界范围内的原始林面积锐减,次生林已成为中国乃至世界森林资源的主体.虽然在文献与现实中\"次生林(Secondary forest)\"被广泛使用,但次生林的概念在各个国家,甚至同一国家或地区以及各种不同文献中存在相互矛盾的情况,这给次生林研究与经营实践带来诸多不便;而不准确的次生林定义也为与各个层次的决策制定者及公众之间的交流带来了障碍.本文在查阅大量国内外关于次生林概念文献的基础上,结合近年来关于次生林生态与经营研究实践,综合分析了次生林概念的不确定性,同意以往次生林定义中的基本内涵,并认为:次生林是由于人为破坏性干扰或异常自然干扰使原始林固有的林分结构、物种组成或基本功能发生了显著变化,经过天然更新或人工诱导天然更新恢复形成的林分.但该定义中仍存在着很多不确定性, 如:怎样的干扰为\"人为破坏性干扰\"和\"异常自然干扰\";\"林分结构、物种组成或基本功能\"发生了怎样的变化为\"显著变化\";\"人工诱导天然更新\"中\"人工\"参与的成分比例如何等.次生林概念是在20世纪初由植物演替学家提出,当时未考虑干扰的持续性;而实际上,无论是次生林还是原始林,均是森林生态系统演替过程中的某一状态,在现代森林生态系统研究中,应重新规范\"次生林\"的概念.考虑到\"次生林\"定义的不确定性或困难性,建议使用\"森林自然度\"或\"森林生态系统成熟度\"或\"森林干扰度\"来表达现实森林所处的状态,但该方面的研究与实践尚需加强.  相似文献   

19.
    
In the search for the best ecological and economic indicators of ecosystem change, a unifying solution for joining data from disparate fields appears as a general rule: Organize data into space/time/topic hierarchies that permit convergence of data resulting from shared and appropriate scaling. The scale of the data selects for compatible methodologies, leading to data integration and the discovery of new relationships. Information technology approaches include bibliographic keyword searches, data-mining, data-modeling and geographic information system design. The approach was used within the “HEED” (Health Ecological and Economic Dimensions) study, which reconstructed historic marine disturbance events within the Northwestern Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea. The object of the study was to retrospectively derive co-occurring Multiple Marine Ecological Disturbances (MMEDs). Disturbances include indices of morbidity, mortality and disease events affecting humans, marine invertebrates, flora, and wildlife populations. Correlations between space/time occurrence, event coincidence, climate and oceanographic forcing are used to better define multiple marine ecological disturbance types. Systematic derivation of these types is part of diagnostic approach that can assist or guide marine ecological risk assessment.  相似文献   

20.
The persistence of rainforest patches at Fray Jorge National Park (FJNP) in semiarid Chile (30°40′S), a region receiving approximately 147 mm of annual rainfall, has been a source of concern among forest managers. These forests are likely dependent on water inputs from oceanic fog and their persistence seems uncertain in the face of climate change. Here, we assessed tree radial growth and establishment during the last two centuries and their relation to trends in climate and canopy disturbance. Such evaluation is critical to understanding the dynamics of these semiarid ecosystems in response to climate change. We analyzed forest structure of six forest patches (0.2–22 ha) in FJNP based on sampling within 0.1 ha permanent plots. For the main canopy species, the endemic Aextoxicon punctatum (Aextoxicaceae), we used tree‐ring analysis to assess establishment periods, tree ages, growing trends and their relation to El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), rainfall, and disturbance. The population dynamics of A. punctatum can be described by a continuous regeneration mode. Regeneration of A. punctatum was sensitive to different canopy structures. Growth release patterns suggest the absence of large scale human impact. Radial growth and establishment of A. punctatum were weakly correlated with rainfall and ENSO. If water limits forests patch persistence, patches are likely dependent on the combination of fog and rain water inputs. Forest patches have regenerated continuously for at least 250 years, despite large fluctuations in rainfall driven by ENSO and a regional decline in rainfall during the last century. Because of the positive influence on fog interception, forest structure should be preserved under any future climate scenario. Future research in FJNP should prioritize quantifying the long‐term trends of fog water deposition on forests patches. Fog modeling is crucial for understanding the interplay among physical drivers of water inputs under climate change.  相似文献   

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