GDNF重组腺病毒增加MN9D细胞多巴胺合成与释放

有表达ＧＤＮＦ的重组腺病毒直接感染中脑多巴胺能神经元来源的ＭＮ９Ｄ细胞并经神经毒素ＭＰＰ＋处理．感染３６ｈ分别收获细胞及其培养基,用反相高效液相色谱方法测定多巴胺含量．结果显示,经ＧＤＮＦ重组腺病毒感染的ＭＮ９Ｄ细胞内及其培养基中的多巴胺水平分别增加５０．７％和５３．５％．给予神经毒素ＭＰＰ＋损伤后,细胞内多巴胺含量降低５３．５％,但同时给予ＧＤＮＦ腺病毒则可抑制这种降低,并使多巴胺水平增加１４１．３％．以上结果提示ＧＤＮＦ腺病毒可提高细胞内的多巴胺水平并促进其释放,同时还具有对抗神经毒素ＭＰＰ＋损伤作用,表明ＧＤＮＦ重组腺病毒用于帕金森氏病基因治疗具有良好的前景．     

端粒酶RNA的反义cDNA对乳腺癌细胞端区长度的影响

应用反义核酸技术,将端粒酶ＲＮＡ的ｃＤＮＡ反向插入整合型腺病毒载体ｐＡｄＥ１ＣＭＶＩＴＲＥＸｎｅｏ,与ｐＢ－ＨＧ１１Ｘ共转染２９３细胞反获得反义重组病毒。将此反义重组病毒感染乳腺癌细胞ＭＣＦ－７后,使细胞端区长度缩短。     

复制缺陷型腺病毒载体介导的人凝血因子Ⅷ基因在体内外的高效转移和表达

为了构建含人凝血因子Ⅷ基因的重组腺病毒载体系统,首先构建了含ＦⅧ（Ｂ结构域缺失型）的载体质粒ｐＡｄ－ｈＦⅧ和插入内含子结构的ｐＡｄＩ－ｈＦⅧ,经脂质体介导,证明两质粒的目的基因均能在ＣＯＳ－７细胞中表达有凝血活性的ＦⅧ因子,其中经纯化的载体质粒ｐＡｄ－ｈＦⅧ与ｐＢＨＧ１０经脂质体介导,共转染至２９３包装细胞,经同源重组和Ｅ１蛋白反式互补,形成Ｅ１／Ｅ３缺失型重组腺病毒载体颗粒Ａｄ－ｈＦⅧ．ＰＣＲ检则到病理２９３培养液上清的病毒ＤＮＡ中具有目的基因扩增片段,证明病毒ＤＮＡ含有ＦⅧ基因．经扩增、纯化、滴度测定,用于感染离体细胞ＣＯＳ－７、Ａ５４９、Ｌ９２９、２９３．证实该病毒能在上述细胞中高效转移和表达目的基因,其表达量具有一定范围内的剂量依赖性．ＣＯＳ－７细胞中,ＭＯＩ＞１０００时,有细胞毒效应,表达量反而下降．经耳缘静脉注射Ａｄ－ｈＦⅧ至家兔后,１～４周能测到一定水平的ＦⅧ蛋白,１周内升至最高峰．免疫组化研究表明感染的离体细胞和家兔肝等组织均有ＦⅧ表达,其中肝脏表达最高．为甲型血友病的基因治疗开辟了新途径     

用PCR扩增和克隆马立克氏病病毒糖蛋白D基因

用ＰＣＲ技术,从ＧＡ株马立克氏病病毒（ＭＤＶ）感染的成纤维细胞（ＧＥＦ）基因组ＤＮＡ中扩增出ＭＤＶ糖蛋白Ｄ（ｇＤ）抗原基因片段的约１３００ｂｐ编码序列,将该ｐｃＲ扩增的产物于ＥｃｏＲＩ和Ｋｐｎｌ位点克隆到ｐＵＣ１８质粒载体中,在以ｄｉｇｏｘｉｇｅｎｉｎ（ｄｉｇ）标记的ｇＤＰＣＲ产物作为探针,进行原位杂交初步筛选到阳性重组质粒克隆,再根据酶切分析筛选到含ＭＤＶｇＤ基因的重组质粒ｐ１８ＭｇＤ。将ｐ１８ＭｇＤ质粒ＤＮＡ用ｄｉｇ标记后,在Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎｂｌｏｔ中,该探针能识别ＭＤＶ基因组ＤＮＡ的ＢａｍＨＩ－Ａ克隆中的Ａ片段ＤＮＡ。酶切位点分析表明,该ｇＤ克隆也和已发表的ＭＤＶ的ＲＢＩＢ株ｇＤ一样,不含有ＥｃｏＲⅠ、ＨｉｎｄⅢ、ＰｓｔⅠ、ＳｍａⅠ、ｐｖｕⅡ等酶切位点。证明该重组质粒是ＭＤＶｇＤ克隆。     

表达流行性感冒病毒血凝素蛋白的重组腺病毒的构建

用ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ方法扩增流感病毒血凝素基因,将其克隆到５型腺病毒载体质粒ｐＡＤ５Ｃ中。用此质粒与ＥｃｏＲＩ酶切回收的５型腺病毒基因组片段共转染２９３细胞,通过ＰＣＲ初步筛选得到重组病毒。ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ电泳、Ｗｅｓｔ－ｅｒｎ ｂｌｏｔ重组病毒能表达流感病毒的血凝素蛋白。此重组病毒经滴鼻免疫Ｂａｌｂ／Ｃ小鼠,ＥＬＩＳＡ实验证明能诱导小鼠产生针对流感的循环抗体ＩｇＧ和分泌型抗体ＩｇＡ。本实验证明,利用Ｅ     

表达人γ-干扰素的重组腺病毒的制备及检测

Ｅ１区缺失的腺病毒载体插入人γ－干扰素ｃＤＮＡ序列,与ｐＪＭ１７质粒通过磷权钙沉淀法共转染２９３细胞,经同源重组,共获得６个病毒噬斑,经ＰＣＲ共扩增检测证实这６个噬斑均为带有人γ－干扰素ｃＤＮＡ的重组腺病毒,受其感染的２９３细胞的上清中,都能测到γ－干扰素的活性,且社种活性可被一定稀释度的兔抗人γ－干扰素多克隆抗体所中和,其中的１号重组病毒纯化后,按不同的ＭＯＩ（Ｍｕｌｔｉｐｌｅｏｆｉｎｆｅｃｉｏ     

腺病毒载体介导的肝癌细胞专一性自杀基因表达

构建由肝癌细胞专一的ａｆｐ基因表达调节元件控制自杀基因ＨＳＶ－ｔｋ的穿梭质粒,将它与缺陷型腺病毒载体重组,得到ＡｄｒＡＦＰＴＫ病毒。经ＰＣＲ及Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ杂交等证实它们含ａｆｐ元件和ｔｋ基因。空斑形成试验表明病毒效价达１×１０１５ｐｆｕ／Ｌ。同时构建由ＣＭＶ启动子控制ｔｋ基因的类似载体作为对照。将这两个重组腺病毒分别感染ＡＦＰ阳性（ＨｅｐＧ２）或阴性（ＨｅＬａ,ＢＲＬ－３Ａ）细胞株（ｍ．ｏ．ｉ．＝１００）,以丙氧鸟苷（ｇａｎｃｉｃｌｏｖｉｒ,ＧＣＶ）处理后,用ＭＴＴ法测定杀伤细胞的效应。结果,ＡｄＣＭＶＴＫ感染这三种细胞后,ＧＣＶ半杀伤浓度分别为１．３、２、＜１μｍｏｌ／Ｌ;但是,ＡｄｒＡＦＰＴＫ感染的ＨｅＬａ和ＢＲＬ－３Ａ细胞的ＧＣＶ半杀伤浓度都＞１０００μｍｏｌ／Ｌ,而对ＨｅｐＧ２细胞只有＜１μｍｏｌ／Ｌ,表现出极高的细胞专一性。重组腺病毒ＡｄｒＡＦＰＴＫ可望用于肝癌的专一性基因治疗     

HSV—tk／NAS系统基因治疗脑肿瘤中野生型腺病毒的检测及其安全性

在腺病毒介导的ＨＳＶ－ｔｋ／ＮＡＳ系统脑肿瘤基因治疗研究过程中,建立了野生型腺病毒（ＲＣＡ）的检测系统,主要包括腺病毒Ｅ１区的ＰＣＲ以及野生型病毒的细胞病理效应观察这两种方法,ＰＣＲ的灵敏度为１个２９３细胞所含有的Ｅ１片段数。对基因治疗脑肿瘤所采用的重组腺病毒ＡｄＴＫ及其感染的细胞进行ＲＣＡ的检测,没有发现ＲＣＡ。通过离体实验首次发现,重组腺病毒对脑肿瘤细胞的杀伤作用明显高于正常的脑胶质细胞;大鼠     

含CD自杀基因腺病毒载体的构建及其应用

构建了含ＣＭＶ启动子、大肠杆菌胞嘧啶脱氨酶（ｃｄ）基因的复制缺陷型重组腺病毒载体（ＡｄＣＭＶＣＤ）。经Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ杂交和ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ鉴定证实,ｃｄ基因已克隆进入ＡｄＣＭＶＣＤ,并在受染细胞中表达。经氯化铯密度梯度离心法纯化的病毒滴度达１×１０１５ｐｆｕ／Ｌ。经１００ｍ．ｏ．ｉ．的ＡｄＣＭＶＣＤ感染的ＨｅＬａ和Ｃ６细胞株在１００μｍｏｌ／Ｌ５ＦＣ处理后,细胞存活率＜２０％。同时也观察到ＡｄＣＭＶＣＤ／５ＦＣ系统有很强的旁杀伤效应,将３．３％的ＡｄＣＭＶＣＤ受染细胞与９６．７％的野生型细胞混合,经５０μｍｏｌ／Ｌ５ＦＣ处理后,＞６０％的细胞被杀死。ＡｄＣＭＶＣＤ／５ＦＣ系统的建立为肿瘤基因治疗的研究提供了新的手段。     

血管内皮细胞生长因子受体Flt—1胞外区基因的克隆及其在中国仓？…

朋原代培养的人脐静脉血管内皮细胞（ＨＵＶＥＣ）提取细胞总ＲＮＡ,采用逆转录ＰＣＲ（ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ）方法得到ＶＥＧＦ受体Ｆｌｔ－１胞外区前３个ＩｇＧ样区域ｃＤＮＡ片段（Ｆｌｔ－１ｎ３）。将获得的受体基因克隆到真核表达载体ｐｃＤ－ＮＡ３．１中,得到重组质粒ｐｃＤＮＡ３．１／Ｆｌｔ－１ｎ３,通过南体转染方法将其转入中国仓鼠卵巢细胞（ＣＨＯ）,用Ｇ４１８筛选得到稳定表达目的蛋白的细胞砍隆。经固相结合实验筛选     

Delivery of secreted placental alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) gene in vitro and in vivo as a component of recombinant avian adenovirus (CELO)

Recombinant adenoviruses capable of expressing the gene of secreted placentary alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) under control of CMV-promoter was obtained on the basis of CELO avian adenovirus and human adenovirus-5 (Ad5) genomes. The efficiency of the CELO vector was determined in experiments with transduction of human (293, A549, and H1299), mouse (B16), and avian (LMH) cell cultures. It was shown in C57BL/6 mice in vivo that SEAP gene is expressed under conditions of intravenous, intranasal, and intratumoral application of recombinant adenovirus CELO-SEAP. The duration of expression of the alkaline phosphatase CELO = SEAP gene in immunocompetent mouse body was 21 days. The level of SEAP gene expression was measured in the allantois fluid of chicken embryo infected with recombinant adenovirus CELO-SEAP.     

CD/TK单、双自杀基因重组腺病毒的制备及初步应用

为制备表达大肠杆菌胞嘧啶脱氨酶 (cytosinedeaminase ,CD)和单纯疱疹病毒 1 胸苷激酶(herpessimplexvirustype 1thymidinekinase ,TK)双自杀基因的重组腺病毒载体 ,为再狭窄基因治疗的应用奠定基础 ,首先构建了含单、双自杀基因的腺病毒穿梭载体 ,细菌内同源重组法获得重组腺病毒质粒 .脂质体介导下转染 2 93细胞进行包装并大量扩增得到Ad TK、Ad CD、Ad TK CD、Ad LacZ 4种重组腺病毒 .氯化铯 (CsCl)梯度离心法纯化后利用报告基因绿色荧光蛋白 (GFP)测定病毒滴度 ,可达 10 9pfu ml .PCR和Western印迹法对外源基因进行鉴定 ,证明单、双自杀基因均已整合入腺病毒基因组并表达 .重组腺病毒感染血管平滑肌细胞后 ,用MTT法比较了单、双自杀基因的杀伤作用 ,发现在感染复数≤ 2 0时 ,双自杀基因对细胞的抑制作用明显高于单基因 .成功地构建腺病毒双自杀基因共表达载体 ,为进一步的体内外实验奠定了基础 .     

Adenovirus vector production using low-multiplicity infection of 293 cells

The use of low-multiplicity infection of 293 cells in static culture with regular medium replacement was investigated for efficient large-scale production of adenovirus vectors for gene therapy applications. An adenovirus vector carrying the enhanced green fluorescent protein gene (Ad EGFP) was used to infect 293-F cells at a low multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 0.00001–0.1 transductional unit (TU) cell⁻¹. The cells, which have the ability to grow in suspension, were incubated in T-flasks and the serum-free culture medium was replaced with fresh medium via centrifugation every 2 days. Because only a small proportion of cells were initially infected at low MOIs (<1 TU cell⁻¹), uninfected cells continued to grow until they were infected by progeny adenoviruses released from previously infected cells. When 293-F cells at a relatively low density of 1 × 10⁵ cells cm⁻³ were infected with Ad EGFP at a low MOI of 0.001 TU cell⁻¹, the vector yield was 2.7-fold higher than the maximum yield obtained with high-multiplicity infection (MOI = 10 TU cell⁻¹) in batch culture. These results indicate that efficient adenovirus vector production using low MOIs is achieved by minimization of either nutrient depletion and/or accumulation of inhibitory metabolites in the culture medium.     

Effect of deletions in adenovirus early region 1 genes upon replication of adeno-associated virus.

The growth of adeno-associated virus (AAV) is dependent upon helper functions provided by adenovirus. We investigated the role of adenovirus early gene region 1 in the AAV helper function by using six adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) host range mutants having deletions in early region 1. These mutants do not grow in human KB cells but are complemented by and grow in a line of adenovirus-transformed human embryonic kidney cells (293 cells); 293 cells contain and express the Ad5 early region 1 genes. Mutants having extensive deletions of adenovirus early region 1a (dl312) or regions 1a and 1b (dl313) helped AAV as efficiently as wild-type adenovirus in 293 cells, but neither mutant helped in KB cells. No AAV DNA, RNA, or protein synthesis was detected in KB cells in the presence of the mutant adenoviruses. Quantitative blotting experiments showed that at 20 h after infection with AAV and either dl312 or dl313 there was less than one AAV genome per cell. In KB cells infected with AAV alone, the unreplicated AAV genomes were detected readily. Apparently, infection with adenovirus mutant dl312 or dl313 results in degradation of most of the infecting AAV genomes. We suggest that at least an adenovirus region 1b product (and perhaps a region 1a product also) is required for AAV DNA replication. This putative region 1b function appears to protect AAV DNA from degradation by an adenovirus-induced DNase. We also tested additional Ad5 mutants (dl311, dl314, sub315, and sub316). All of these mutants were inefficient helpers, and they showed varying degrees of multiplicity leakiness. dl312 and dl313 complemented each other for the AAV helper function, and each was complemented by Ad5ts125 at the nonpermissive temperature. The defect in region 1 mutants for AAV helper function acts at a different stage of the AAV growth cycle than the defect in the region 2 mutant ts125.     

Anti-adenovirus type 5 cytotoxic T lymphocytes: immunodominant epitopes are encoded by the E1A gene.

Virus specific, major histocompatibility complex-restricted, cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) generated in Fischer strain rats infected with human adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) were found to recognize antigenic determinants encoded within the Ad5 early region 1A (E1A) gene. Preliminary mapping studies suggest that the E1A CTL epitopes are encoded within the regions between bp 625 to 810 and 916 to 974 in the first exon of this gene. These epitope-coding regions occur within subregions of E1A that are conserved functionally, and to some extent structurally (approximately 50% sequence homology), among adenoviruses of different groups. Nevertheless, Ad5-specific CTL lysed only targets infected with adenoviruses of the same group (group C; e.g., Ad2) and not targets infected with adenoviruses of different groups (groups A, B, and E). These results suggest that virus-specific CTL may limit adenoviral dissemination by destroying virus-infected cells at an early stage in the viral replicative cycle, during E1A gene expression. Expression of other adenovirus genes does not appear to be required to target infected cells for elimination by CTL.     

Circumvention of Immunity to the Adenovirus Major Coat Protein Hexon

Immunity to adenoviruses is an important hurdle to be overcome for successful gene therapy. The presence of antibodies to the capsid proteins prevents efficacious adenovirus vector administration in vivo. We tested whether immunity to a particular serotype of adenovirus (Ad5) may be overcome with a vector that encodes the hexon sequences from a different adenovirus serotype (Ad12). We successfully constructed an adenovirus vector with a chimeric Ad5-Ad12 hexon which was not neutralized by plasma from C57BL/6 mice immunized with Ad5. The vector was also capable of transducing the livers of C57BL/6 mice previously immunized with Ad5.     

Prevalence and quantitation of species C adenovirus DNA in human mucosal lymphocytes

The common species C adenoviruses (serotypes Ad1, Ad2, Ad5, and Ad6) infect more than 80% of the human population early in life. Following primary infection, the virus can establish an asymptomatic persistent infection in which infectious virions are shed in feces for several years. The probable source of persistent virus is mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, although the molecular details of persistence or latency of adenovirus are currently unknown. In this study, a sensitive real-time PCR assay was developed to quantitate species C adenovirus DNA in human tissues removed for routine tonsillectomy or adenoidectomy. Using this assay, species C DNA was detected in Ficoll-purified lymphocytes from 33 of 42 tissue specimens tested (79%). The levels varied from fewer than 10 to greater than 2 x 10(6) copies of the adenovirus genome/10(7) cells, depending on the donor. DNA from serotypes Ad1, Ad2, and Ad5 was detected, while the rarer serotype Ad6 was not. When analyzed as a function of donor age, the highest levels of adenovirus genomes were found among the youngest donors. Antibody-coated magnetic beads were used to purify lymphocytes into subpopulations and determine whether viral DNA could be enriched within any purified subpopulations. Separation of T cells (CD4/8- expressing and/or CD3-expressing cells) enriched viral DNA in each of nine donors tested. In contrast, B-cell purification (CD19-expressing cells) invariably depleted or eliminated viral DNA. Despite the frequent finding of significant quantities of adenovirus DNA in tonsil and adenoid tissues, infectious virus was rarely present, as measured by coculture with permissive cells. These findings suggest that human mucosal T lymphocytes may harbor species C adenoviruses in a quiescent, perhaps latent form.     

Mouse adenovirus type 1 attachment is not mediated by the coxsackie-adenovirus receptor

Common human adenovirus (Ad) vectors are derived from serotype 2 or 5, which use the coxsackie-adenovirus receptor (CAR) as their primary cell receptor. We investigated the receptor usage of mouse adenovirus type 1 (MAV-1), which in vivo is characterized by a pronounced endothelial cell tropism. Alignment of the fiber knob sequences of MAV-1 and those of CAR-using adenoviruses, revealed that amino acid residues, critical for interaction with CAR, are not conserved in the MAV-1 fiber knob. Attachment of MAV-1 to Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells was not increased by stable transfection with mouse CAR, whereas the binding efficiency of Ad2 was 20-fold higher in the mouse CAR-transfectant compared to the wild type cells. Also, purified fiber knob of Ad5, which is interchangeable with the Ad2 fiber knob, did not compete with MAV-1 for receptor binding, indicating that MAV-1 binds to a receptor different from CAR. These results support further exploration of an MAV-1-derived vector as a potential vehicle for gene delivery to cell types which are not efficiently transduced by human adenovirus vectors.     

Development of a complementing cell line and a system for construction of adenovirus vectors with E1 and E2a deleted.

Although adenovirus vectors offer many advantages, it would be desirable to develop vectors with improved expression and decreased toxicity. Toward this objective, an adenovirus vector system with deletion of both the El and E2a regions was developed. A 5.9-kb fragment of the adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) genome containing the E2a gene and its early and late promoters was transfected into 293 cells. A complementing cell line, designated 293-C2, expressed the E2a mRNA and protein and was found to complement the defect in Ad5 viruses with temperature-sensitive or deletion mutations in E2a. A deletion of 1.3 kb removing codons 40 to 471 of the 529 amino acids of E2a was introduced into plasmids for preparation of viruses and vectors. An Ad5 virus with disruption of the El gene and deletion of E2a grew on 293-C2 cells but not on 293 cells. Vectors with E1 and E2a deleted expressing Escherichia coli beta-galactosidase or human alpha1-antitrypsin were prepared and expressed the reporter genes after intravenous injection into mice. This vector system retains sequences in common between the complementing cell line and the vectors, including 3.4 kb upstream and 1.1 kb downstream of the deletion. These vectors have potential advantages of increased capacity for insertion of transgene sequences, elimination of expression of E2a, and possibly reduction in expression of other viral proteins. Although the titers of the vectors with deleted are about 10- to 30-fold below those of vectors with E2a wild-type regions, the former vectors are suitable for detailed studies with animals to evaluate the effects on host immune responses, on duration of expression, and on safety.