内陆黑河流域植物稳定碳同位素变化及其指示意义

对黑河流域山地、绿洲和荒漠区木本植物叶片或同化枝进行稳定碳同位素分析得出,山地植物稳定碳同位素比率(δ13C)在-23‰～-29‰之间,平均值为-26.3‰;绿洲植物在-26‰～-30‰之间,平均值为-27.2‰;荒漠植物在-23‰～-28‰和-12‰～-15‰两个范围,平均值分别为-26.0‰和-13.8‰,严酷生境植物δ13C 值较高.同种植物在不同生境下的δ13C值,也表现为较差生境高于较好生境.荒漠河岸林树种胡杨(Populus euphratica)柳树形叶的δ13C值低于杨树形叶.无论是山区还是荒漠区,随着海拔高度增加,有些植物稳定碳同位素辨别力(Δ)减小,有些变化不明显,青海云杉(Picea crassifolia)的△值随着海拔升高线性递减显著.研究得出,荒漠植被中高水分利用效率(WUE)的C4植物占有一定比例.严酷生境下植物WUE高于较好生境.胡杨长条形叶的WUE最低,圆形叶的最高,由幼苗时期的柳树形叶向杨树形叶的演变中WUE在提高.青海云杉为黑河上游山区环境变化的重要指示植物.同种植物过高的δ13C值指示着植物的衰退和生境的严重胁迫.植物适应干旱环境是沿着有利于提高水分利用效率的方向发展.     

荒漠植物梭梭和沙拐枣的花环结构及C4光合特征

 为了探讨梭梭（Haloxylon ammodendron）和沙拐枣（Calligonum mongolicum）适应高温强光荒漠环境的光合作用机构及特征,通过对其同化枝的解剖结构观察,δ13C值分析,以及气体交换测定表明：二者均具有花环结构(Kranz anatomy),肉细胞（Mesophyll cell）呈栅栏状,其内侧是维管束鞘细胞（Bundle sheath cell）,小维管束与维管束鞘细胞相接。在栅栏组织和贮水组织中,梭梭具有形状巨大的含晶细胞;沙拐枣具有大量的粘液细胞。梭梭和沙拐枣同化枝的δ13C值分别为-14.3‰和-14.8‰,在不同生长季节和土壤水分条件下,二者的δ13C值变化在-14‰到-16‰之间。梭梭和沙拐枣的CO2补偿点分别为2 μmol•mol－1和4 μmol•mol－1,光饱和点分别为1 660和1 756 μmol•m－2•s－1,表观光合量子效率分别为0.044和0.057 mol CO2•mol－1 photons。这表明,广泛分布于我国荒漠地区的木本植物梭梭和沙拐枣为C4植物,其光合途径不随生长季节和水分条件的变化而改变。     

不同生境胡杨叶片δ~(13)C和δ~(15)N及其对环境因子的响应

以新疆南北疆8个不同生境林龄群体的胡杨叶片为材料,测定幼树和成熟胡杨叶片的天然稳定碳、氮同位素组成值(δ~(13)C、δ~(15)N)以及碳含量、氮含量和比叶面积,分析叶片δ~(13)C、δ~(15)N值与海拔、经纬度、叶片碳氮含量、比叶面积以及水分利用效率之间的相互关系。结果表明:(1)胡杨幼树和成熟林叶片δ~(13)C平均值分别为-27.863‰(-28.776‰～-26.695‰)和-28.230‰(-29.717‰～-26.033‰),不同生境胡杨叶片间的δ~(13)C值具有显著差异(P0.05),并且幼树林叶片δ~(13)C均大于对应成熟林;幼树和成熟林叶片δ~(15)N平均值分别为3.259‰(-1.842‰～9.082‰)和3.651‰(0.798‰～5.779‰)。(2)胡杨幼树和成熟林叶片碳含量平均值分别为46.225‰(44.573‰～49.056‰)和45.720‰(43.226‰～47.349‰),它们叶片氮含量平均值分别为1.708‰(1.327‰～2.116‰)和1.823‰(1.164‰～2.450‰);成熟林叶片碳含量与其δ~(13)C和δ~(15)N值分别呈极显著负相关和极显著正相关关系(P0.01),而其氮含量与δ~(13)C值呈不显著正相关关系(P0.05),与δ~(15)N值呈显著正相关关系。(3)胡杨幼树林叶片的比叶面积平均值(91.565 cm~2/g)小于成熟林叶片(103.141 cm~2/g)。(4)幼树和成熟林胡杨叶片δ~(13)C、δ~(15)N值均与纬度呈极显著正相关关系,幼树林叶片δ~(13)C、δ~(15)N值与海拔也呈极显著正相关关系,幼树林叶片δ~(15)N值与经度也呈显著正相关关系。(5)幼树和成熟胡杨林水分利用率的平均值分别为77.618μmol/mol(68.070～91.069μmol/mol)和72.463μmol/mol(62.809～97.111μmol/mol),不同林龄的胡杨水分利用率均与其叶片δ~(13)C呈极显著正相关关系(P0.001),各生境中于田县(阿日系马扎)的幼树和成熟林叶片具有较高的δ~(13)C值(-26.695‰和-26.033‰)和水分利用效率(91.069和97.111μmol/mol)。     

不同梭梭种群同化枝的解剖结构特征及其与生态因子的关系分析

该研究于中国西北干旱区按自然降水梯度从东向西选择6个梭梭种群,取其当年生同化枝作为试验材料,采用石蜡切片法,应用光学显微技术测定同化枝9项解剖结构指标,分析不同生境下梭梭同化枝解剖结构的变异特点以及与生态因子的关系,为干旱区生态环境保护和梭梭资源的保护与利用提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)干旱荒漠环境的梭梭同化枝解剖结构具有连续的栅栏组织、花环结构、含晶细胞和贮水组织等结构特征,但其表皮细胞、角质层厚度、气孔位置和气下室与旱生植物结构有差异,主要表现为表皮细胞和角质层较薄,气孔半下陷且气下室不发达。(2)梭梭同化枝各种群间的9项解剖结构指标都存在显著差异,其中变异系数较大的是维管束个数/直径和角质层厚度,变异系数分别为22.78%和15.20%;相关分析表明:同化枝直径、栅栏细胞切向长、贮水组织厚度和维管柱直径均与经度、纬度、海拔、一月均温、七月均温、年均温、年降水量和年相对湿度等8个生态因子有不同程度的相关性,其中与经度、海拔、七月均温和年平均相对湿度显著相关。(3)6个梭梭种群通过聚类分析可分为两大类,分析结果与所观察到的生境类型、地理分布的划分基本一致;随着自然降水量自东向西减少,梭梭的抗旱性相应逐渐增强。     

樟子松、油松、蒙古栎水分利用效率种间变化及其对环境因子的响应差异

以碳同位素值(δ~(13)C)作为反映植物水分利用效率的指标,对辽宁地区3种典型林型—樟子松人工林(Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica)、油松人工林(Pinus tabulaeformis)和蒙古栎天然林(Quercus mongolica Fischer ex Ledebour)进行调查并分别对樟子松、油松和蒙古栎进行样品采集,探讨其水分利用效率之间的差异特征及其对年均降水量、年均大气温度和海拔高度变化的响应。樟子松、油松和蒙古栎δ~(13)C值变化范围分别为-30.37‰~-25.10‰、-30.32‰~-24.07‰和-29.85‰~-23.51‰,且随经度的增加显著降低;统计分析也表明,樟子松、油松和蒙古栎δ~(13)C值在辽西显著高于辽东,说明3种树种水分利用效率在辽西较高。进一步分析发现,3种树种叶片δ~(13)C值受年均降水量和海拔的影响较大,均随年均降水量增加显著降低,随海拔的升高显著增大,而受温度的影响较小;其中,又以樟子松的水分利用效率受海拔的影响较大(P0.01);与蒙古栎相比,樟子松和油松受降水量的影响更加明显。综上所述,3种树种叶片δ~(13)C值以及由其衍生来的水分利用效率之间种间差异较小,而受环境因子及地理学指标降雨、海拔和经度的影响较大,这为今后基于δ~(13)C值的水分利用效率进一步科学研究奠定了基础。     

古尔班通古特沙漠三种生境下梭梭种群的生殖分配特征

对古尔班通古特沙漠梭梭种群进行样地调查,从各构件生物量分配特征、开花和结果特征、不同发育阶段的生殖分配、同化枝与生殖生物量之间关系等方面研究了3种生境下梭梭种群的生殖分配特征。结果表明:3种生境中各构件生物量分配格局均具有显著差异,且变化趋势不一致,梭梭平均生殖分配在0.64%～1.5%;3种生境下,梭梭开花和结果特征均具有显著差异,表现出砾石生境>沙质生境>土质生境。不同生境梭梭生殖分配均随径级的增加变化不同,砾石生境和沙质生境样地随着径级的增加而降低,而土质生境样地随着径级的增加而增加;不同生境类型下梭梭同化枝、生殖生物量与径级的关系不同;梭梭的生殖分配和同化枝生物量之间呈线性或多项式正相关。     

高寒草甸不同坡向条件下植物叶片δ~(13)C及水分利用效率的变化

通过对高寒草甸不同坡向条件下25科86种C3植物叶片稳定性碳同位素组成(δ~(13)C)的测定,研究了高寒草甸C3植物δ~(13)C和水分利用效率对坡向变化的响应以及环境因子对其产生的影响,分析了坡向上控制植物δ~(13)C变化的主要环境因子.结果表明:从北坡到南坡的生境梯度上,土壤含水量不断减少,而土壤温度及光照强度不断增加,植物群落结构也发生了相应变化.5个坡向中,植物叶片δ~(13)C值为-31.19‰~-21.80‰,均值为(27.18±0.13)‰;生长季植物叶片δ~(13)C均值在南坡最高,其次为西南坡、西坡、西北坡,最低值出现在北坡.坡向间δ~(13)C值的差异主要是由不同坡向土壤含水量和土壤温度,以及光照强度的不同导致的,其中土壤含水量是主要的限制因子.北坡-南坡梯度上植物叶片δ~(13)C值随土壤含水量下降、土壤温度及光照强度升高而变大,表明不同坡向植物的水分利用状况对干旱胁迫的响应不同,植物逐渐提高了水分利用效率以适应干旱胁迫的生境.     

五味子稳定碳同位素分布特征及其与环境因子的关系

利用稳定碳同位素技术分析了辽宁省五味子果实、果梗、叶片稳定碳同位素组成(δ13C)随生长时间的变化规律及果实δ13C值与环境因子之间的关系。结果表明:植物不同器官δ13C值差异显著(P0.01),表现为果实(-26.356‰)果梗(-26.620‰)叶片(-28.327‰),说明光合产物由光合作用器官到非光合作用器官存在明显的碳同位素分馏,非光合作用器官之间也存在差异。随着时间变化,五味子果实δ13C值相对稳定,果梗δ13C值降低,叶片δ13C值显著降低(P0.001)。五味子果实δ13C值随纬度的升高略有升高(R=0.101),与大气δ13C值呈弱负相关(R=-0.204)。果实δ13C值随纬度的变化为利用同位素技术进行五味子产地鉴别提供了理论依据。     

荒漠植物叶片或同化枝δ13C值及水分利用效率研究

温带荒漠植物长期生长在夏季炎热高温、冬季寒冷低温、长年干旱缺水的极端环境中,以其特有的形态学特征和生理功能来减少水分损失.为了探讨荒漠植物水分利用效率(WUE),为荒漠生态系统保育和退化植被恢复重建提供理论依据,运用稳定碳同位素技术和光合仪测定对比的方法,对河西走廊中段临泽绿洲北部荒漠中5种植物进行了全年生长期研究.结果表明荒漠植物月水分利用效率与年生长期平均水分利用效率的相关性在8月份最高,其方程式为WUEgpa= -1.8 + 1.98 WUEAug(P = 0.011,r =0.96);月稳定碳同位素比率(δ13C 或13 C/12C) (‰)与生长期平均WUE的相关性在8月和9月最大,可靠性最高,其方程式为WUE gpa= 4.7 + 0.0813 C/12Cmon(P=0.057,r=0.87).研究得出用稳定碳同位素比率指示温带荒漠植物的短期水分利用效率,随着叶片或同化枝成熟,越往生长后期,正相关性越高,直至霜降;用稳定碳同位素比率指示植物的长期水分利用效率,以8月下旬至9月下旬采样最好.梭梭和沙拐枣的水分利用效率显著高于其它荒漠植物,5种荒漠植物长期水分利用效率的排列顺序为梭梭＞沙拐枣＞柠条＞花棒≈泡泡刺.     

控温条件下C3、C4草本植物碳同位素组成对温度的响应

采取人工控制实验,探讨了6种C3、C4草本植物在昼/夜温度指标为20/12℃!36/28℃的范围内植物碳同位素组成(δ13C)及其对温度变化的响应,并结合植物比叶面积(SLA)、胞间CO2浓度(ci)与环境CO2浓度(ca)的比值、碳同化率(净光合速率Pn/胞间CO2浓度ci)等光合生长指标对植物δ13C的影响进行了分析。结果表明:所有C3、C4植物样品的δ13C值分别变化在-28.3‰!-32.1‰和-14.4‰!-17.6‰之间;在C3植物中,油菜δ13C值分布范围最集中,位于-31.1‰!-32.1‰之间;C4植物中,谷子δ13C值分布范围最窄。在控制的温度范围内,3种C3植物的平均δ13C值随温度升高而显著变低,而C4植物δ13C平均值与温度呈先增大后减小的抛物型关系,但线性回归结果未达到显著水平(P0.05)。单个植物种的δ13C值对温度的响应不同,茄子、高粱的δ13C值与温度呈线性负相关,其它4种植物与温度均呈二次抛物线关系,这可能与不同植物种具有不同的光合最适温度以及植物δ13C分馏对温度变化的敏感程度不同有关。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.

     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.