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1.
潮滩微地貌元素-\"生物结构\"与小型底栖动物的空间分布 总被引:5,自引:1,他引:5
潮滩微地貌元素所产生的生境异质性对小型底栖动物的空间分布具有重要的影响。在长江口南岸的高潮滩,生物结构如芦苇植株和密集的蟹洞导致了表层地形的变化,芦苇根圈和根增加了表层环境的结构异质性。小型底栖动物的优势类群是线虫和挠足类,小型多毛类、寡毛类、介形类、动吻类等类群是多度很低的组成成分。芦苇根之间的小型底栖动物密度高于芦苇根周的动物密度,尤其是线虫密度的差别更为明显。蟹洞的影响是明显的,蟹洞周围的动物密度高于蟹洞之间的动物密度。对4种不同生境的动物分析表明,沉积物上部1.0cm部分的所有样品包含了大多数小型底栖动物,说明在河口淤泥质高潮滩,小型底栖动物的分布具有表聚性。小型底栖动物分布的表聚性和异质性与很多因子有关,如生物结构、食物的可利用性、捕食的季节性、沉积物深处的氧气赋存状况。生物结构明显地影响小型底栖动物的分布,因此,对结构异质性较高的区域进行动物区系的定量研究时,必须考虑到生物结构的影响。 相似文献
2.
依据长江口滨岸潮滩大型底栖动物的自然分布特征,选取了两段典型的研究区域——崇明东部潮滩和浒浦岸段边滩,运用实验模拟和对比分析方法,定量地研究了大型底栖动物谭氏泥蟹和河蚬对潮滩生态系统中氮营养盐的界面扩散及其早期成岩变化的影响。研究表明,谭氏泥蟹主要通过掘穴活动增加沉积物-水-气三相接触界面,促进沉积物中的无机氮(NH 4- N、NO- 2 -N和NO- 3- N)向上覆水体中扩散,并且也加快了沉积物中氮的氨化作用和硝化作用速率,而河蚬则主要通过生理活动机制影响潮滩生态系统内氮素的迁移转化过程。研究结果深刻揭示了大型底栖动物通过生物扰动和生理活动作用机制,促进了长江口潮滩生态系统内氮素的生物地球化学循环过程速率。 相似文献
3.
遥感信号与潮滩表层沉积物底栖微藻生物量的定量关系, 与定义生物量对应的沉积物深度相关。以叶绿素浓度表征沉积物底栖微藻生物量, 对烟台四十里湾潮滩表层沉积物柱样分别以3 mm 和1 mm 间隔分层, 分析研究其叶绿素垂直分布特征; 模拟、分析以指数衰减曲线斜率表征的叶绿素垂直分布变化对叶绿素浓度遥感反演模式的影响。结果显示, 潮滩表层1 cm 和3 cm 内, 叶绿素浓度均随着深度增加呈指数式衰减; 垂直衰减曲线斜率逐渐变大时, 沉积物表层1 cm 内的叶绿素浓度逐渐降低, 基于叶绿素浓度与光谱指数NDI-MPB 间回归方程的遥感反演模式亦发生变化。 相似文献
4.
通过对上海市6个典型潮滩湿地(崇明东滩、崇明北滩、九段沙、青草沙、南汇边滩和杭州湾北岸)的调查,共记录到大型底栖动物112种,甲壳动物、软体动物和环节动物分别占总物种数的51.8%、22.3%和18.8%。6个潮滩湿地中大型底栖动物生物量的空间分布呈现一致的规律,即高潮区〉中潮区〉低潮区;在生物量构成中,甲壳动物是最为重要的类群,其总体平均相对贡献率在51%~97%之间,软体动物的总体平均相对贡献率在2%~48%之间。大型底栖动物密度的空间分布在地点间存在较大差异,在崇明东滩、九段沙和杭州湾北岸湿地中,软体动物在数量上占优势;而在崇明北滩、青草沙和南汇边滩,甲壳动物却是优势类群。与20世纪80和90年代的调查资料相比,近20多年来上海市潮滩湿地中大型底栖动物生物量明显增加,但群落结构发生了根本改变,优势类群由个体较小的软体动物转变为平均体重较大的甲壳动物,这主要与人类活动(过度采捕、环境污染和生物促淤等因素)的强度干扰有关,也反映上海市潮滩湿地的环境质量和生态功能正在逐步下降。 相似文献
5.
胶州湾西北部潮滩湿地大型底栖动物功能群 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
2009年2、5、8和11月进行了7个断面35个站位的大型底栖动物调查,选取高潮区(A)、中潮区(B、C、D)和低潮区(E)研究了胶州湾西北部潮滩湿地大型底栖动物功能群组成及其时空变化.调查共发现大型底栖动物71种,主要种类为软体动物(31种)、环节动物(20种)和节肢动物(14种).潮区A、B、C、D、E物种数分别为26、33、35、38、31.依据食性将主要底栖动物划分为肉食者、浮游生物食者、碎屑食者和杂食者4个功能群.各功能群物种数占总物种数的百分比由高到低依次是肉食者、浮游生物食者、碎屑食者和杂食者.各功能群中肉食者的多样性指数最高,杂食者最低.各功能群的丰度、均匀度指数、多样性指数一般都是中潮区较高,高潮区和低潮区较低.大型底栖动物功能群的分布随潮区环境的改变而变化,是对生境状况的综合反映. 相似文献
6.
基于2018年夏季赵述岛潮滩现场调查数据,研究西沙赵述岛潮滩内星虫物种组成,并结合沉积物和组织切片分析星虫对环境的适应性特征。在潮滩上设置3个取样站进行定性和定量研究,并对星虫肠道内沙粒组成和摄食消化结构进行测定与观察。结果显示,西沙赵述岛潮滩现存罗岛管体星虫(Siphonosoma rotumanum)、库岛管体星虫(S. cumanense)和富岛管体星虫(S. funafuti),组成比例为4︰2︰1,三种管体星虫生长环境相同,栖息层次均为10~15 cm。管体星虫肠道内均充满沙粒,去除沙粒后可观察到小型颗粒碎屑(10μm,占90%)、硅藻类、桡足类(300μm)和植物纤维碎片等。下行肠(前肠)内大颗粒(粒径0.25mm)沙粒比例(77.65%)高于上行肠(后肠)(62.67%),下行肠内小颗粒(粒径≤0.25mm)沙粒(22.34%)低于上行肠(37.33%),表明管体星虫对珊瑚礁砂砾具有细化作用。管体星虫(体重为8.5 g)吻部和躯干部角质层厚度分别为59.08μm和231.92μm,收吻肌由9 000~9 500个肌纤维组成,表明发达的角质层是对珊瑚礁粗糙底质的适应,收吻肌可以保证完成摄食过程。下行肠内的褶皱、肌纤维明显少于上行肠和直肠,表明管体星虫的消化过程主要发生在后段,这可能与珊瑚礁底质中的有机质含量低有一定关系。 相似文献
7.
选择乐清湾西门岛海域相同高程断面不同造林时间的人工红树林(秋茄林)、光滩和互花米草丛,采用空间代替时间的方法,分析我国分布最北界人工红树林造林过程对大型底栖生物的影响.大型底栖动物生活型分布基本表现为幼林(1、4、8a秋茄林)以底上附着型为主,而在光滩、50a秋茄林和互花米草中底下生活类群相对增加.并且穴居型动物只出现在发育成熟的生态系统内.各项指标显示50a老林群落生态稳定性较好,光滩和互花米草丛次之,但优于发育中的秋茄幼林.与以往研究结果不同,50a老林的大型底栖动物生物种类的丰度及群落的物种多样性最高,并不与红树林的发育状况呈负相关,也不比邻近光滩低.结合50a林下滩涂底泥情况,西门岛50a红树林林下滩涂的底质发育要落后于国内天然红树林土壤.这可能与当地红树林造林规模小以及强潮差海域有关.此外,红树林恢复过程中,大型底栖动物生物多样性与生态稳定性之间的线性关系,其适用的系统面积和演替时间的尺度范围有必要做更加深入的探讨. 相似文献
8.
珊瑚藻类对南麂列岛潮间带底栖生物群落多样性的影响 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
为了解南麂列岛潮间带珊瑚藻类对于其他大型藻类和底栖动物的影响, 在南麂列岛国家级海洋自然保护区布设了4条潮间带断面, 于2012年5月至2013年2月对其生物状况进行了逐季调查, 分别分析了中低潮区大型藻类、非珊瑚藻大型藻类、底栖动物的物种多样性和均匀度, 并计算了大型底栖动物的功能多样性指数Rao's Q。主要结果如下: (1)共采集和鉴定出大型藻类52种, 其中珊瑚藻科藻类有5种; (2)珊瑚藻类在高潮区没有分布, 在中低潮区均占据优势, 占潮间带藻类生物量的68.9%。四季中低潮区大型藻类的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数范围为1.638-4.044, 非珊瑚藻大型藻类的多样性指数范围为1.495-3.809, 底栖动物为5.289-6.917; 大型藻类的Pielou均匀度指数范围为0.819-0.971, 非珊瑚藻大型藻类的均匀度指数范围为0.830-0.973, 底栖动物为0.967-0.988; (3)大型藻类物种多样性和均匀度指数的降低与珊瑚藻类优势度的增加相关, 但珊瑚藻类优势度与底栖动物物种多样性指数、均匀度指数和功能多样性指数均没有显著相关性; (4)底栖动物功能多样性与珊瑚藻类优势度均呈低潮区高于中潮区的变化规律, 但相关性分析表明两者间并无直接联系。推测珊瑚藻类通过竞争占据了其他藻类的生存空间, 从而降低了南麂列岛潮间带大型藻类的物种多样性和均匀度。底栖动物则因其自身生活特点而使得珊瑚藻类的扩张未能影响其多样性水平。 相似文献
9.
底栖生物完整性指数(B-IBI)是最为广泛应用的水生态系统健康评价指数之一。根据2009-2010年期间赣江流域60个采样点的底栖动物数据(15个参照点, 45个受损点), 对17个生物参数进行分布范围、判别能力和Pearson相关性分析, 确定了B-IBI指数体系由总分类单元数、甲壳和软体动物分类单元数、甲壳和软体动物%和BI指数构成。采用比值法统一各生物参数量纲, 将各个生物参数分值加和得到B-IBI指数值。根据参照点的B-IBI值的25%分位数值最终确定赣江流域河流健康评价标准。评价结果表明, 赣江流域60个采样点中19个为健康, 19个为亚健康, 14个为一般, 8个较差。综合来看, 赣江流域河流处于健康-亚健康状态: 上游各支流中绵水、贡江、上犹江和桃江为健康状态, 章水、濂水、梅江和平江为较差状态; 中游各支流健康评价结果多为健康-亚健康状态, 而乌江为较差状态; 下游各支流为健康-亚健康状态; 赣江干流上健康评价的结果均为健康。 相似文献
10.
刘盈麟;李春明;王昊;武长路;贺强 《植物生态学报》2025,49(3):367-378
底栖微藻是滨海湿地的初级生产者之一, 为滨海湿地食物网提供了能量和物质基础, 在滨海湿地生态系统维持中发挥着重要作用。以往研究多聚焦于环境因子、维管植物和植食动物对底栖微藻的影响, 忽略了捕食动物对底栖微藻的营养级联效应。该研究以长江口滨海盐沼湿地为研究系统, 通过开展野外控制实验, 并在一年间对底栖微藻群落的生物量和种类组成分别进行月度和季度测定, 解析了水鸟对底栖微藻的营养级联效应。结果发现: (1)去除水鸟显著降低了底栖微藻的生物量。去除水鸟后, 虽然水鸟直接摄食作用的缺乏有利于底栖微藻, 但摄食微藻的蟹类的增多更强烈地抑制了底栖微藻。(2)去除蟹类(模拟水鸟高强度捕食)也显著降低了底栖微藻的生物量。去除蟹类后, 摄食藻类的螺类大幅增多。(3)去除水鸟和去除蟹类均显著降低了优势微藻类群硅藻的多度, 提高了底栖微藻群落的多样性。该研究表明滨海湿地水鸟可通过直接或间接作用对底栖微藻群落产生强烈的下行调控效应, 丰富了对滨海湿地微藻群落调控机制的理论认识。 相似文献
11.
Richard H. M. Eertman Bart A. Kornman Ed Stikvoort Harm Verbeek 《Restoration Ecology》2002,10(3):438-449
Because of land reclamation, reinforcement of dikes, and the deepening of shipping channels, large areas of tidal marshes have been removed or eroded from the Scheldt estuary during the last two centuries. Tidal wetland restoration contributes toward compensating this loss of habitat. Not all restoration projects are meticulously planned, however; some are forced by nature. During a severe storm in 1990, a dike was breached in the brackish part of the Scheldt estuary and returned tidal influence to the Sieperda polder. In the 10 years since the dike breach, the former polder has changed into a brackish tidal marsh. Here we report on the geomorphologic and ecological developments that have taken place in the marsh. Tidal intrusion into the former polder turned crop fields into mudflats and changed pastures into salty marsh vegetation. The digging of a new creek improved marsh hydrology and enhanced tidal intrusion further into the marsh. Macrofauna typical of estuarine mudflats established rapidly in the developing marsh. Vegetation succession took place rapidly. Within 5 years, large areas of mudflats became covered with marsh vegetation. Birds characteristic of salt marshes were observed breeding or seen foraging in the marsh. The number of wading birds declined as areas of mudflat became overgrown. It is demonstrated that tidal flow is the engine to tidal marsh restoration. Tidal influence caused geomorphologic changes, which directed ecological developments in the former polder. 相似文献
12.
Yasushi Kurihara 《International Review of Hydrobiology》1989,74(5):507-548
The role of tubificids and mud snails in the ricefield ecosystem was elucidated using their ecology as a basis for highlighting problems in the strategy of recycling between agricultural and urban activities. Tubificid oligochaetes occur in high densities in ricefields where irrigation water is polluted with sewage, high organic matter content is present in the soil and when highly toxic insecticides are not used. High tubificid densities reduce and even eliminate weeds, change the composition and density of bacteria and increase the density of zooplankton. Also they serve as a high quality source of food for fish comparable to that of insects. Conditions that promote a healthy growth of tubificids obviate or reduce the need for weedicides and high levels of inorganic fertilizers. Mud snails which thrive in ricefields have been used as an important source of protein food for humans in rural Japan. The snails can consume a sludge-reed compost mixture used as a fertilizer in ricefields. However the high heavy metal content in the sludge is accumulated by the snails which are thus unfit for human consumption. Based on these results and the known ecology of tubificids and the snails, a possible recycling system comprising sewage sludge, reeds, fish, insects and egrets using these two kinds of benthic organisms is proposed. 相似文献
13.
通过对长江口南岸围垦潮滩和自然潮滩大型底栖无脊椎动物进行取样调查,研究了围垦潮滩的底栖动物群落结构及其多样性特性,分析了围垦对潮滩底栖动物群落结构及多样性的影响,研究发现,(1)围垦氏栖动物群落种类减少,种类组成发生变化;总趋势是,围垦以后,甲壳动物种类明显减少,由7种减少到1种;随着围垦时间延长,多毛类种类减少,由4种减少到3种,直到最后消失,而软体动物和昆虫幼虫种类所占比例则明显增加,分别从占总种数的29.41%,5.89%增加到50.00%和25.00%;(2)围垦1a且仍受潮水影响的潮滩,底栖动物种类丰度虽有降低,但其密度和生物量却明显增加,分别从132.10个/m^2,35.31g/m^2(湿重)增加到218.32个/m/ 2和79.66g/m^2(湿重),围垦2a且潮水不能进入的潮滩,底栖动物生物量大大降低,降到3.02g/m^2(湿重);(3)围垦时间短且仍受潮水影响的潮滩与未围垦的自然潮滩相比,其底栖动物多样性降低不明显,围垦时间长且潮水不能进入的潮滩,底栖动物多样性明显降低,反映了围垦导致潮滩湿地生境退化;(4)围垦对底栖动物群落结构及多样性的影响,是通过改变潮滩湿地生境中的多种环境因子造成的,如潮滩高保,水,动力,沉积物特性,植被演替等,是各种因子综合作用的结果。 相似文献
14.
从红树植物及与之密切相关的底栖动物的多样性恢复出发,分析了我国当前红树林恢复存在的主要问题,并提出了对此需要着重进行的基础研究思路。在红树植物多样性恢复方面,胎生种类的繁殖体在母树上就已萌发,成熟繁殖体可直接用于海滩造林,大多数种类已用于红树林恢复;而非胎生红树植物繁殖体的萌发脱离母树,成熟繁殖体难以直接在海滩造林,其育苗具有一定难度,因此较少用于红树林恢复,可以通过非胎生红树植物的种子休眠、生理生态和化感作用等方面的研究,极大限度地增加红树植物生态恢复的种类。在动物多样性恢复方面,底栖动物生物多样性恢复还是“非定向”的,可通过在具类似底质、盐度和潮位的河口海岸地段不同恢复时间的人工红树林,研究红树林植被不同恢复措施(主要是种植密度和种类选择)对底栖动物生物多样性的影响,使得红树林的生态恢复在改造生态系统其它生物组份上不会呈现盲目性和不可预测性。 相似文献
15.
R. M. Dermott 《Hydrobiologia》1985,128(1):31-38
The benthic fauna was examined in a series of four isolated headwater lakes, displaying a pH gradient of 5.4–7.0. A slight reduction in number of taxa present occurred below pH 6, with the fauna below 3 m dominated by the Diptera. Although epibenthic gastropods were rare, in contrast with European studies, Amphipoda, Ephemeroptera and Pisidium were common in the least buffered lake, which experiences spring pH values as low as 4.7. There were little relation between the pH or alkalinity, and the abundance, and biomass of the fauna at depths greater than 3 m. However, biomass of the littoral fauna increased significantly in the lakes with lower pH, as a result of an increase in large littoral species normally susceptible to fish predation. 相似文献
16.
Tidal flats extend seaward from mangrove forests along many tropicalcoastlines. This contribution compiles the current knowledge on tropicaltidal flats with regard to species richness, abundance, spatial distributionpatterns and ecological roles taken by major organisms. Tidal flatsencompass a variety of soft-sediment habitats which are inhabited by aspecies-rich fauna. Species numbers are generally higher than in temperatetidal flats, but vary widely between tropical sites where they have not yetbeen fully assessed due to lack of research and taxonomic problems. Theassessment of biodiversity is further complicated by a low species frequency,the small size of macroinfaunal organisms and variations in the occurrence ofspecies between sites. Mean abundance ranges from 1000–2000individuals m-2, although figures ten times higher have beenrecorded in a mudflat in Costa Rica, and there are great variations in general.Individual densities of small-sized macrofauna are about ten times higher than for larger macrobenthos. A generalized zonation scheme for intertidaldistribution patterns of tropical tidal flat fauna is presented. The comparisonshows that the occurrence of macrofauna and especially of ecosystemengineers varies between sites, which can in turn explain the great variabilityin species abundance patterns recorded in benthic surveys of tidal flatswithin and between regions. This review revealed similarities as well asdifferences between various tropical tidal flats, which underlines the need for further comparative studies to be done, using the same methodology, before generalizations can be made. 相似文献
17.
大型底栖动物是红树林生态系统的重要组成部分,从红树林大型底栖动物种类、红树林与其周边生境大型底栖动物群落的比较,以及生境变化对动物群落的影响等方面阐述了红树林植被与大型底栖动物群落的关系.从物种数量上看,软体动物和甲壳类动物构成了红树林大型底栖动物的主要部分.影响大型底栖动物分布的环境因素包括海水盐度、潮位和土壤特性等,但在小范围区域,林内动物的分布更多地与红树林植被特性和潮位有关.因此,由于红树林植被破坏或者恢复引起的生境变化,将导致大型底栖动物群落和常见物种种群的变化,尤其对底上动物影响明显;随着人工恢复红树林的发育,林内底栖动物的多样性相应增加,优势种也发生变化.相比位于相同潮位的无植被滩涂,红树林可促进潮间带生物多样性. 相似文献
18.
Suspended and benthic algal communities from a mildly acidic, third-order Rhode Island stream were examined to determine the seasonal distribution, abundance and diversity of the lotic desmids. Within a one-year sampling period, 148 species and 202 subspecific taxa of desmids were identified, representing 23 genera. Species of Cosmarium and Closterium accounted for approximately 70% of the desmids present, and were the most diverse and abundant taxa during all seasons except spring, when Hyalotheca dissiliens was the dominant desmid species. Average abundance and species richness generally were greatest during summer for both suspended and benthic desmids. Most desmids occurred in benthic habitats, and were randomly distributed among substrata. Average seasonal abundance was 7.4 × 104 cells·g?1 dry wt substratum, among 13 types of substrata. Highest desmid abundance was measured among substrata with intricate morphologies, such as Fontinalis spp., which was associated with 1.2 × 106 desmid cells·g?1 dry wt substratum, or 1.7 × 103 cells·cm?2 substratum. Cell division was observed for 70 desmid taxa, and average seasonal reproduction (based on cell numbers) among all substrata ranged from 4% in winter to 20% during summer. In addition, sexually produced zygospores were found occasionally for H. dissiliens. Desmids were distributed among most substrata examined in this stream, with abundance comparable to reported estimates from softwater lakes and acid bogs. In contrast to established dogma, lotic desmids are not incidental drift organisms, but rather comprise a viable and persistent component of the stream periphyton. 相似文献
19.
Sediment samples collected by SCUBA divers at two times and three sites on inner and middle continental shelf of North Carolina a well-developed benthic diatom flora. The most abundant species included the pennate forms Cocconeis disculoides, Diploneis papula, Naticula pullus, Delphineis surrirella, Amphora sublaevis, and A. tenerrima. Biomass of this distinct benthic microflora ranged from 16 to 97 mg chl a + m?2 and is comparable to sediment chlorophyll a values reported in previous studies. 相似文献
20.
Andrew McMinn 《Journal of phycology》2011,47(6):1413-1424
Temperature and irradiance are the most important factors affecting marine benthic microalgal photosynthetic rates in temperate intertidal areas. Two temperate benthic diatoms species, Amphora cf. coffeaeformis (C. Agardh) Kütz. and Cocconeis cf. sublittoralis Hendey, were investigated to determine how their photosynthesis responded to temperatures ranging from 5°C to 50°C after short‐term exposure (1 h) to a range of irradiance levels (0, 500, and 1,100 μmol photons · m?2 · s?1). Significant differences were observed between the temperature responses of maximum relative electron transport rate (rETRmax), photoacclimation index (Ek), photosynthetic efficiency (α), and effective quantum yield (ΔF/Fm’) in both species. A. coffeaeformis had a greater tolerance to higher temperatures than C. sublittoralis, with nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) activated at temperatures of 45°C and 50°C. C. sublittoralis, however, demonstrated a more rapid rate of recovery at ambient temperatures. Temperatures between 10°C and 20°C were determined to be optimal for photosynthesis for both species. High temperatures and irradiances caused a greater decrease in ΔF/Fm’ values. These results suggest that the effects of temperature are species specific and that short‐term exposure to adverse temperature slows the recovery process, which subsequently leads to photoinhibition. 相似文献