林下参内生球毛壳菌FS-01对人参病原真菌的抑制作用

为探究林下参内生真菌球毛壳菌(Chaetomium globosum)FS-01菌株对人参病原菌的抑菌作用,该研究在实验室条件下,测定了FS-01菌株菌丝、发酵液和孢子悬浮液对人参黑斑病菌(Alternaria panax)、人参菌核病菌(Sclerotinia schinseng)、人参灰霉病菌(Botrytis cinerea)、人参立枯病菌(Rhizoctonia solani)、人参根腐病菌(Fusarium solani)5种人参病原菌的抑制作用。结果表明:内生真菌球毛壳菌FS-01对5种病原菌均有抑制作用,其中,对人参黑斑病菌的抑制作用最高,为30.80%,其次是人参立枯病菌、人参菌核病菌、人参根腐病菌和人参灰霉病菌; 发酵液抑菌实验结果表明,在加入内生真菌球毛壳菌FS-01菌株发酵液的PDA培养基上,对人参灰霉病菌的抑制作用最高,为82.09%,其次是人参菌核病菌、人参黑斑病菌、人参立枯病菌和人参根腐病菌; 孢子抑菌实验结果表明,在加入内生真菌球毛壳菌FS-01菌株孢子悬浮液的PDA培养基上,对人参黑斑病菌的抑制作用最高,为83.72%,其次是人参灰霉病菌、人参立枯病菌、人参菌核病菌和人参根腐病菌。综上结果认为,内生真菌球毛壳菌FS-01菌株对人参病原菌均有很高的抑菌作用,可作为人参病原菌的生防菌株资源。     

杀真菌素链霉菌AL-04的筛选与鉴定

对13株来源于青藏高原土壤的放线菌进行活化,再分别采用琼脂扩散法、生长速率法、孢子萌发抑制法和离体叶片法筛选出一株抗菌活性高且抗性稳定的菌株AL-04。抗菌活性结果表明,该菌株对4种常见的土传病害病原真菌:辣椒疫霉病菌(Phytophthora capsici)、黄瓜枯萎病菌(Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cucumerinum)、西瓜枯萎病菌(Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.niveum)、番茄灰霉病菌(Botrytis cinerea)都有较强的抑制效果,抑菌率均在70.0%以上,其中对辣椒疫霉病菌(Phytophthora capsici)抑菌率高达93.0%。通过形态特征、生理生化特征分析和16S rDNA序列分析,将该菌株鉴定为杀真菌素链霉菌(Streptomyces fungicidicus)。     

银杏内生细菌的分离鉴定及抑菌活性初探

【目的】从银杏(Ginkgo biloba)茎叶中分离鉴定内生细菌, 测定其体外抑菌活性及对辣椒果疫病的防治效果。【方法】采用平板对峙法筛选出对辣椒疫霉菌(Phytophthora capsici)有拮抗作用的内生细菌, 并用平板对扣法测定其中一株防治效果较好的内生细菌产生的挥发性物质对辣椒疫霉菌生长的影响。通过生防菌液和病原菌孢子悬浮液喷雾接种辣椒果测定该菌株对辣椒果疫病的防治效果。基于形态特征、生理生化特性、16S rDNA和gyrA基因序列同源性分析鉴定该生防菌株。【结果】从银杏的茎和叶中分离获得9株内生细菌。平板对峙生长试验结果表明, 菌株W5对供试的辣椒疫霉菌、稻瘟病菌(Pyricularia grisea)、水稻纹枯菌(Rhizoctonia solani)、黄瓜枯萎病菌(Fusarium oxysporum)、荔枝霜疫霉菌(Peronophythora litchi)、荔枝酸腐菌(Geotrichum candidum)均有抑制作用, 其中对辣椒疫霉菌、稻瘟病菌和荔枝霜疫霉菌的抑菌效果显著, 抑菌率分别为88.9%、86.3%和90.2%。其产生的挥发性物质能明显抑制辣椒疫霉菌菌丝的生长。对辣椒采后果疫病的防治效果表明, 先喷雾接种W5菌悬液24 h后再接种辣椒疫霉病菌孢子悬浮液的防治效果最好, 可将辣椒果的保鲜期延长2?3 d。该菌株被鉴定为解淀粉芽胞杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)。【结论】获得了一株对植物病原菌物有良好防治效果的银杏内生解淀粉芽胞杆菌W5, 对辣椒采后果疫病及其他病原真菌的防治具有潜在应用价值。     

五味子根内生真菌的分离及其抑菌活性的研究

采用组织块分离方法对五味子根内生真菌进行分离鉴定,并以人参疫病病菌[Phytophthora cactorum(Leb.et Coh.)Schroet.]、人参黑斑病病菌(Alternaria panax Whetz.)为供试病原菌对分离的内生真菌进行了抑菌活性筛选。试验共分离得到74株内生真菌,根据形态特征鉴定出33株,分别隶属于半知菌亚门丛梗孢科的轮枝孢属(Verticillium)、柱隔孢属(Ramularia)和瘤座孢科的镰刀菌属(Fusarium)。通过抑菌试验筛选出5个内生真菌有抑制作用,其中3个内生真菌的发酵产物、乙醇提取液对2种病原菌均有一定的抑菌活性。     

除虫菊内生真菌的分离及其发酵产物抑菌活性筛选

从除虫菊(Pyrethrumcinerariifolium Trev.)的根、茎、叶和花中分离出128株内生真菌。生长速率法测定结果表明,有56株内生真菌发酵液10倍稀释液至少对供试的番茄灰霉病菌(Botrytis cinerea)、辣椒疫霉病菌(Phytophthora capsici)、苹果炭疽病菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)、玉米大斑病菌(Exserohilumturcicum)、小麦纹枯病菌(Rhizoctonia cerealis)和小麦赤霉病菌(Fusarium graminearum)等6种病原菌中的一种抑菌活性达75%以上;活体组织法测定结果,Y1、Y2、H2共3株菌的发酵液对番茄灰霉病的防效达到50%以上;盆栽试验结果表明,Y1、Y2、Y7、H2、G13共5株菌株发酵液对辣椒疫霉病的防治效果达到50%以上。综合分析认为,Y1、Y2、H2、G13等内生真菌的抑菌作用值得进一步研究。     

烟草疫霉拮抗菌枯草芽孢杆菌21b菌株的分离鉴定及其生物学特性研究

【目的】为了控制烟草疫霉(Phytophthora nicotianae)引起的烟草黑胫病对烟草生产造成的危害。【方法】采用稀释平板法从贵州省毕节地区烟草根际土壤中分离筛选拮抗烟草疫霉的细菌菌株,然后经形态观察、Biolog鉴定及16S rRNA基因序列分析,对分离菌株进行鉴定,同时测定抗菌谱,单因子变量分析、优化生长条件。【结果】共分离得到44株拮抗烟草疫霉的细菌菌株,其中菌株21b对烟草黑胫病菌菌丝生长的抑制率达78.33%,鉴定为枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)。该菌株对烟草青枯病菌(Ralstonia solanacearum)、烟草灰霉病菌(Botrytis cinerea)、烟草赤星病菌(Alternaria alternate)和烟草炭疽病菌(Colletotrichum destructivum)均具有拮抗作用,抑菌圈大小分别为19.5、18.2、14.6和13.4 mm,最佳的发酵条件为:温度30°C、p H 7.0–8.0、装液量12%、盐浓度0.5%。【结论】分离筛选到一株对烟草寄生疫霉有较强拮抗活性的细菌菌株,为进一步开发烟草黑胫病的生防菌剂提供了菌种资源。     

嗜线虫致病杆菌的抑菌物质及抑菌活性

嗜线虫致病杆菌北京变种(Xenorhabdus nematophilavar.pekingense)是从北京地区采集的小卷蛾斯氏线虫(Steinernema carpocapsae)肠道内分离的共生细菌,具有自主知识产权,分离纯化出其发酵代谢物中的抗菌物质,进行抗菌活性测定,对研究该菌的抑菌机理以及开发利用具有重要意义。本文从该菌株代谢物中分离获得的抗菌物质经紫外光谱、红外光谱、核磁共振、高分辨质谱以及理化性质分析,鉴定为Xenocoumacin 1。用平板含毒培养基法测定了该物质对12种植物病原真菌的抑菌活性,研究表明,分离的活性物质具有较强的抑制活性,浓度在10μg/mL时,对黄瓜疫霉病菌、苎麻疫霉病菌、辣椒疫霉病菌,西葫芦灰霉病菌,苹果斑点落叶病菌的菌丝抑制率为100%。对草莓疫病病菌、苹果腐烂病菌、苹果褐斑病菌、蕃茄灰霉病菌、苹果轮纹病菌抑制率分别为86.8%、79.4%、79.5%、62.6%、53.6%;对其中6种真菌的EC50为0.25~4.17μg/mL,该物质对疫霉属真菌抑制作用最强,并能引起番茄晚疫病菌的菌丝生长畸形,原生质外溢。本文对开发新型生物杀菌剂的研究奠定了基础。     

人参(Panax ginseng)根系分泌物成分对人参致病菌的化感效应

采用室内培养结合生物学测定的试验方法,研究了不同浓度人参(Panax ginseng)根系分泌物成分苯甲酸、邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯、十六酸和2,2-二(4-羟苯基)丙烷对人参立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani)、黑斑菌(Alternaria panax)、疫病菌(Phytophthora cactorum)、菌核菌(Sclerotinia schinseng)、锈腐菌(Cylindrocarpon destructans)和绿色木霉菌(Trichoderma viride)菌落生长及孢子萌发的化感效应.结果显示,不同浓度人参根系分泌物成分对人参致病菌及绿色木霉菌的化感效应存在显著差异.苯甲酸浓度与人参立枯丝核菌、菌核菌和锈腐菌菌落生长以及人参黑斑菌、锈腐菌孢子萌发呈负相关,与人参黑斑菌、绿色木霉菌菌落生长呈正相关;对人参疫病菌菌落生长的化感效应表现为低浓度和高浓度抑制,中浓度促进.邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯浓度与人参立枯丝核菌、黑斑菌、菌核菌和绿色木霉菌菌落生长以及人参黑斑菌孢子萌发呈负相关;对人参锈腐菌菌落生长和孢子萌发表现为低浓度和高浓度抑制,中浓度促进;对人参疫病菌菌落生长表现为低浓度和中浓度抑制,高浓度促进.2,2-二(4-羟苯基)丙烷浓度与人参立枯丝核菌、黑斑菌、疫病菌、绿色木霉菌菌落生长以及人参黑斑菌、锈腐菌孢子萌发呈负相关;对人参菌核菌、锈腐菌菌落生长表现中浓度促进,高浓度抑制.十六酸浓度与人参锈腐菌、疫病菌和绿色木霉菌菌落生长呈正相关,与人参锈腐菌孢子萌发呈负相关,对黑斑菌孢子萌发表现为中浓度抑制.4种根系分泌物的等量混合物浓度与人参致病菌及拮抗木霉菌菌落生长速率呈负相关.     

骏枣内生生防细菌的分离、筛选与鉴定

选择交城骏枣(Zizyphus jujube cv.Jiaocheng Junzao)作为分离内生细菌的材料,从中共分离到18株内生菌株,运用平板对峙法从中筛选出5株对大枣病原菌及部分植物病原菌有拮抗作用的内生细菌。抑菌试验结果表明:筛选出的5株细菌对刺盘胞菌Colletotrichum gloeosporides、链格孢菌Alternaria alternata、尖孢镰刀菌Fusarium oxysporium、烟草赤星病菌Alternarial longipes、稻瘟病菌Pyricularia oryzae、人参立枯病菌Rhizoctonia solani、人参菌核病菌Sclerotinia schinseng和小麦根腐病菌Bipolaris sorokiniana均有一定的抑菌活性。对这5株内生细菌进行了形态特征观察和生理生化鉴定。     

分离自北京水系的疫霉属三个中国新记录种

疫霉是一类世界性分布的卵菌,目前广泛承认有120种,其中很多存在于湖泊、溪流等水系中。本研究通过叶饵法从北京水系中诱集疫霉,共分离到疫霉菌株463株,利用Single-strand conformation polymorphism(SSCP)进行分析,筛选出不同基因型的代表菌株。依据形态学特征及β-tubulin基因序列和ITS序列对这些菌株进行种类鉴定,发现3种国内新记录种,分别为节水疫霉Phytophthora gonapodyides、北方疫霉Phytophthora borealis和波斯疫霉Phytophthora parsiana。     

Genome sequence of Paenibacillus sp. strain Aloe-11, an endophytic bacterium with broad antimicrobial activity and intestinal colonization ability

Paenibacillus sp. strain Aloe-11, a Gram-positive, spore-forming, facultatively anaerobic bacterium isolated from the root of Aloe chinensis in the southwest region of China, has excellent antibiotic activity and intestine colonization ability. Here, we present the 5.8-Mb draft genome sequence of Paenibacillus sp. strain Aloe-11.     

Characterization of a novel thermophilic, cellulose-degrading bacterium Paenibacillus sp. strain B39

Aims:  The aims of this study were to identify and characterize the novel thermophilic, cellulose-degrading bacterium Paenibacillus sp. strain B39.
Methods and Results:  Strain B39 was closely related to Paenibacillus cookii in 16S rRNA gene sequence. Nonetheless, this isolate can be identified as a novel Paenibacillus sp. with respect to its physiological characteristics, biochemical reactions, and profiles of fatty acid compositions. A cellulase with both CMCase and avicelase activities was secreted from strain B39 and purified by ion-exchange chromatography. By sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis, the molecular weight of B39 cellulase was determined as 148 kDa, which was much higher than other cellulases currently reported from Paenibacillus species. The enzyme showed a maximum CMCase activity at 60°C and pH 6·5. Addition of 1 mmol l⁻¹ of Ca²⁺ markedly enhanced both CMCase and avicelase activities of the enzyme.
Conclusions:  We have identified and characterized a novel thermophilic Paenibacillus sp. strain B39 which produced a high-molecular weight cellulase with both CMCase and avicelase activities.
Significance and Impact of the Study:  Based on the ability to hydrolyse CMC and avicel, the cellulase produced by Paenibacillus sp. strain B39 would have potential applications in cellulose biodegradation.     

一株硅酸盐细菌的分离及解钾活性研究

目的利用硅酸盐细菌分离培养基,从昆明白泥山土壤样品中分离获得一株硅酸盐细菌——BN1。方法对分离获得的硅酸盐细菌——BM进行革兰染色、生理生化特征和16SrDNA测序分析,并对其解钾活性进行了初步研究。结果BN1初步鉴定为类芽胞杆菌属的菌株。结论该菌株——BN1对云母具有较强的解钾活性,为空白对照组的1．79倍。     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Paenibacillus ginsengisoli</Emphasis> sp. nov., a novel bacterium isolated from soil of a ginseng field in Pocheon province,South Korea

A Gram-positive, aerobic or facultative anaerobic, motile, spore-forming bacterial strain, designated Gsoil 1638T, was isolated from a soil sample of a ginseng field in Pocheon province (South Korea), and was characterized taxonomically by using a polyphasic approach. It grew well on nutrient agar medium, utilized a fairly narrow spectrum of carbon sources and tolerated 10% NaCl. The isolate was positive for catalase and oxidase tests but negative for the degradation of macromolecules such as casein, collagen, starch, chitin, CM-cellulose, xylan and DNA. The G + C content of the genomic DNA was 50.7 mol%. The predominant isoprenoid quinone was menaquinone 7 (MK-7). The major fatty acids were anteiso-C15:0 (44%) and C16:0 (25%). Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain Gsoil 1638T fell within the radiation of the cluster comprising Paenibacillus species and joined Paenibacillus anaericanus DSM 15890T with a bootstrap value of 100%. These two strains shared 99.5% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with each other. The phylogenetic distance from any other validly described species within the genus Paenibacillus was less than 96.2%. DNA-DNA relatedness value between strain Gsoil 1638T and its closest phylogenetic neighbor, Paenibacillus anaericanus, was 62%. On the basis of its phenotypic properties and phylogenetic distinctiveness, strain Gsoil 1638T (= KCTC 13931T = LMG 23406T = CCUG 52472T) was classified in the genus Paenibacillus as the type strain of a novel species, for which the name Paenibacillus ginsengisoli sp. nov. is proposed.     

Characterization of antifungal activity of Paenibacillus ehimensis KWN38 against soilborne phytopathogenic fungi belonging to various taxonomic groups

Soilborne fungal phytopathogens cause significant losses in many economically important crops and vegetables. The only way to control these devastating pathogens is by using higher doses of fungicides which not only increase the cost of production but also cause significant damage to the environment. Therefore alternate control measures are always looked for. In the present study, an antagonistic strain was isolated from the soil of the pepper fields around the seashore of Jellanamdo, South Korea and identified as Paenibacillus ehimensis KWN38 based on 16S rRNA sequencing. The strain showed high antifungal activity against six tested fungal pathogens belonging to various taxonomic groups on dual culture plates. Furthermore, the strain produced volatile antimicrobial compounds which had strong fungal growth inhibitory effect. The strain also showed high chitinase, cellulase, glucanase and protease activities. The hyphal morphologies of Rhizoctonia solani AG-1 (IA), Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici and Phytophthora capsici were significantly destroyed by the crude enzymes and butanol extract from the culture supernatant and the affected hyphae showed abnormal bending, tip curling, and irregular branching. Hence, Paenibacillus ehimensis KWN38 is considered as a potential biocontrol agent of the soil-borne fungi causing plant diseases which is an important perspective of the present study.     

Growth promotion and root colonisation in pepper plants by phosphate‐solubilising Chryseobacterium sp. strain ISE14 that suppresses Phytophthora blight

Previously, we selected bacterial strain ISE14 through a sequential selection procedure that included radicle, seedling, and in planta assays and field tests. This strain not only suppressed a destructive soilborne disease, Phytophthora blight, caused by Phytophthora capsici but also increased fruit yields of pepper plants in the fields. This study was conducted to identify strain ISE14 by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis and to characterise biocontrol and plant growth promotion activities of the strain in pepper plants. Strain ISE14, identified as Chryseobacterium sp., significantly reduced disease severity in plants inoculated with Ph. capsici and promoted plant growth (lengths and dry weights of shoots and roots) compared with those in plants treated with Escherichia coli DH5α (negative control) or MgSO₄ solution (untreated control). This strain effectively colonised pepper plant roots as assessed by bacterial population analysis and confocal laser scanning microscopy; it enhanced soil microbial activity and biofilm formation, but not the production of indole acetic acid. Strain ISE14 also solubilised organic or inorganic phosphate by production of acid and alkaline phosphatases or reduction in pH, resulting in enhanced pepper plant growth. This strain exhibited similar or greater activity in disease control and plant growth promotion tests compared with positive control strains Paenibacillus polymyxa AC‐1 (biocontrol) and Bacillus vallismortis EXTN‐1 (plant growth). Therefore, Chryseobacterium sp. ISE14 may be a phosphate‐solubilising and plant growth‐promoting rhizobacterium (PGPR) strain that suppresses Phytophthora blight of pepper. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a phosphate‐solubilising PGPR strain of Chryseobacterium sp. that suppresses the pepper disease.     

Paenibacillus hemolyticus, the first hemolytic Paenibacillus with growth-promoting activities discovered

Paenibacillus spp. are Gram-positive, facultatively aerobic, bacilli-shaped endospore-forming bacteria. They have been detected in a variety of environments, such as soil, water, forage, insect larvae, and even clinical samples. The strain 139SI (GenBank accession No.: JF825470.1) from three strains of Paenibacillus isolates investigated here was chosen as the type strain of the proposed novel species. The other two similar strain isolates investigated were 140SI (JF825471.1) and 141SI (JQ734548.1). These strains were identified as members of the genus Paenibacillus on the basis of phenotypic characteristics, phylogenetic analysis and 16S rRNA G+C content. Surprisingly, these strains exhibited a strong hemolytic activity on 5% sheep blood agar. Their crude extracts also showed positive growth-promoting activities in colon cancer and Vero cell lines. To our knowledge, this is the first Paenibacillus with hemolytic and growth-promoting activities reported, and the name Paenibacillus hemolyticus for this novel species is proposed. The capability of this novel species in hemolytic and cell growth activities suggests its potential in both clinical and pharmacological implications.     

Isolation and identification of a Paenibacillus polymyxa strain that coproduces a novel lantibiotic and polymyxin

A new bacterial strain, displaying potent antimicrobial properties against gram-negative and gram-positive pathogenic bacteria, was isolated from food. Based on its phenotypical and biochemical properties as well as its 16S rRNA gene sequence, the bacterium was identified as Paenibacillus polymyxa and it was designated as strain OSY-DF. The antimicrobials produced by this strain were isolated from the fermentation broth and subsequently analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Two antimicrobials were found: a known antibiotic, polymyxin E1, which is active against gram-negative bacteria, and an unknown 2,983-Da compound showing activity against gram-positive bacteria. The latter was purified to homogeneity, and its antimicrobial potency and proteinaceous nature were confirmed. The antimicrobial peptide, designated paenibacillin, is active against a broad range of food-borne pathogenic and spoilage bacteria, including Bacillus spp., Clostridium sporogenes, Lactobacillus spp., Lactococcus lactis, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Listeria spp., Pediococcus cerevisiae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus agalactiae. Furthermore, it possesses the physico-chemical properties of an ideal antimicrobial agent in terms of water solubility, thermal resistance, and stability against acid/alkali (pH 2.0 to 9.0) treatment. Edman degradation, mass spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance were used to sequence native and chemically modified paenibacillin. While details of the tentative sequence need to be elucidated in future work, the peptide was unequivocally characterized as a novel lantibiotic, with a high degree of posttranslational modifications. The coproduction of polymyxin E1 and a lantibiotic is a finding that has not been reported earlier. The new strain and associated peptide are potentially useful in food and medical applications.     

Paenibacillus donghaensis sp. nov., a xylan-degrading and nitrogen-fixing bacterium isolated from East Sea sediment

A Gram-positive and endospore-forming strain, JH8T, was isolated from deep-sea sediment and identified as a member of the genus Paenibacillus on the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence and phenotypic analyses. According to a phylogenetic analysis, the most closely related species was Paenibacillus wynnii LMG 22176T (96.9%). Strain JH8T was also facultatively anaerobic and grew optimally at 20-25degreesC. The major cellular fatty acid was anteiso-C15:0, and the DNA G+C content was 53.1 mol%. The DNA-DNA relatedness between the isolate and Paenibacillus wynnii LMG 22176T was 7.6%, indicating that strain JH8T and P. wynnii belong to different species. Based on the phylogenetic, phenotypic, and chemotaxonomic characteristics, strain JH8T would appear to belong to a novel species, for which the name Paenibacillus donghaensis sp. nov. is proposed (type strain =KCTC 13049T=LMG 23780T).     

Draft genome sequence of Paenibacillus elgii B69, a strain with broad antimicrobial activity

Here, we report the draft genome sequence of Paenibacillus elgii B69, which was isolated from soil and has broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. As far as we know, the P. elgii genome is the largest of the Paenibacillus genus for which genome sequences are available. Multiple sets of genes related to antibiotic biosynthetic pathways have been found in the genome.