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1.
通过对小五台山天然青杨种群的野外调查,并使用胸径与株高的异速生长模型来分析其雌雄群体间的生长差异,以探究雌雄异株植物青杨在性成熟条件和形态特征中是否存在性间差异。结果表明:(1)在青杨生长过程中,胸径随年龄呈指数型增长,而株高随年龄呈对数型增长;(2)雌雄植株的性成熟条件不同。雌株进入性成熟阶段的最低年龄和胸径都小于雄株;(3)青杨高径生长过程存在性别差异。雌株的异速生长指数显著大于雄株(P=0.024)。表明天然青杨种群中雌株一般性成熟较早,成熟后营养生长偏重于胸径增粗;而雄株性成熟较晚,营养生长偏重于植株增高。相对于雄株,雌株具有较高的树干机械强度。  相似文献   

2.
近年来逆境导致植物雌雄幼苗的生长出现差异被许多控制实验所证实, 而有关气候变化对雌雄异株植物成树生长的潜在影响尚未引起人们广泛的关注。为进一步揭示气候变化对雌雄植株树木径向和密度生长的不同影响, 该文通过树轮生态学的研究方法, 选择小五台山天然青杨(Populus cathayana)种群为研究对象, 对青杨雌雄植株近30年(1982-2011)的树轮生长特性及其与气候的相关性进行了分析。结果显示: 1)在近30年当地气温不断升高的气候条件下, 雌株的年轮最大密度和晚材平均密度均高于雄株(p < 0.05), 但雌雄植株的径向生长无显著差异; 2)雌雄植株年轮最大密度和宽度差值年表的变化趋势具有一致性, 但在年轮最大密度差值年表的变化上雄株波动幅度大于雌株; 3)青杨雌雄植株年轮密度差值年表对温度响应的月份明显不同。雌株年轮最大密度与当年8月的月平均最高气温显著正相关, 而雄株年轮最大密度与当年1月和4月的气温负相关; 4)生长季前的气候变化对青杨雌雄植株的径向生长均有明显的限制作用。此外, 当年6月的高温对于早材生长的限制作用特别明显。上述结果表明, 雌雄异株植物在树木年轮生长方面对全球气候变暖可能具有不同的响应机制, 雌株比雄株更侧重于密度生长。  相似文献   

3.
笼养东北虎雌雄行为差异的比较   总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8  
1998年4月-2001年3月在哈尔滨动物园,采用瞬时扫描取样法和全事件取样法对5只笼养东北虎(3雌2雄)的昼夜行为时间分配及活动规律进行了研究。结果表明:东北虎的睡眠、卧息、运动和其他行为在时间分配上两性存在一定差异,即雌性的睡眠和卧息时间比雄性多,雌性的运动和其他行为时间比雄性少;但摄食行为的时间分配相差不大。两性日活动规律的差异为雄性的睡眠高峰主要在夜晚,卧息较雌性少且相对集中,运动出现和结束的时间较雌性延迟约1h。对两性及不同个体行为时间分配的单因素方差分析发现,不同个体间仅运动存在显著差异(P<0.05);两性间睡眠、卧息、运动和其他行为均存在显著差异(P<0.05)。笼养东北虎两性行为的差异可能与其野外的行为习惯有关,而这些行为习惯又与其担当的性别角色有紧密联系。  相似文献   

4.
性类固醇激素对黄颡鱼雌雄生长二态性的影响   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
为了研究性类固醇激素在雌雄生长二态性中(Sexual Size Dimorphism, SSD)的作用,文章分析了性类固醇激素对雌雄生长、性腺发育和能量代谢的影响。结果显示:17β-雌二醇(17β-estradiol, E2)显著抑制黄颡鱼的生长,且E2显著促进能量在肝脏中的分配,但在摄食量上无显著影响,所以E2对黄颡鱼生长的抑制是能量分配的差异引起,而不是能量获取差异引起。17α-甲基睾丸酮(17α-Methyltestosterone, MT)显著促进雌鱼生长,但抑制雄鱼生长, MT能显著促进黄颡鱼摄食和肝脏的能量分配,显著抑制卵母细胞的发育和卵巢的能量投入。本研究发现MT通过促进摄食,抑制卵巢发育并且减少性腺发育的能量投入,从而促进雌鱼生长; E2能够显著增加雌雄鱼在肝脏中能量的投入,最终抑制雌雄生长。实验结果只能部分解释实验中观察到的生长差异现象,因此我们需要更进一步从能量的摄入、分配及消耗三方面来研究雌雄生长的二态性。  相似文献   

5.
胚胎早期神经系统的发生包括两个不可分开的阶段,即活化和转化过程。活化过程开始于原肠胚早期,是神经发生的诱导过程。稍晚的转化阶段发生了神经系统局部结构的形成,即区域化过程。活化的关键是原肠胚中胚层产生诱导性信号分子和外胚层对信号的应答,区域化也是诱导的结果,造成中枢神经系统有各种局部结构,即具有不同细胞谱系和功能的神经元节(neuromere)。  相似文献   

6.
葎草雌雄植株开花物候和花器官对干旱的响应差异   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
摘要:以蓓草(Humulusscandens)为实验材料,在控制土壤水分的条件下探究干旱对雌雄异株植物开花物候和花器官形态的影响,结果表明:干旱胁迫将导致蓰草雌雄种群花期提前.花期持续时间延长,雌花将比雄花提早开放;干旱胁迫下雄花的花序轴长、花序轴直径和花药粒径长均分别显著减小24.81%。29.07%和5.14%(P〈0.001,P=0.003,P=0.024),花粉活力和花粉含量显著下降:干旱胁迫导致雌花的花序轴长、柱头长度和花序的平均花数量显著增大9.78%,70.62%和57.04%(P=0.039.P〈0.001.P〈0.001);干旱胁迫下种子粒径长、种子粒径宽、种子单粒重和种子千粒重分别显著下降12.12%、12.59%、43.43%和15.38%(显著度水平均为P〈0.001);干旱胁迫下雌雄植株的地上部分生物量均显著降低(P=0.002,P=0.020),且雌株的生殖投入在干旱胁迫下显著高于雄株(P=0.049)。研究结果表明了蓰草雌雄植株开花物候及花器官对干旱的响应明显不同。与雄株相比.雌株在干旱胁迫下增加了生物量向生殖器官的分配,从而最大程度地减轻胁迫对其繁殖能力的影响。  相似文献   

7.
尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)雌雄鱼生长差异明显,为了探讨其原因,本文采用RT-PCR方法克隆了尼罗罗非鱼生长激素(Growthhormone,GH)及其受体(Growth hormone receptor,GHR)的cDNA序列,并应用半定量RT-PCR方法比较了雌、雄尼罗罗非鱼垂体GHmRNA、肝脏GHRmRNA、肌肉GHRmRNA的表达差异。序列分析表明:GH开放阅读框为615bp,共编码204个氨基酸;GHR开放阅读框为1908bp,共编码635个氨基酸。以RT-PCR方法研究了GH、GHR在各组织的分布情况,结果表明:GH仅在垂体中检测到有表达,而GHR在所检测的18种组织中均有表达,其中以肝脏、肌肉、性腺、下丘脑、胸腺表达量较高。以半定量RT-PCR方法进一步比较了雌、雄尼罗罗非鱼垂体GHmRNA、肝脏GHRmRNA、肌肉GHRmRNA的表达量,结果表明:雄鱼垂体GHmRNA和肝脏GHRmRNA的表达量均显著高于雌鱼,肌肉GHRmRNA的表达量则无显著差异,推测垂体GHmRNA和肝脏GHRmRNA表达的雌雄差异是尼罗罗非鱼雌雄生长差异的主要原因之一。  相似文献   

8.
脊椎动物行孤雌生殖的物种中,绝大多数都是杂交起源的。本文从孤雌生殖物种的外部形态特点、同工酶分析、核酸分子标记、染色体涂染法等方面,综述了脊椎动物中孤雌生殖杂交起源的研究进展,分析了其核内有丝分裂模式的细胞学机制。  相似文献   

9.
脊椎动物的起源与演化历来是进化生命科学的核心命题。近年脊椎动物的起源与演化有重大突破。云南澄江寒武纪化石群中的后口类“皇冠西大动物” ,半索动物“云南虫”和“海口虫” ,尾索动物“始祖长江海鞘” ,头索动物“海口华夏鱼”和“中间型中新鱼” ,脊椎动物“凤姣昆明鱼”和“海口鱼” ,论证了普通无脊椎动物向脊椎动物演化过渡的各种中间类型 ,勾勒出一幅较为完整的早期生命演化谱系。西北大学早期生命研究所舒德干教授基于对靠近脊椎动物“源头”时段软躯体后口动物化石系列的研究以及新的发现提出脊椎动物起源分“五步走”的新假说 ,即在脊椎动物的起源的“四步走”前还有更为原始的“一步” :云南澄江出土的古虫动物门化石很可能代表了原口动物和后口动物间的过渡类型。本文即综述了普通无脊椎动物向脊椎动物演化的研究进展。  相似文献   

10.
吉富罗非鱼雌雄群体遗传差异的SSR分析   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
为探讨吉富罗非鱼(genetic improvement of farmed tilapia,GIFT)雌、雄群体间的遗传差异,本研究对国家级广西南宁罗非鱼良种场雌、雄吉富罗非鱼进行了遗传差异分析。研究结果表明,选取的11对SSR引物中有10对能获得稳定的目的条带;每个SSR基因座的等位基因数在2~4个之间,雌性罗非鱼的平均等位基因(Na)2.9个,稍高于雄性的2.8个;雌、雄吉富罗非鱼平均观察杂合度(HO)分别为0.4183和0.4154,多态信息含量(PIC)分别为0.4048和0.3932,属中度多态;雌雄个体间的遗传距离和相似性指数分别为0.0908和0.9132。此外,SSR基因座PRL-SO2在雄鱼中偏离Hardy Weinberg平衡(P0.005)。上述结果表明,吉富罗非鱼雌、雄群体的SSR多态性基本相同,推测这两者基因组间的差异较小。  相似文献   

11.
  总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
Sexual dimorphism in size is common in birds. Males are usually larger than females, although in some taxa reversed size dimorphism (RSD) predominates. Whilst direct dimorphism is attributed to sexual selection in males giving greater reproductive access to females, the evolutionary causes of RSD are still unclear. Four different hypotheses could explain the evolution of RSD in monogamous birds: (1) The ‘energy storing’ hypothesis suggests that larger females could accumulate more reserves at wintering or refuelling areas to enable an earlier start to egg laying. (2) According to the ‘incubation ability’ hypothesis, RSD has evolved because large females can incubate more efficiently than small ones. (3) The ‘parental role division’ hypothesis suggests that RSD in monogamous waders has evolved in species with parental role division and uniparental male care of the chicks. It is based on the assumption that small male size facilitates food acquisition in terrestrial habitats where chick rearing takes place and that larger females can accumulate more reserves for egg laying in coastal sites. (3) The ‘display agility’ hypothesis suggests that small males perform better in acrobatic displays presumably involved in mate choice and so RSD may have evolved due to female preference for agile males. I tested these hypotheses in monogamous waders using several comparative methods. Given the current knowledge of the phylogeny of this group, the evolutionary history of waders seems only compatible with the hypothesis that RSD has evolved as an adaptation for increasing display performance in males. In addition, the analysis of wing shape showed that males of species with acrobatic flight displays had wings with higher aspect ratio (wing span/2wing area) than non-acrobatic species, which probably increases flight manoeuvrability during acrobatic displays. In species with acrobatic displays males also had a higher aspect ratio than females although no sexual difference was found in non-acrobatic species. These results suggest that acrobatic flight displays could have produced changes in the morphology of some species and suggest the existence of selection favouring higher manoeuvrability in species with acrobatic flight displays. This supports the validity of the mechanisms proposed by the ‘display agility’ hypothesis to explain the evolution of RSD in waders.  相似文献   

12.
Dimorphic sexual differences in shape and body size are called sexual dimorphism and sexual size dimorphism, respectively. The degrees of both dimorphisms are considered to increase with sexual selection, represented by male–male competition. However, the degrees of the two dimorphisms often differ within a species. In some dung beetles, typical sexual shape dimorphisms are seen in male horns and other exaggerated traits, although sexual size dimorphism looks rare. We hypothesized that the evolution of this sexual shape dimorphism without sexual size dimorphism is caused by male–male competition and their crucial and sex-indiscriminate provisioning behaviors, in which parents provide the equivalent size of brood ball with each of both sons and daughters indiscriminately. As a result of individual-based model simulations, we show that parents evolve to provide each of sons and daughters with the optimal amount of resource for a son when parents do not distinguish the sex of offspring and males compete for mates. This result explains why crucial and sex-indiscriminate parental provisioning does not prevent the evolution of sexual shape dimorphism. The model result was supported by empirical data of Scarabaeidae beetles. In some dung beetles, sexual size dimorphism is absent, compared with significant sexual size dimorphism in other horned beetles, although both groups exhibit similar degrees of sexual shape dimorphism in male horns and other exaggerated traits.  相似文献   

13.
  总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
Differences among taxa in sexual size dimorphism of adults can be produced by changes in distinct developmental processes and thus may reflect different evolutionary histories. Here we examine whether divergence in sexual dimorphism of adults between recently established Montana and Alabama populations of the house finch (Carpodacus mexicanus) can be attributed to population differences in growth of males and females. In both populations, males and females were similar at hatching, but as a result of sex-specific growth attained sexual size dimorphism by the time of independence. Timing and extent of growth varied between the sexes: Females maintained maximum rates of growth for a longer time than males, whereas males had higher initial growth rates and achieved maximum growth earlier and at smaller sizes than females. Ontogeny of sexual dimorphism differed between populations, but in each population, sexual dimorphism in growth parameters and sexual dimorphism at the time of nest leaving were similar to sexual dimorphism of adults. Variation in growth of females contributed more to population divergence than did growth of males. In each population, we found close correspondence between patterns of sexual dimorphism in growth and population divergence in morphology of adults: Traits that were the most sexually dimorphic in growth in each population contributed the most to population divergence in both sexes. We suggest that sex-specific expression of phenotypic and genetic variation throughout the ontogeny of house finches can result in different responses to selection between males and females of the same age, and thus produce fast population divergence in the sexual size dimorphism.  相似文献   

14.
There are currently several debates taking place in palaeoanthropological circles in which the issue of sexual dimorphism is crucial. During the 60th Jubilee of the discovery of the TaungAustralopithecus skull, the authors concurred that much of the debate was due to differences in perception concerning dimorphism, and it was suggested that a study session dealing principally with sexual dimorphism in Primates should be organised with a view to determining what, if anything, could be observed in extant primates that might be utilised for determining the existence of dimorphism in fossil species. An advertisement was placed in the Journal of Human Evolution, calling for papers. Response was encouraging, suggesting that there was indeed a need for such a meeting, which was organised to take place late in November in Italy. Seventeen scientists sent abstracts, but due to the rather short notice, several were unable to attend the meeting. Nevertheless, papers were received and read at the meeting which form the basis for this issue of the Journal of Human Evolution. What remains to be done now, is for a second meeting to be organised at which the findings of the first meeting can be extended backwards in time into the fossil record.  相似文献   

15.
    
In this paper, we examine allometric and sexual-selection explanations for interspecific differences in the amount of sexual dimorphism among 60 primate species. Based on evidence provided by statistical analyses, we reject Leutenegger and Cheverud’s [(1982). Int. J. Primatol.3:387-402] claim that body size alone is the major factor in the evolution of sexual dimorphism. The alternative proposed here is that sexual selection due to differences in the reproductive potential of males and females is the primary cause of sexual dimorphism. In addition, we propose that the overall size of a species determines whether the dimorphism will be expressed as size dimorphism,rather than in some other form.  相似文献   

16.
    
The introduction and persistence of novel, sexually antagonistic alleles can depend upon factors that differ between males and females. Understanding the conditions for invasion in a two‐locus model can elucidate these processes. For instance, selection can act differently upon the sexes, or sex linkage can facilitate the invasion of genetic variation with opposing fitness effects between the sexes. Two factors that deserve further attention are recombination rates and allele frequencies – both of which can vary substantially between the sexes. We find that sex‐specific recombination rates in a two‐locus diploid model can affect the invasion outcome of sexually antagonistic alleles and that the sex‐averaged recombination rate is not necessarily sufficient to predict invasion. We confirm that the range of permissible recombination rates is smaller in the sex benefitting from invasion and larger in the sex harmed by invasion. However, within the invasion space, male recombination rate can be greater than, equal to or less than female recombination rate in order for a male‐benefit, female‐detriment allele to invade (and similarly for a female‐benefit, male‐detriment allele). We further show that a novel, sexually antagonistic allele that is also associated with a lowered recombination rate can invade more easily when present in the double heterozygote genotype. Finally, we find that sexual dimorphism in resident allele frequencies can impact the invasion of new sexually antagonistic alleles at a second locus. Our results suggest that accounting for sex‐specific recombination rates and allele frequencies can determine the difference between invasion and non‐invasion of novel, sexually antagonistic alleles in a two‐locus model.  相似文献   

17.
为了解蛇鮈雌雄间是否存在显著的外部形态差异及雌性个体生殖力情况, 在繁殖期对嘉陵江下游(合川江段)共76尾蛇鮈样本的两性异形、性比及雌性个体生殖力进行分析.结果表明: 嘉陵江下游蛇鮈繁殖群体的性比接近1∶1,且蛇鮈两性的体型大小相同,但局部特征(如头部和躯干部等)呈现出显著的两性异形,如成体雄性蛇鮈的头部、胸鳍和腹鳍均较雌性蛇鮈大,而躯干部的体宽、体高和躯干长则是雌性蛇鮈大于雄性蛇鮈,这可能是性选择长期作用的结果.主成分分析显示,前3个主成分的累积贡献率达75.2%,但雌雄个体间形态特征相互重叠,无法将两者截然分开;利用判别函数对蛇鮈性别进行回判,综合判别准确率为92.1%.蛇鮈雌性个体绝对生殖力在979~19979粒;且与体长和去内脏体质量均呈显著正相关.同历史资料相比,本研究中嘉陵江蛇鮈的生殖力增大显著,这可能是蛇鮈对种群资源量下降和水环境变化主动适应的结果.  相似文献   

18.
  总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
Sexual size dimorphism of adults proximately results from a combination of sexually dimorphic growth patterns and selection on growing individuals. Yet, most studies of the evolution of dimorphism have focused on correlates of only adult morphologies. Here we examined the ontogeny of sexual size dimorphism in an isolated population of the house finch (Carpodacus mexicanus). Sexes differed in growth rates and growth duration; in most traits, females grew faster than males, but males grew for a longer period. Sexual dimorphism in bill traits (bill length, width, depth) and in body traits (wing, tarsus, and tail length; mass) developed during different periods of ontogeny. Growth of bill traits was most different between sexes during the juvenile period (after leaving the nest), whereas growth of body traits was most sexually dimorphic during the first few days after hatching. Postgrowth selection on juveniles strongly influenced sexual dimorphism in all traits; in some traits, this selection canceled or reversed dimorphism patterns produced by growth differences between sexes. The net result was that adult sexual dimorphism, to a large degree, was an outcome of selection for survival during juvenile stages. We suggest that previously documented fast and extensive divergence of house finch populations in sexual size dimorphism may be partially produced by distinct environmental conditions during growth in these populations.  相似文献   

19.
蒲河流域河流生境质量综合评价及其与水质响应关系   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
河流生境是河流生物赖以生存的环境,是维持河流生态完整性、维护河流健康的重要因素。本文结合蒲河流域环境特点,运用层次分析法建立了蒲河流域河流生境质量评价体系,对流域内25个河段的生境质量状况进行了综合评价,并进一步分析了河流生境综合评价指数与河流水质的相关关系。结果表明:(1)蒲河流域25个河段的生境质量状况差异显著,其中1个河段的生境质量等级为好,5个河段为较好等级,16个河段为一般等级,3个河段为较差等级。(2)生境综合评价指数与TP、NH4+-N、CODCr呈负相关,生境质量评价体系中其他指标也与水质指标具有相关性,表明生境质量是影响水质的重要因素。  相似文献   

20.
    
Wing polymorphism has been reported for several carabid beetles. Traditionally, a great number of ecological and evolutionary studies have focused on this peculiarity, which has implications on dispersal power. Research based on Orthomus berytensis specimens from two sampling areas of Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain) has shown that this species exhibits a wing dimorphism, instead of being brachypterous. This makes O. berytensis the first Orthomus wing dimorphic species to date. Statistical differences in macropterous percentage between both sexes and localities were found. Also, a sexual dimorphism in elytra length and width was found, both being higher in females.  相似文献   

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