柱状田头菇菌丝对镉胁迫的抗氧化响应

研究了不同浓度Cd处理对柱状田头菇菌丝抗氧化酶及谷胱甘肽含量的影响.结果表明,在低浓度范围内随着Cd处理浓度的增加,菌丝抗氧化酶的活力上升,过氧化氢酶(CAT)与超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性分别在Cd浓度为0.1和0.4mmol·L-1时达最大值;过氧化物酶(POD)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)和脂氧合酶(LOX)的活性在Cd浓度为0.2mmol·L-1时达到峰值.而在高Cd浓度处理时,柱状田头菇菌丝抗氧化酶系(POD、CAT、SOD等)显著受到抑制.0.4~1.6mmol·L-1Cd处理可显著提高菌丝体内还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)水平,却不影响氧化型谷胱甘肽(GSSG)含量.在整个试验过程中,均未检测到抗坏血酸及抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)的活性.用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分析Cd胁迫下柱状田头菇菌丝抗氧化酶的同工酶谱发现,0.1~0.8mmol·L-1Cd处理可诱导过氧化物酶(POD)、酯酶(EST)和脂氧合酶(LOX)新同工酶的表达,提高组成型过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)同工酶的表达强度;1.6mmol·L-1Cd处理显著抑制POD、CAT、SOD等的表达.     

一氧化氮对小麦叶片镍毒害的缓解作用

采用溶液培养法研究了重金属镍(Ni)对扬麦158(Triticum aestivumL)幼苗生长的影响及外源一氧化氮(NO)对Ni毒害的缓解作用。结果表明,100μmol/LNi处理显著抑制小麦幼苗生长,导致叶绿素含量下降,丙二醛(MDA)含量显著升高,且叶片过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和谷胱甘肽转硫酶(GST)等抗氧化酶活性升高。400μmol/L硝谱钠(SNP,NO供体)预处理2d,能够明显减轻Ni毒害,使叶绿素和MDA含量基本恢复至对照水平。NO可能是通过提高APX和GR等抗氧化酶的活性及谷胱甘肽含量而增强植株抗氧化能力,显著减轻由Ni导致的叶片Ca和Fe含量下降而增强小麦幼苗抵御Ni毒害的能力。     

镉胁迫对矮牵牛种子萌发、幼苗生长及抗氧化酶活性的影响

采用营养液培养的方法研究了不同浓度镉Cd（0、1、2和4 mmol·L^-1）处理对矮牵牛（Petunia hybrida）种子萌发、幼苗生长及生理特性的影响。结果发现：与对照相比,较低浓度（1 mmol·L^-1）Cd处理下矮牵牛种子萌发和幼苗生长均显著被抑制,当Cd浓度增至4 mmol·L^-1时完全抑制了矮牵牛种子的萌发。Cd胁迫在低浓度时激活矮牵牛幼苗叶片过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性,而高浓度产生抑制效应;抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性与对照相比均显著升高,丙二醛（MDA）含量无显著变化。不同浓度的乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)的加入使4 mmol·L^-1 Cd胁迫下矮牵牛幼苗叶片POD和APX活性增加,但不影响SOD和CAT活性;此外,6 mmol·L^-1 EDTA使Cd胁迫下矮牵牛幼苗叶片中MDA含量增加。结果表明,Cd胁迫抑制矮牵牛种子萌发和幼苗生长,却使幼苗叶片POD、CAT和APX活性增加,EDTA的加入能够进一步提高Cd胁迫幼苗POD和APX活性。因此,矮牵牛幼苗在Cd胁迫下具有较强的抗氧化损伤的能力。     

一氧化氮对盐胁迫下小麦幼苗根生长和氧化损伤的影响

0.05和0.10 mmol/L一氧化氮(NO)供体硝普钠(sodium mtropmsside,SNP)处理明显减轻NaCl浓度为150 mmo1/L左右的盐胁迫对小麦幼苗根生长的抑制效应,其中0.05mmol/L的SNP效果最明显;0.30mmol/L以上的SNP处理对根抑制无明显缓解作用;当NaCl浓度大于300 mmol/L时,各种浓度的SNP均不能减轻盐胁迫对根生长的抑制.以N O清除剂血红蛋白(hemoglobin,Hb)以及NOx-,K3Fe(CN)6等为对照,观察到0.05 mmol/L的SNP能不同程度地提高150mmo/L盐胁迫下小麦幼苗根尖细胞中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(ascorbateperoxidase,APX)活性,明显降低MDA、H2O2和O2-.的积累,阻断盐胁迫诱导的根尖细胞DNA片段化,表明NO能有效缓解盐胁迫引起的小麦幼苗根尖细胞的氧化损伤.     

外源NO对NaCl胁迫下黄瓜（Cucumis sativus L.）幼苗生长和谷胱甘肽抗氧化酶系统的影响

采用营养液水培,研究了外源一氧化氮(NO)对黄瓜(Cucumis sativus L.)幼苗生长和叶片谷胱甘肽抗氧化酶系统的影响.结果表明,正常生长条件下添加NO能促进黄瓜幼苗生长,而添加NO信号传递途径关键酶鸟苷酸环化酶(cGC)抑制剂亚甲基蓝(MB-1)显著抑制了黄瓜幼苗的生长;添加NO显著缓解了盐胁迫对黄瓜幼苗生长的抑制,提高了叶片谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)活性、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)及还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)、抗坏血酸(ASA)含量,降低了氧化型谷胱甘肽(GSSG)含量,提高了GSH/GSSG,对单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(MDAR)活性无显著影响;NaCl胁迫下添加NO的同时添加MB-1抑制了GR活性的提高,GSH和ASA含量、GSH/GSSG均降低,GSSG含量提高,但对MDAR、APX和DHAR活性无显著影响,表明NaCl胁迫下NO对GR活性、GSH和ASA含量、GSH/GSSG的调节可能是通过cGC介导的,对MDAR无明显的调节作用,对DHAR、APX的调节还存在其它途径.     

外源一氧化氮供体对NaCl胁迫下多裂骆驼蓬幼苗叶片ASA-GSH循环的影响

研究了外源一氧化氮(NO)供体硝普钠(SNP)对NaCl胁迫下多裂骆驼蓬幼苗抗坏血酸(ASA)-谷胱甘肽(GSH)循环抗氧化系统及H2O2和丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响。结果表明,0.15mmol.L-1SNP能提高300mmol.L-1NaCl胁迫下多裂骆驼蓬幼苗叶片抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)和谷胱甘肽转硫酶(GST)活性,增加还原型抗坏血酸(ASA)和谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量,降低脱氢抗坏血酸(DHA)和氧化型谷胱甘肽(GSSG)含量,提高ASA/DHA、GSH/GSSG比率,降低H2O2和MDA水平,对单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(MDAR)和脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)活性无显著影响。NO信号转导途径关键酶鸟苷酸环化酶(GC)抑制剂亚甲基蓝(MB)逆转了SNP对盐胁迫下APX、GR、GST活性和ASA、GSH、DHA,H2O2、MDA含量及ASA/DHA、GSH/GSSG比率的调节效应。由此表明,NO可能通过GC介导的cGMP信号转导参与ASA-GSH循环活性氧清除系统的调节,从而缓解盐胁迫诱导的氧化伤害。     

球孢白僵菌在重金属Cd(Ⅱ)作用下抗氧化酶系变化

测定球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana分生孢子在重金属镉Cd(Ⅱ)作用下不同时间段超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)及谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GST)活性的变化,以探讨球孢白僵菌分生孢子应对重金属胁迫时的生理生化反应。结果表明:Cd(Ⅱ)胁迫初始阶段(2-6 h),球孢白僵菌分生孢子中POD活性出现抑制现象,POD对Cd(Ⅱ)胁迫较敏感。Cd(Ⅱ)胁迫4 h后,GST、SOD、CAT酶活性均显著增加。GST活性在Cd(Ⅱ)胁迫早期酶活变化最为明显,对菌体细胞起到关键的保护作用。后期GST活性较低,因此其保护作用较弱;POD的活性变化则与GST相反,POD在Cd(Ⅱ)胁迫后期对菌体细胞起到关键的保护作用;Cd(Ⅱ)胁迫下,CAT活性稳定且变化不明显但仍高于正常状态下的CAT酶活;SOD始终保持高的酶活性,在这些抗氧化保护酶中,以SOD最为重要。结果表明,抗氧化酶活性的提高与维持是球孢白僵菌耐Cd(Ⅱ)胁迫的重要生理基础。     

外源一氧化氮提高一年生黑麦草抗冷性机制

用不同浓度的一氧化氮(NO)供体硝普纳(sodiumnitroprusside,SNP)处理低温胁迫下1年生黑麦草幼苗,探讨外源NO对提高黑麦草幼苗抗冷性的作用。结果表明外源NO能减缓低温胁迫下黑麦草幼苗质膜相对透性的增加,促进脯氨酸(Pro)的积累,提高超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)保护酶活性,其中POD酶活性的提高尤为显著。恢复生长时,经SNP处理的幼苗膜透性、脯氨酸和保护酶活性恢复较快,其中0.5mmol/LSNP处理的效果最为明显,0.2、1.0mmol/LSNP处理的效果次之。     

渗透胁迫对黑麦幼苗活性氧和抗氧化酶活性的影响

用20%聚乙二醇(PEG 6000)研究了渗透胁迫对黑麦(Secale cereale L.)幼苗活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS)和主要抗氧化酶—— 超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD)、过氧化氢酶(catalase, CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(ascorbate peroxidase, APX)和谷胱甘肽还原酶(glutathione reductase, GR)活性的影响。结果表明, 与对照相比, PEG处理明显提高了叶子和根中丙二醛(malondialdehyde, MDA)的含量、ROS的水平和以上4种抗氧化酶的活性。渗透胁迫下,叶子和根中MDA和ROS水平变化的规律基本相似, 但抗氧化酶活性在2种器官中表现不完全相同, 叶子中CAT的活性在对照和处理中无显著差异, 但在根中差异明显, 表明叶子中SOD、APX和GR在植物应答渗透胁迫中起重要作用, 而根中这4种抗氧化酶都参与植物对胁迫的反应。GR活性随PEG处理变化幅度显著高于其它抗氧化酶, 表明GR在黑麦应答渗透胁迫中所起作用可能强于其它抗氧化酶。     

外源NO与蔗糖对盐胁迫下番茄(Lycopersicon esculentum Mill)幼苗氧化损伤的保护效应

选取长至6～8片真叶的健康番茄(Lycopersicon esculentum Mill)幼苗,分别进行蔗糖、硝普钠(sodium nitropresside, SNP, 作为外源NO供体)及其体积比例组合(1:1)处理;36h后施以NaCl胁迫,并分别于0h(胁迫前)、24h、48h和72h 取样,进行相关生理生化指标测定.具体5个实验处理如下:A. 蒸馏水(CK); B. 100 mmol/L NaCl;C. 0.1 mmol/L SNP 100 mmol/L NaCl;D. 0.1 mmol/L SNP 1.0mmol/L蔗糖 100 mmol/L NaCl; E. 1.0 mmol/L蔗糖 100 mmol/L NaCl.结果表明:与SNP和蔗糖单独处理相比,二者组合处理对缓解盐胁迫下番茄幼苗的氧化损伤存在正协同效应,主要表现在进一步增强了番茄幼苗超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)和谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)的活性;提高了脯氨酸(Pro)的含量,同时膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)含量显著降低(P＜0.05).采用聚丙烯酰胺浓度梯度凝胶电泳对盐胁迫24 h和48 h材料的POD同功酶检测表明,当NaCl单独处理时,番茄幼苗叶片POD同功酶第V条带缺失,其它谱带酶量减少,抑制了POD同功酶的表达;SNP和蔗糖单独处理能够保护盐胁迫(24、48h)所导致的POD同功酶条带的完整;而组合处理既保证了POD同功酶条带的完整,又加强了酶量的表达.随着盐胁迫时间的延长,其氧化损伤程度愈烈,SNP和蔗糖组合处理能够更有效地缓解盐胁迫对番茄幼苗植株造成的氧化损伤.     

外源一氧化氮对镉胁迫下玉米幼苗根生长及氧化伤害的影响

以玉米幼苗为材料,通过在镉处理的同时补充外源一氧化氮(NO)供体硝普钠(SNP)及其类似物[K3Fe(CN)6]、以及NO消除剂,分析NO对植物耐镉性的影响,探讨NO在植物逆境胁迫响应中的作用及其机理。结果显示:添加20μmol·L-1 SNP能显著降低镉引发的玉米幼苗根生长抑制及根尖内源镉的积累,减少电解质的渗漏以及超氧化物自由基(O2.-)和过氧化氢(H2O2)的上升幅度,抑制超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性的增加,进一步提高镉胁迫下谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)的活性。SNP的上述效应可被NO消除剂2-(4-羧基-2-苯基)-4,4,5,5-四甲基咪唑-1-氧-3-氧化物(cPTIO)所逆转,而SNP类似物K3Fe(CN)6的应用对上述反应几乎无影响,说明该反应具有NO特异性。研究表明,外源NO能够显著缓解镉胁迫对玉米幼苗生长造成的伤害,该缓解作用主要是通过降低植株体内内源镉积累和减轻镉诱发的氧化伤害来实现的。     

Kinetics of the Anti-oxidant Response to Salinity in the Halophyte Cakile maritima

The effects of NaCl stress on the activity of anti-oxidant enzymes （superoxide dismutase, catalase （CAT）, peroxidase （POD）, ascorbate peroxidase （APX）, monodehydroascorbate reductase, dehydroascorbate reductase （DHAR）, and glutathione reductase （GR））, anti-oxidant molecules （ascorbate and glutathione）, and parameters of oxidative stress （malondialdehyde （MDA）, electrolyte leakage, and H2O2 concentrations） were investigated in Cakile maritima, a halophyte frequent along the Tunisian seashore. Seedlings were grown in the presence of salt （100, 200, and 400 mmol/L NaCl）. Plants were harvested periodically over 20 days. Growth was maximal in the presence of 0-100 mmol/L NaCl. At 400 mmol/L NaCl, growth decreased significantly. The salt tolerance of C. maritima, at moderate salinities, was associated with the lowest values of the parameters indicative of oxidative stress, namely the highest activities of POD, CAT, APX, DHAR, and GR and high tissue content of ascorbate and glutathione. However, prolonged exposure to high salinity resulted in a decrease in anti-oxidant activities and high MDA content, electrolyte leakage, and H2O2 concentrations. These results suggest that anti-oxidant systems participate in the tolerance of C. maritima to moderate salinities.     

Kinetics of the Anti-oxidant Response to Salinity in the Halophyte Cakile maritima

The effects of NaCl stress on the activity of anti-oxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase (CAT),peroxidase (POD),ascorbate peroxidase (APX), monodehydroascorbate reductase, dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), and glutathionereductase (GR)), anti-oxidant molecules (ascorbate and glutathione), and parameters of oxidative stress (malondialdehyde(MDA), electrolyte leakage, and H_2O_2 concentrations) were investigated in Cakile maritima, a halophyte frequent along theTunisian seashore. Seedlings were grown in the presence of salt (100, 200, and 400 mmol/L NaCI). Plants were harvestedperiodically over 20 days. Growth was maximal in the presence of 0-100 mmol/L NaCl. At 400 mmol/L NaCl, growthdecreased significantly. The salt tolerance of C. maritima, at moderate salinities, was associated with the lowest values ofthe parameters indicative of oxidative stress, namely the highest activities of POD, CAT, APX, DHAR, and GR and high tissuecontent of ascorbate and glutathione. However, prolonged exposure to high salinity resulted in a decrease in anti-oxidantactivities and high MDA content, electrolyte leakage, and H_2O_2 concentrations. These results suggest that anti-oxidantsystems participate in the tolerance of C. maritima to moderate salinities.     

Effects of the nitric oxide donor sodium nitroprusside on antioxidant enzymes in wheat seedling roots under nickel stress

The inhibitory effect of nickel on the growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings and the alleviation of nickel toxicity by nitric oxide (NO) were investigated. Nickel (Ni) at 100 μM caused striking reduction in seedling growth and significant overproduction of MDA and H₂O₂ in the roots. Supplementation with NO donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) could significantly reverse the inhibitory effect of nickel in a dose-dependent manner. K₃Fe(CN)₆, a SNP analogue, which does not release NO, had no ameliorative effect on Ni toxicity in wheat.. In addition, application of 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide (cPTIO), a NO scavenger, could dramatically counteract the stimulatory effects of SNP on the growth of wheat seedling roots under Ni stress, confirming that NO rather than other compounds derived from SNP was responsible for the alleviating effect of Ni toxicity. Further results showed that SNP enhanced the activities of guaiacol peroxidase (POD, EC 1.11.1.7), ascorbate peroxidase (APX, EC 1.11.1.11), superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1..1..5.1..1), glutathione reductase (GR, EC 1.6.4.2), and glutathione S-transferase (GST, EC 2.5.1.18) in wheat seedling roots under nickel stress, while no significant difference in the activity of catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6) in wheat roots supplemented with SNP or without it was observed. These results clearly indicate that NO has a protective role in Ni-induced oxidative damage through modulation of antioxidant enzymes.     

Nitric oxide acts as a signal molecule in microwave pretreatment induced cadmium tolerance in wheat seedlings

The microwave has been widely used in the field of biology with the development of microwave technology. Previous studies suggest that suitable doses of microwave irradiation improved plant metabolism and enzymatic activities under cadmium stress and enhanced cadmium tolerance in wheat seedlings. The objective of this study was to test whether nitric oxide is involved in microwave pretreatment induced cadmium tolerance in wheat seedlings due to its nature as a second messenger in stress responses. Plant were treated with 10 s microwave pretreatment, microwave pretreatment in combination with NO scavenger, 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4, 4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide (cPTIO) and their effects on the lipid peroxidation, the activities of antioxidant enzymes, the concentration of antioxidant compounds and wheat seedlings growth and development were compared. The results showed that 10 s microwave pretreatment dramatically alleviated growth suppression induced by cadmium stress, reflected by decreased malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide and superoxide radical production. Furthermore, the activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione reductase) and the concentration of antioxidant metabolites (ascorbate, reduced glutathione, carotenoids and nitric oxide) were increased in wheat seedlings pretreated with microwave under cadmium stress. Nevertheless, the promotive effect of microwave pretreatment induced cadmium tolerance in wheat seedlings was effectively reversed by the addition of 0.5 % (w/v) cPTIO (NO scavenger), suggesting that NO was involved in microwave pretreatment induced cadmium tolerance in wheat seedlings.     

SNP和cPTIO对NaCl胁迫下拟南芥的生理影响

以拟南芥为材料,研究了0.5mmol/L的外源一氧化氮供体硝普纳(SNP)和200mmol/L的一氧化氮专一清除剂(cPTIO)对200mmol/LNaCl胁迫下对拟南芥的生理影响。0.5mmol/LSNP和200mmol/LcPTIO预处理2h后,加入200mmol/LNaCl。不同处理的拟南芥加入200mmol/LNaCl后,每隔12h取样一次,观察叶片生长情况、测定过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)和超氧阴离子(O■)的变化。结果表明0.5mmol/L的SNP能缓解200mmol/LNaCl胁迫伤害,促进盐胁迫下幼苗的生长,显著提高抗氧化酶系统中POD和SOD活性,显著降低MDA和O■的含量,从而提高植株的抗盐性,而NO专一清除剂cPTIO能逆转SNP的上述效应。     

Aluminum-induced changes in reactive oxygen species accumulation, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant capacity in wheat root tips

The present study investigated the effects of aluminum on lipid peroxidation, accumulation of reactive oxygen species and antioxidative defense systems in root tips of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings. Exposure to 30 μM Al increased contents of malondialdehyde, H₂O₂, suproxide radical and Evans blue uptake in both genotypes, with increases being greater in Al-sensitive genotype Yangmai-5 than in Al-tolerant genotype Jian-864. In addition, Al treatment increased the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX), as well as the contents of ascorbate (AsA) and glutathione (GSH) in both genotypes. The increased activities SOD and POD were greater in Yangmai-5 than in Jian-864, whereas the opposite was true for the activities of CAT, APX, MDHAR, GR and GPX and the contents of AsA and GSH. Consequently, the antioxidant capacity in terms of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)-radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) was greater in Jian-864 than in Yangmai-5.     

Response of the cultivated tomato and its wild salt-tolerant relative Lycopersicon pennellii to salt-dependent oxidative stress: increased activities of antioxidant enzymes in root plastids

Root plastids of the cultivated tomato Lycopersicon esculentum (Lem) exhibited salt-induced oxidative stress as indicated by the increased H 2 O 2 and lipid peroxidation levels which were accompanied with increased contents of the oxidized forms of ascorbate and glutathione. In contrast, H 2 O 2 level decreased, lipid peroxidation level slightly decreased and the levels of the reduced forms of ascorbate and glutathione increased in plastids of L. pennellii (Lpa) species in response to salinity. This better protection of Lpa root plastids from salt-induced oxidative stress was correlated with increased activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), guaiacol peroxidases (POD), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), glutathione- S -transferase (GST) and phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (PHGPX). In the plastids of both species, activities of SOD, APX, and POD could be resolved into several isozymes. In Lem plastids two Cu/ZnSOD isozymes were found whereas in Lpa an additional FeSOD type could also be detected. In response to salinity, activities of selected SOD, APX, and POD isozymes were increased in Lpa, while in Lem plastids the activities of most of SOD and POD isozymes decreased. Taken together, it is suggested that plastids play an important role in the adaptation of Lpa roots to salinity.