牛粪和尿素对暗黑鳃金龟卵孵化及初孵幼虫存活的影响

为明确牛粪和尿素对暗黑鳃金龟的卵孵化和初孵幼虫存活的影响,在分别添加牛粪和尿素的土壤中接入暗黑鳃金龟的卵及初孵幼虫,并依据田间施肥量分别设置了5个处理剂量,检查暗黑鳃金龟的卵孵化率和初孵幼虫存活率,测量幼虫体长和体重。结果表明,添加牛粪的土壤中暗黑鳃金龟的卵孵化率和初孵幼虫存活率均显著高于对照,在牛粪添加量为15 g/kg时,幼虫的体长和体重均达到最大值。添加尿素的土壤中暗黑鳃金龟的卵孵化率及初孵幼虫存活率显著低于对照,且随着尿素用量的增加,卵孵化率和初孵幼虫存活率呈下降趋势。说明两种肥料对暗黑鳃金龟的卵孵化率和初孵幼虫存活率影响显著,在田间施肥应注意施肥种类及施用量对暗黑鳃金龟种群数量的影响,该结果为通过合理施肥保障农业生产,防治地下害虫提供了依据。     

雷雪鳃金龟的初步研究

<正> 雷雪鳃金龟Chioneosoma reitteri Semenov是林业上的一种重要地下害虫。笔者在1979—1982年,对此虫进行了观察研究,现将结果综合整理如下。 一、为害和分布 雷雪鳃金龟以为害杨、柳、榆、桑等多种树种及沙拐枣、白茨、铃当刺等固沙灌木为主,对大田作物为害极轻。其幼虫啃食树根的皮层和咬断须根,受害轻的树木生长势减弱,严重者则全株枯死。 此虫在新疆发生较普遍,为塔里木河沿岸胡杨林区常见虫种。我州的焉耆,和硕,轮台,     

黄绿绿僵菌Ma130821对暗黑鳃金龟幼虫的室内毒力及毒杀作用研究

采用浸渍法测定了黄绿绿僵菌Metarhizium flavoviride菌株Ma130821对暗黑鳃金龟Holotrichia parallela Motschulsky幼虫的毒力,采用室内盆栽拌土法、环施法和穴施法施用黄绿绿僵菌Ma130821分生孢子粉,测定了该菌株对暗黑鳃金龟幼虫的毒杀效果。结果表明:黄绿绿僵菌菌株Ma130821对暗黑鳃金龟3龄幼虫的侵染致病效应可利用"时间—剂量—死亡率"模型进行模拟分析和参数估计分析,侵染效应常数为0. 597。接种后第3天该菌株对暗黑鳃金龟3龄幼虫的致死剂量LC_(50)和LC_(90)的对数值分别为9. 2182±0. 2968和11. 2291±0. 4385。在6. 20×108孢子/m L黄绿绿僵菌菌悬液对暗黑鳃金龟幼虫侵染致病的LT_(50)和LT_(90)分别为1. 5 d和3. 8 d。室内盆栽拌土法、环施法和穴施法施用黄绿绿僵菌菌株Ma130821分生孢子粉对暗黑鳃金龟3龄幼虫均具有良好的毒杀作用,其中拌土法施用后对暗黑鳃金龟幼虫的毒杀效果高于其他两种方法,拌土法、环施法和穴施法施用后对暗黑鳃金龟3龄幼虫的累积死亡率分别为95. 69%、84. 35%和57. 43%,累积僵虫率分别为99. 65%、98. 65%和99. 37%。综合以上结果,黄绿绿僵菌Ma130821对暗黑鳃金龟幼虫具有良好的毒力和毒杀作用,在暗黑鳃金龟的生防制剂开发中具有良好潜力。     

渤海湾沿岸主要蛴螬种类及其发生规律的研究

1972—1976年间,在渤海湾沿岸62个县(区)内查出植食性蛴螬36种,其中分布广、为害重的优势种是华北大黑鳃金龟、铜绿丽金龟、阔胸犀金龟、暗黑鳃金龟、黑绒鳃金龟等。通过系统饲养和田间调查明确:华北大黑鳃金龟、阔胸犀金龟为两年一代,成、幼虫相间越冬:铜绿丽金龟、暗黑鳃金龟为一年一代,以幼虫越冬。此外还对上述四虫的一些重要的生物学特性进行了研究。根据对生活史研究,总结了“双春单秋看趋势,虫量降水定程度”的华北大黑鳃金龟发生量预测法,对于防治该虫具有一定的实际意义。     

爬皱鳃金龟生活习性观察

<正> 爬皱鳃金龟Trematodes potanini Semenov属金龟子总科,鳃角金龟科,是凉城县近年来新记录的一种地下害虫。1982年在八苏木三队调查,每平方米有虫57头,占蛴螬类的80％。谷子曾改种了三次未获全苗,减产30—40％。1981—1983年进行初步观察,现将结果整理如下。     

暗黑鳃金龟UDP-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(UAP)基因的克隆、原核表达及功能分析

【目的】本研究旨在阐明暗黑鳃金龟Holotrichia parallela UDP-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(UAP)基因HpUAP的序列特征和功能。【方法】通过PCR方法从暗黑鳃金龟2龄幼虫中扩增HpUAP全长cDNA序列,并进行生物信息学分析;构建pET30a-HpUAP重组表达载体,转化大肠杆菌Escherichia coli BL21(DE3),IPTG诱导蛋白表达;利用qRT-PCR检测HpUAP在暗黑鳃金龟幼虫不同发育阶段(1-3龄幼虫)和3龄第2天幼虫不同组织(体壁、中肠、直肠、回肠、马氏管和脂肪体)中的表达量。利用RNAi沉默暗黑鳃金龟2龄幼虫体内HpUAP基因后,观察其生长发育和存活情况,并测定RNAi 72 h后其HpUAP表达量和体壁几丁质含量。【结果】PCR扩增获得暗黑鳃金龟HpUAP 全长cDNA序列(GenBank登录号: MW676788),开放阅读框长1 461 bp,编码486个氨基酸残基,蛋白分子量约为53.9 kD。系统进化分析发现HpUAP与似牛嗡蜣螂Onthophagus taurinus UAP的氨基酸序列以较高的置信度聚为一个分支。经IPTG诱导可表达53.9 kD的HpUAP蛋白,与预期大小一致。发育表达谱结果表明HpUAP在1龄第1天和3龄第1天暗黑鳃金龟幼虫中表达量较高,组织表达谱结果表明HpUAP在暗黑鳃金龟3龄第2天幼虫中肠和体壁中表达量较高。HpUAP RNAi导致暗黑鳃金龟2龄幼虫生长与行动缓慢,体表颜色加深并皱缩;RNAi处理72 h后,与对照组（dsGFP注射组）相比,dsHpUAP注射组HpUAP表达量下降了93.06%,死亡率增加了40%左右,表皮几丁质含量下降了约29%。【结论】结果说明HpUAP参与几丁质代谢,在暗黑鳃金龟幼虫的生长发育过程中起关键作用。     

沈阳花生田东北大黑鳃金龟周年动态与幼虫取食量研究

为摸清沈阳花生田东北大黑鳃金龟Holotrichia diomphalia Bates的发生数量,明确幼虫的取食为害水平,本研究采用诱虫灯对花生田内栖息的东北大黑鳃金龟害虫开展了多年的监测,并将诱集到的成虫带回室内饲养观察,研究其卵的发育和幼虫取食量变化。结果表明,东北大黑鳃金龟每年均有两个上灯活动高峰,不同年度间金龟的始现期存在差异,上灯虫量在不同年度间呈多寡交替的特征;降雨对东北大黑鳃金龟的上灯活动产生较大影响,雨天金龟基本不上灯。东北大黑鳃金龟3龄幼虫期长达329.8±1.80 d,其取食量随取食时间的增加符合正态分布,食物利用率(ECI)达1.32%±0.339%,幼虫3龄末期体重达到最大,但化蛹后随最后一次蜕皮又损失部分体重。东北大黑鳃金龟是沈阳花生田的重要害虫,以3龄幼虫取食幼苗造成的危害损失最大。金龟出土活动与环境温度和降雨发生均有密切关系。利用诱虫灯在6-7月集中诱杀金龟,可有效地减轻下一年蛴螬的危害损失。     

温湿度和食物对暗黑鳃金龟幼虫存活及生长发育的影响

【目的】明确重要生态因素对暗黑鳃金龟Holotrichia parallela幼虫种群的影响,从而为预测预报其发生提供理论依据。【方法】在室内采用自动控制温度、人工控制湿度的方法,观察温度、湿度和食物对暗黑鳃金龟幼虫存活率及发育历期的影响。【结果】结果表明,20~28℃适宜暗黑鳃金龟1-2龄幼虫的存活,其中24℃时存活率最高,达到74.9%±3.1%;12℃时发育历期最长,32℃时发育历期最短,20℃和24℃下发育历期适中。土壤含水量为7%~19%时暗黑鳃金龟1-2龄幼虫均能存活;其中在7%和19%时,幼虫存活率低于50%,在25%时幼虫全部死亡;在土壤含水量为16%时存活率最高,达到76.4%±2.5%。在供试的6种食物(小麦根、玉米根、棉花根、花生根、大豆根和马铃薯块)中,喂饲花生根的暗黑鳃金龟幼虫存活率最高,达到68.7%±3.2%。取食不同食物的幼虫发育历期差异显著,其中取食花生根的暗黑鳃金龟幼虫期最短,整个幼虫期仅为259 d(3龄幼虫期为227 d);而取食棉花根的幼虫期最长,整个幼虫期为346 d(3龄幼虫期为303 d)。【结论】温度、土壤含水量和食物对暗黑鳃金龟幼虫的存活和生长发育均具有显著影响;在幼虫期调控温湿度及改变其寄主植物结构可有效控制其发生危害。     

河北异小杆线虫一品系的分类鉴定及其对蛴螬致病力的测定

昆虫病原线虫是一种有应用潜力的地下害虫生物防治因子。本研究利用形态学特征和ITS-rDNA分析方法对从河北省沧州分离的异小杆线虫一品系进行了鉴定, 并在室内测定比较了其对蛴螬的致病力。通过对该线虫侵染期幼虫和雄性成虫主要形态学特征的参数测量, 发现其与嗜菌异小杆线虫Heterorhabditis bacteriophora的形态特征最为相近;同时ITS1-rDNA序列比对和系统发育学分析结果显示其与嗜菌异小杆线虫亲缘关系最近。结合形态学和分子生物学特征, 确定该线虫为嗜菌异小杆线虫沧州品系。该线虫对蛴螬（华北大黑鳃金龟Holotrichia oblita、暗黑鳃金龟H. parallela和铜绿丽金龟Anomala corpulenta 3种金龟子的2龄幼虫）的致病力研究结果表明：处理72 h后, 暗黑鳃金龟幼虫死亡率显著高于另外两种金龟子幼虫 (P<0.05);处理120 h后, 暗黑鳃金龟和铜绿丽金龟幼虫的死亡率分别达到93.3%和80.0%, 二者无显著差异 (P>0.05), 可见该线虫对它们有较强的致病力。不同线虫对暗黑鳃金龟幼虫的致病力结果显示, 嗜菌异小杆线虫沧州品系侵染96 h后, 幼虫的死亡率显著高于Steinernema feltiae和S. longicaudum两种线虫的处理 (P<0.05) , 说明嗜菌异小杆线虫沧州品系的致病力显著高于另外两种线虫。     

塔里木鳃金龟发生规律和防治研究

<正> 塔里木鳃金龟Melolontha tarimensis Semenov是我州大田作物、棉、麻、瓜、菜及林果的重要害虫,近些年来日趋严重。我们从1979—1982年,对该虫进行了系统调查和饲养观察,现综合报道如下。 一、分布与为害 此虫普遍分布于南疆各农业区,在本州的焉耆、和静、和硕、博湖、库尔勒等县较为严重。以2—3龄的幼虫为害最重,每头虫能咬死小麦5—20株,玉米1—3株。从麦田虫口密度来看,     

Newly developed fungal diet for artificial rearing of the endangered long‐horned beetle Callipogon relictus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)

In this study, we attempted to develop an artificial diet to effectively rear the endangered long‐horned beetle Callipogon relictus Semenov to facilitate restoration efforts for this species. Fungal mycelia of the white‐rot fungus Pleurotus florida (Eager) were, for the first time, provided as an artificial diet for the larvae of C. relictus. The experiment started on August 11, 2015 with 53 larvae being provisioned with the fungal diet under laboratory conditions (25°C, 60 % RH, L:D 0:24) without diapause. During the first year, 11 adults (4 males and 7 females, 20.8 % of the 53 larvae) emerged between September 10 and October 1, 2016. The body length of the largest male was 106.8 mm, and three of the four males exceeded 100 mm in length. These results show that a fungal diet for rearing C. relictus is useful not only for reducing the larval period to approximately 1/6 of the normal larval period in nature, but also for producing large adults. These results support the notion that fungus may provide nutritional benefits during the larval development of C. relictus, and also indicate that this species is fungivorous.     

中国细锤角叶蜂属格氏细锤角叶蜂Leptocimbex grahami种团二新种（膜翅目：锤角叶蜂科）

记述采自中国浙江天目山与湖北神农架的细锤角叶蜂属格氏细锤角叶蜂种团Leptocimbex grahami group 2新种:黑毛细锤角叶蜂L.nigropilosus Yan&Wei sp.nov.和神农架细锤角叶蜂L.shennongjiaensis Yan,Wei&Deng sp.nov.;总结了格氏细锤角叶蜂种团各已知种的特征及关系,并提供了分种检索表.     

中国绿芫菁属分类纪要（鞘翅目:芫菁科）

简要介绍了绿芫菁属Lytta 9亚属的分类历史。记述了采自西藏的1中国新记录种:赛兰绿芫菁Lytta(Asiolytta)selanderi Saha,并对2个种的亚属分类地位进行了重新处理:Lytta(Lytta)battonii(Kaszab),Lytta(Lytta)sifanica(Semenov);列出了中国绿芫菁属已知种类的名录,并编制了分种检索表。中国新记录种标本保存在河北大学博物馆。     

Asparagus beetles of the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Crioceris duodecimpunctata</Emphasis> (Linnaeus, 1758) group (Coleoptera,Chrysomelidae) from Russia and Adjacent Countries

The distribution of Crioceris duodecimpunctata (Linnaeus, 1758) and two related species with their subspecies is defined more precisely. Crioceris orientalis tshingisana Lopatin, 1966, stat. n. and C. hypopsila demokidovi Semenov, 1909, stat. n. are treated as subspecies for the first time. Lectotypes of C. hypopsila Jacobson, 1907, C. demokidovi Semenov, 1909, and C. duodecimpunctata hypolachna Jacobson, 1907 are designated. The male and female genitalia are described and illustrated for all the species considered. A new key to the species of Crioceris without a black sutural stripe is compiled.     

The Banded Elm Bark Beetle, Scolytus schevyrewi Semenov (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae) in North America: a taxonomic review and modifications to the Wood (1982) key to the species of Scolytus Geoffroy in North and Central America

In 2003, an Asian bark beetle, Scolytus schevyrewi Semenov (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), the banded elm bark beetle, was detected for the first time in North America. This paper modifies the Wood (1982) key to the species of Scolytus Geoffroy to enable identification of Scolytus schevyrewi in North and Central America. Variation of diagnostic characters in Scolytus schevyrewi is discussed.     

Areal of Callipogon relictus Semenov, 1899 (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae) in the Russian Far East

Data on the distribution of Callipogon relictus Semenov, 1899 over the Russian Far East were generalized. The distribution map for C. relictus is based upon long-term observations and collection materials by the leading institutions. The chronology was studied within the Russian geographic range of the species.     

脐腹小蠹高致病力虫生真菌菌株的筛选

【目的】脐腹小蠹Scolytus schevyrewi Semenov是白榆的钻蛀性害虫之一,为找到对脐腹小蠹的高致病力虫生真菌菌株。【方法】通过室内喷雾法研究了5株虫生真菌菌株对脐腹小蠹幼虫的致病力,结合各菌株菌落直径、孢子萌发率、产孢量和菌落生长速率4个培养特征,筛选到Bb773和Pc546 2株优良的菌株,在此基础上,进一步对这2株菌株的几丁质酶、蛋白质酶和荧光素二乙酸酯(FDA)水解酶活性进行了测定。【结果】菌株Bb773和菌株Pc546在浓度为1×107孢子/mL悬浮液处理后,10 d的后脐腹小蠹幼虫的校正死亡率分别达96.67%和90.00%,致死中时分别为3.61 d和4.18 d。菌株Bb773的几丁质酶、FDA水解酶和蛋白质酶活性在接种后第2~10天均高于菌株Pc546,2株菌株蛋白质酶活性差异均达到了显著水平(P<0.05)。【结论】确定了菌株Bb773在脐腹小蠹害虫生物防治中具有潜在的应用价值。     

Loss of larval parasitism in parasitengonine mites

Larval Parasitengona are typically parasites, yet at least 29 species of water mites and one species of Trombidiidae forgo larval feeding and any association with a host. Species with non-feeding larvae are isolated cases within species groups or genera where the remaining species have parasitic larvae. Species without larval parasitism occur in at least 14 genera, eight families and four superfamilies of water mites; the loss of larval parasitism is presumably polyphyletic, having occurred at least 21 times. Lineages of water mites with non-feeding larvae frequently exist in parallel with almost identical populations or species that have parasitic larvae. Thus, there is tremendous potential for studies comparing the relative merits of the two life history strategies. Comparisons indicate that adults from lineages with non-parasitic larvae produce smaller numbers of larger eggs; the extra nutrition included in larger eggs permits the larvae to forgo feeding. Non-feeding larvae frequently have wider dorsal plates but reduced leg length, setal length and sclerotization when compared to parasitic larvae from sister lineages. The adults of lineages with non-feeding larvae are frequently smaller in comparison to adults of sister lineages with parasitic larvae. There is no apparent pattern in relation to habitat: lineages lacking larval parasitism occur in streams, temporary ponds and the littoral and planktonic regions of permanent lakes. © Rapid Science Ltd. 1998