大气有机氮沉降研究进展

大气氮素沉降是全球氮素生物地球化学循环的一个重要部分,包括干?湿沉降两种,以无机态和有机态形式发生沉降。长期以来由于受研究方法的限制,国际上对大气氮素沉降的研究多集中在无机态氮的沉降上,忽视了对有机态氮形式发生的沉降,因而造成了人们对大气氮素沉降总量的低估。在全面总结国内外文献的基础上,综述了大气有机态氮沉降的研究进展,具体包括大气有机氮的来源、种类?雨水有机氮的测定方法?有机氮沉降对大气氮沉降总量(氮沉降总量=无机氮沉降 有机氮沉降)的贡献,以及有机氮沉降可能的生态效应等。最后,指出了今后我国大气有机氮沉降研究需要加强的主要方面。     

藏东南大气氮湿沉降动态变化——以林芝观测点为例

利用量雨器和湿沉降收集仪在藏东南通过2a的试验, 研究了该区大气氮素沉降的浓度、沉降量以及季节变化规律.结果表明:藏东南大气氮素湿沉降(无机氮)为1.33～3.05 kg/ (hm2·a),平均值为2.36 kg/ (hm2·a),降水中铵态氮和硝态氮的平均浓度分别为0.36 mg/L和0.10 mg/L ,NH+4-N/ NO-3-N接近4 .各形态氮月均浓度之间差别较大,具有明显的季节性,其中NH+4-N月均浓度动态变化明显,5、6、7月份浓度较高(＞0.5 mg/L),NO-3-N 12月份浓度(0.49 mg/L)为全年最高;氮浓度的季节变化,以春冬较高,夏秋季较低,离散程度以春季最大.降水量与各形态氮沉降呈一定幂型负相关,相关系数为0.705,0.641,分别达到0.006 (NH+4-N)和0.019(NO-3-N)的显著水平.氮月沉降以5～6月份最高,占全年的32.3%;氮季沉降以夏季所占比例最高,约占50%,冬季最低(2%～3%).     

重庆典型地区大气湿沉降氮的时空变化

验连续3a采集雨样研究了重庆市郊区和林区大气湿沉降氮的时空变化.结果表明,重庆市近郊区、远郊区和林区3个采样点雨水总氮浓度范围为(3.94±0.50)～(4.56±1.01)mg L-1,平均(4.27±0.73)mg L-1.NH+4-N、NO-3-N和DON占TN百分比例分别为44.9%、27.4%和27.5%.降雨中NH+4-N对氮沉降量的贡献率最大.在时间尺度上,不同季节降雨中氮浓度呈现明显的季节性差异,以冬季最高,依次是夏季、春季和秋季.在空间分布上,近郊区、远郊区和林区的TN平均浓度分别为4.56 mg L-1、4.32 mg L-1和3.94 mg L-1,从近郊区到林区有逐渐降低的趋势.降雨中的NH+4-N、NO-3-N、DON和TN浓度与降雨量无显著相关性.但是,降雨量与氮沉降量呈显著正相关.大气氮湿沉降时空差异与降雨量和氮排放直接相关.重庆市随降雨到达地面的氮沉降量较高,远远超过了水体负荷的临界值,可能对三峡库区的水资源产生不利影响.     

鄂西北丹江口库区大气氮沉降

利用雨量器在鄂西北丹江口库区连续3a采集降雨样品,研究了大气氮沉降的变化动态。结果表明:2009—2011年月均总氮(TN)浓度为3.70—10.36 mg/L,与当月降雨量呈极显著线性负相关(R=-0.592**,n=32),季均TN浓度为冬季(8.21 mg/L)春季(3.94 mg/L)秋季(3.23 mg/L)夏季(2.70 mg/L),年均TN浓度为3.70 mg/L。大气氮素年均干湿总沉降量为26.53 kg/hm2,其中干沉降为7.80 kg/hm2,占总沉降量的29.4%;湿沉降为18.73 kg/hm2,占总沉降量的70.6%。干沉降中铵态氮(NH+4-N)、硝态氮(NO-3-N)、可溶性有机氮(DON)和颗粒态氮(PN)分别占TN的22.1%、16.8%、37.2%和23.9%,湿沉降中它们分别为TN的36.6%、34.4%、12.9%和16.1%。     

大气氮沉降与森林生态系统的氮动态

由于人类活动的影响,若干年代以来大气氮沉降明显增加。在森林地区,大气氮沉降的空间变异性由林分的位置、结构和组成树种所决定。除降雨之外,干沉降和隐藏降水也是大气氮沉降的重要形式。     

东北帽儿山地区生长季大气氮湿沉降动态变化

利用雨量器收集降雨样品的方法,研究了帽儿山地区大气氮湿沉降的浓度、沉降量及其动态变化规律。研究结果表明：2011年随降雨输入到该地区的大气氮沉降量为19.16 kg·hm^-2,其中,NH⁺₄-N、NO^-₃-N和溶解有机氮（DON）输入量分别占湿沉降量的52%、26%和22%,NH⁺₄-N/NO^-₃-N沉降量接近2.0。降雨中NH⁺₄-N对当地大气氮湿沉降输入量的贡献率最大,其平均浓度为1.59 mg·L^-1。氮湿沉降浓度存在明显的季节差异,以5和9月氮浓度最高,7月最低。该区NH⁺₄-N、NO^-₃-N和总氮（TN）湿沉降输入量与降雨量均存在极显著正相关,决定系数分别为0.65、0.63和0.76,而DON输入量与降雨量相关性交差（P>0.05）,其决定系数为0.24。     

北京东灵山大气氮沉降水平及变化特征

城市人为成因的气态活性氮排放影响空气质量,导致周边的陆地生态系统大气氮输入量持续增加。然而,陆地生态系统大气活性氮特别是溶解态无机氮(DIN)和溶解态有机氮(DON)的同步观测仍然较为缺乏,影响氮沉降生态效应的全面、准确评估。本研究观测了北京东灵山森林生态系统定位研究站2019年6月至2020年1月每周的混合沉降中铵态氮(NH₄⁺-N)、硝态氮(NO₃^--N)和总溶解态氮(TDN)浓度,计算了DON浓度和各形态氮的沉降通量,分析了它们的月际和干湿季差异及其变化机制。结果表明：该站点大气沉降中NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^--N、DON和TDN体积加权平均浓度分别为1.45±0.04、0.70±0.01、1.81±0.66和3.96±0.65 mg N·L^-1,TDN年沉降通量为25.00 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1,NH₄^+<...     

我国雷州半岛典型农田大气氮沉降

近一个半世纪以来,粮食和能源需求导致活性氮创造的急剧增加,从而导致各种活性氮的排放及其沉降的增加。氮沉降引起土壤酸化,水体富营养化,及敏感生态系统植物多样性的丧失等不良生态效应。因此定量不同生态系统氮沉降量对于确定该地区生态系统安全及氮循环有重要意义。南方地区氮沉降已有较多研究,主要集中于湿沉降的研究,选取雷州半岛地区典型农田综合研究了大气氮素的干湿沉降。结果表明:大气活性氮浓度NH3、HNO3、NO2、pNH+4和pNO-3浓度分别为5.62、0.88、3.16、3.30、2.02μg N/m3。采用欧洲氮沉降监测网的氮干沉降速率估算了大气氮干沉降量为17.6 kg N hm-2a-1。大气降雨NO-3-N浓度为(0.86±0.36)mg N/L,NH+4-N浓度为(1.11±0.68)mg N/L,大气降雨无机氮含量冬季最高,夏季最低。大气无机氮年湿沉降总量为25.3 kg N/hm2。湿沉降NH+4-N和NO-3-N,干沉降NH3、HNO3、NO2、pNH+4、pNO-3分别占沉降量的30.8%、28.0%、23.7%、5.4%、2.8%、3.9%、5.4%。湿沉降NH+4和干沉降NH3在氮沉降中占主导地位显示氮肥施用导致的NH3挥发对大气活性氮浓度及氮沉降的显著贡献。鉴于研究可观的氮沉降量(总沉降量42.9 kg N hm-2a-1),其向农田的养分的输入不容忽视;氮沉降对该地区水体,自然生态系统的环境影响需要受到重视。     

九龙江流域大气氮干沉降

对九龙江流域10个站位的大气氮干沉降量进行为期1a的连续观测。利用专用降尘缸湿法收集大气沉降氮,在获取各月氮组分浓度和相应水样体积后,求得各月氮沉降速率,再将各月数值相加得到全年的大气氮干沉降量。结果表明,九龙江流域大气氮干沉降表现出一定的时空差异性,总氮沉降量为3·41~7·63kgN/(hm2·a),铵氮为1·02~3·00kgN/(hm2·a),硝氮为0·76~1·76kgN/(hm2·a)。干沉降中氮的3种主要形态铵氮、硝氮与有机氮分别占总沉降量的31%、24%和45%。中游漳州地区的大气氮干沉降总量较大。上游龙岩地区与中游漳州地区具有较高的铵氮沉降量,硝态氮在上下游间无明显变化,而有机氮沉降量在中下游地区较高。在时间尺度上,大气氮干沉降呈现出夏秋两季比春冬两季略高的总体趋势,季节性差异显著(p<0·05)。大气氮干沉降时空差异主要与氮排放量和气象条件有关。     

陕北典型农区大气干湿氮沉降季节变化

为了研究大气通过干湿沉降输入到农田土壤的氮通量,2007年6月至2008年5月在陕西榆林和洛川两地进行了为期一年的观测试验.结果表明:榆林和洛川地区大气总无机氮沉降通量分别为22.17和16.95 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),湿沉降分别占95.1%和90.4%,干沉降分别占4.9%和9.6%,两个地区氮沉降均以湿沉降为主.总无机氮沉降中,NO_3~--N分别为12.22和9.24 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),分别占总无机氮沉降量的55.1%和54.5%.由于污染水平、气象条件、下垫面特性等的差异,总无机氮沉降中,湿沉降量和NO_3~--N沉降量均是榆林地区大于洛川地区.     

丹江口水库淅川库区大气氮湿沉降特征

大气氮沉降是除河流输入外水库水体重要的外源氮输入途径。以丹江口水库淅川库区为研究区,于2018年11月至2019年10月在库区周边设置了6个采样点,采集并分析了库区大气氮湿沉降样品,探讨氮湿沉降的时空分布特征以及对水库水体外源氮输入的贡献。研究结果表明,研究区大气氮湿沉降量为24.21 kg hm^-2 a^-1,其中氨氮占比（47.45％）为最大,有机氮占比（36.34％）次之,硝氮占比（16.21％）最小。硝氮湿沉降量在空间上表现出显著差异性。氨氮、有机氮湿沉降量的季节差异显著,氨氮是以夏季最高,秋季次之,冬季最低,而有机氮是以秋季最高,夏季次之,冬季最低。氨氮、硝氮、有机氮湿沉降量之间存在显著相关性,氨氮、有机氮湿沉降量与降水量之间存在显著相关性。总氮、氨氮湿沉降量分别为1321.98 t/a和627.34 t/a,分别占河流总氮、氨氮入库量的10.82％、34.85％。研究结果可为探索有针对性的库区水体氮污染控制途径提供重要理论基础。     

黄土区降水降尘输入农田土壤中的氮素评估

随着人类活动引起大气活性氮的急剧增加,大气氮沉降亦明显增加,由此引发的各生态系统的响应也逐渐表现出来.研究黄土区氮沉降,对农业生态系统的氮素循环与平衡提供一定的数据支持,同时为农民科学合理施肥提供依据,为研究氮沉降的环境生态效应和生物有效性提供科学支撑.用APS-2A型降水降尘自动采样器对陕西杨凌和洛川地区2006～2007年的降水降尘输入氮总量、月动态变化及各形态N的贡献率进行了监测与分析.结果显示杨凌点2006年总降雨量为507.8 mm,总N沉降通量为20.6 kg/(hm2·a),其中N湿沉降通量为19.1 kg/(hm2·a),占93%;降尘输入的N通量为1.5 kg/(hm2·a),占7%.总N沉降通量中NO-3-N为7.3 kg/(hm2·a),占36%.洛川点2006年6月～2007年5月总降雨量为579.5 mm,总N沉降通量为12.7 kg/(hm2·a),其中N湿沉降通量为11.4 kg/(hm2·a),占90%;降尘输入N的通量为1.2 kg/(hm2·a),占10% .总N沉降通量中NO-3-N为8.7kg/(hm2·a),占69%.两个点N沉降通量和氮素形态的差异在很大程度上反映了活性N主要来自人为活动,即农业生产排放的活性N.     

Atmospheric nitrogen deposition explains patterns of plant species loss

Atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition across Europe increased substantially from the 1950s to the 1990s. Targeted surveys suggest a negative correlation between N deposition and species richness within quadrats in sensitive habitats. However, it remains unclear whether plant species losses at national recording scales are correlated with nitrogen deposition. We relate plant species losses before 1987 in Great Britain to reduced and oxidized N deposition, land use change and climate change. The mean Ellenberg fertility (N) indices of plant species lost in each 100 km² cell before 1987 was compared with those of species that were recorded between 1987 and 1999. In 45% of squares, indices of species lost were significantly lower than those for species present after 1986. For 17%, primarily upland, squares, the opposite effect was found. A generalized least squares regression model, with difference in the mean Ellenberg N index between samples as the dependent variable, showed that higher deposition of reduced N was significantly associated with selective loss of species with a lower index. Arable land use and change in arable land use also demonstrated this positive relationship. Rough grazing, change in rough grazing, change in pasture and change in annual precipitation showed negative effects. Difference in Ellenberg R index was highly correlated with difference in Ellenberg N and was negatively correlated with oxidized N deposition, suggesting that the lack of a significant effect of oxidized N deposition on Ellenberg N was because it had effects through both acidification and eutrophication, while the effect of reduced N deposition was primarily through eutrophication. Our results suggest that N deposition, along with land use and precipitation changes, has been a significant driver of local plant extinctions. With N deposition increasing in many parts of the world, local extinctions of plant species may be experienced in other regions.     

山西北部农村区域大气活性氮沉降特征

利用DELTA系统、被动采样器和雨量器在山西省北部生态脆弱区朔州的一个监测点通过一整年的监测试验,研究了该地区农村区域大气氮素干湿沉降的月际变化。结果表明:2011年该地区大气氮素湿沉降为12.43kgN hm~(-2)a~(-1),远低于华北平原大气氮素混合沉降的平均值28.0kg N hm~(-2)a~(-1),降水中铵态氮、硝态氮和有机氮平均分别为1.24 mg N/L、1.27 mg N/L、1.26mg N/L。大气氮素湿沉降的年内分布不均,60%的沉降集中在降水较丰沛的4-10月份。试验区干沉降以氧化态氮(HNO_3NO_2和pNO_3~-)的沉降为主,氧化态氮的干沉降量是还原态氮(NH_3和pNH_4~+)的1.37倍,大气氮素干沉降总量为35.43 kg N hm~(-2)a~(-1)。总体来看,作为典型的干旱区,该地区氮的干沉降是湿沉降的3倍,氮素干湿沉降总量达到47.86kg N hm~(-2)a~(-1)。此外,硝态氮和铵态氮在雨水中呈线性相关,而在PM_(10)颗粒物中乘幂正相关;雨水中总碳和总氮呈线性正相关,而PM_(10)颗粒物中二者呈二次多项式关系。鉴于朔州地区古城镇较高的氮沉降数量,应该对该地区输入农田的氮素环境养分引起足够重视。     

Atmospheric deposition and watershed nitrogen export along an elevational gradient in the Catskill Mountains, New York

Cumulative effects of atmospheric N deposition mayincrease N export from watersheds and contribute tothe acidification of surface waters, but naturalfactors (such as forest productivity and soildrainage) that affect forest N cycling can alsocontrol watershed N export. To identify factors thatare related to stream-water export of N, elevationalgradients in atmospheric deposition and naturalprocesses were evaluated in a steep, first-orderwatershed in the Catskill Mountains of New York, from1991 to 1994.Atmospheric deposition of SO ₄ ^2– , andprobably N, increased with increasing elevation withinthis watershed. Stream-water concentrations ofSO ₄ ^2– increased with increasing elevationthroughout the year, whereas stream-waterconcentrations of NO ₃ ^– decreased withincreasing elevation during the winter and springsnowmelt period, and showed no relation with elevationduring the growing season or the fall. Annual exportof N in stream water for the overall watershed equaled12% to 17% of the total atmospheric input on thebasis of two methods of estimation. This percentagedecreased with increasing elevation, from about 25%in the lowest subwatershed to 7% in the highestsubwatershed; a probable result of an upslope increasein the thickness of the surface organic horizon,attributable to an elevational gradient in temperaturethat slows decomposition rates at upper elevations. Balsam fir stands, more prevalent at upper elevationsthan lower elevations, may also affect the gradient ofsubwatershed N export by altering nitrification ratesin the soil. Variations in climate and vegetationmust be considered to determine how future trends inatmospheric deposition will effect watershed export ofnitrogen.     

Effects of experimental nitrogen deposition on soil organic carbon storage in Southern California drylands

Atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition is enriching soils with N across biomes. Soil N enrichment can increase plant productivity and affect microbial activity, thereby increasing soil organic carbon (SOC), but such responses vary across biomes. Drylands cover ~45% of Earth's land area and store ~33% of global SOC contained in the top 1 m of soil. Nitrogen fertilization could, therefore, disproportionately impact carbon (C) cycling, yet whether dryland SOC storage increases with N remains unclear. To understand how N enrichment may change SOC storage, we separated SOC into plant-derived, particulate organic C (POC), and largely microbially derived, mineral-associated organic C (MAOC) at four N deposition experimental sites in Southern California. Theory suggests that N enrichment increases the efficiency by which microbes build MAOC (C stabilization efficiency) if soil pH stays constant. But if soils acidify, a common response to N enrichment, then microbial biomass and enzymatic organic matter decay may decrease, increasing POC but not MAOC. We found that N enrichment had no effect on C fractions except for a decrease in MAOC at one site. Specifically, despite reported increases in plant biomass in three sites and decreases in microbial biomass and extracellular enzyme activities in two sites that acidified, POC did not increase. Furthermore, microbial C use and stabilization efficiency increased in a non-acidified site, but without increasing MAOC. Instead, MAOC decreased by 16% at one of the sites that acidified, likely because it lost 47% of the exchangeable calcium (Ca) relative to controls. Indeed, MAOC was strongly and positively affected by Ca, which directly and, through its positive effect on microbial biomass, explained 58% of variation in MAOC. Long-term effects of N fertilization on dryland SOC storage appear abiotic in nature, such that drylands where Ca-stabilization of SOC is prevalent and soils acidify, are most at risk for significant C loss.