The evolution of the Brachycytheride Ostracoda in the context of the breakup of Pangea

The ostracode Family Brachycytheridae is one of the most common taxa of Late Cretaceous shallow marine microfossils, and occurs in the marginal basins of Africa, Madagascar, the Middle East, South and North America and the Caribbean region. Their migration pathways were controlled largely by the plate tectonic events associated with the breakup of Pangea and the formation of the North and South Atlantic Oceans, the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico. This study is an attempt to combine specific information on the plate tectonic events as evidenced by the timings of continental-scale structural movements, sea level dynamics (largely the product of mantle processes), the creation and destruction of migration pathways, and taxonomy of the group, and thus relate deep-seated Earth processes, surficial expression of these movements, and biological evolution. Although the Late Cretaceous Brachycytheridae are very widely distributed, their use for correlation has been hampered due to their conservative external morphology, with all of them having a posteriorly-sloped dorsal margin and a swollen ventrolateral carapace, and all of them were long assigned to a single genus, Brachycythere. In 2002, Puckett defined a new genus, Acuminobrachycythere, based on a distinctive clade of North American brachycytherids. It was also recognized at that time that the members of the family from Gondwana (mainly Africa and South America) were distinct in having a single (unsplit) second adductor muscle scar, whereas all of those from North America had a split second adductor. This tiny difference holds significant paleogeographic—and presumably evolutionary—information. Two new genera are therefore described herein, Sapucariella, which is restricted to Gondwana, and Tricostabrachycythere, which is an early, short-lived genus that occurred around the margins of Gondwana. Three new species are described and one is re-described. In all, there are six genera in the Family Brachycytheridae, which include Acuminobrachycythere, Brachycythere, Kaesleria (which is restricted to the Middle East), Opimocythere (which evolved in the Paleogene of North America and is the last of the Brachycytheridae), Sapucariella and Tricostabrachycythere. Taxonomic information is presented for 85 species, including new images of many of the type specimens. A summary of the breakup of Pangea is also presented, with precise paleogeographic reconstructions based on global magnetic anomalies.     

Rays of Hope from the Ecological Restoration Alliance of Botanic Gardens,following its recent meeting in Amman,Jordan

In the spring of 2015, the Ecological Restoration Alliance (ERA) of Botanic Gardens held its fourth international meeting in Amman, Jordan, hosted by the Royal Botanic Garden of Jordan. Three regional working groups were launched, for the Middle East, East Africa, and Latin America, and new partnerships were forged to support ecological restoration initiatives led by botanic gardens in Jordan, Oman, and elsewhere. A one‐day public symposium, attended by over 100 people, was also held—the most significant public meeting on ecological restoration held to date in the Middle East. A communications strategy for regional outreach was agreed upon starting with the translation of several Society for Ecological Restoration (SER) foundation documents into Arabic. A peer‐reviewed translation of the SER International Primer on Ecological Restoration has already been produced by staff of the Royal Botanic Garden of Jordan and posted on the SER website. Further efforts will be made to promote public awareness in Jordan and regionally, in support of existing conservation and restoration programs, and to promote greater integration of ecological restoration programs in national and regional development schemes and government policies. Key action points were agreed upon to promote the practice of ecological restoration and the role of botanic gardens globally vis‐à‐vis policy makers and funders.     

Biostratigraphy and Paleobiogeographic implications of the Cenomanian–Early Turonian Ostracods of Egypt

The present study deals with the Cenomanian–early Turonian ostracods in the southern Sinai, Egypt. The investigated sequence includes the Raha and Abu Qada formations. The Raha Formation consists of distinctive Cenomanian taxa such as Cytherella aegyptiensis, Veeniacythereis maghrebensis, V. jezzineensis, V. streblolophata streblolophata, Monoceratina trituberculata, and Glenocythere reticulata. Based on the ostracod species, four local biozones are recognized, including Veeniacythereis jezzineensis – Metacythereopteron berbericum, Cytherella eosulcata – Xestoleberis derorimensis, Amphicytherura ziregensis and Perissocytheridea istriana – Cythereis fahrioni. The paleobiogeography of the considered ostracods suggests that there are two bioprovinces, the first of which is the North African province and includes Egypt, Tunisia and Algeria. The second bioprovince represents the Middle East province and includes Lebanon, Oman and Iran. The strong resemblance between the two bioprovince indicates a relatively good communication along the margin of Southern Tethys during the Cenomanian and improved marine ostracod exchange.     

Distribution and variability of deformed wing virus of honeybees (Apis mellifera) in the Middle East and North Africa

Three hundred and eleven honeybee samples from 12 countries in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) (Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, Yemen, Palestine, and Sudan) were analyzed for the presence of deformed wing virus (DWV). The prevalence of DWV throughout the MENA region was pervasive, but variable. The highest prevalence was found in Lebanon and Syria, with prevalence dropping in Palestine, Jordan, and Egypt before increasing slightly moving westwards to Algeria and Morocco Phylogenetic analysis of a 194 nucleotide section of the DWV Lp gene did not identify any significant phylogenetic resolution among the samples, although the sequences did show consistent regional clustering, including an interesting geographic gradient from Morocco through North Africa to Jordan and Syria. The sequences revealed several clear variability hotspots in the deduced amino acid sequence, which furthermore showed some patterns of regional identity. Furthermore, the sequence variants from the Middle East and North Africa appear more numerous and diverse than those from Europe.     

The fossil fauna from an Upper Pleistocene site in Jordan

The fossil fauna from an Upper Pleistocene habitation site in Jordan is described. Seven species of mammal are represented, three of these being recorded for the fist time from Jordan. The faunal remains are compared with those from Mount Cannel and other Pleistocene sites in the Near East. It is suggested that the site was occupied during an early inter- stadial of the last glaciation when savannah conditions prevailed.     

Hordein locus polymorphism in near eastern local populations of cultivated barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

Electrophoresis in starch gel has been used to study the polymorphism of hordeins encoded by loci Hrd A, Hrd B, and Hrd F in 140 local barley populations from the Near East, including 60, 34, 33, 8, and 5 populations from Syria, Jordan, Iraq, Palestine, and Israel, respectively. Fifty-seven Hrd A, 87 Hrd B, and 5 Hrd F alleles have been found. The alleles of these loci considerably differ in frequencies and distribution in populations from different Near Eastern countries. Cluster analysis of the matrix of the frequencies of hordein locus alleles in barley populations from the Near East, North Africa, Ethiopia, and South Arabia has yielded two clusters. The first cluster includes barley populations from Israel, Palestine, Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria, and Egypt; the second cluster, populations from Iraq, Syria, Jordan, Yemen, and Ethiopia.     

Middle Eocene Ostracods from southeast Fayoum area,Egypt: Systematics,paleobathymetry and paleobiogeography

This study deals with the Middle Eocene ostracods from southeast Fayoum area, Egypt. To carry out this investigation, three outcrops are examined, Gebel Elwe El Breig, Gebel Sath El Hadid and Gebel Munqar El-Shinnara. This study is based on the Midawara Formation that consists mainly of fossiliferous limestone, marly limestone and clay. The studied ostracod assemblage includes thirty-one species and subspecies, belonging to twenty-three genera and seventeen families. The ostracod group belonging to Cytheroidea Baird, 1850 represents the most abundant group that reaches 81.99% in Munqar El-Shinnara section, 81.88% in Sath El Hadid section, and 61.12% in Elwe El Breig section. The structure of the investigated assemblages (abundance of ostracods, number of taxa, Fisher's alpha, Shannon index, and equitability) indicates deposition in an environment belonging to the neritic zone. Moreover, this study tries to use the multivariate analyses to distinguish the paleobiogeographic provinces in Tethyan region during the Middle Eocene. These analyses are applied on a matrix consists of some nominated Middle Eocene species from 13 countries. The results point to two distinctive provinces, Southern Tethys Province (Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt and Jordan) and the Northern Tethys Province (England, Germany, Spain, France, Belgium, Ukraine, Hungary and Turkey). The reasonable similarities between these provinces may reflect a possible connection between both sides of the Tethys during the Middle Eocene age.     

An account on the taxonomy of ostracodes from recent reefal flat deposits in Bali, Indonesia

We give a preliminary account on the taxonomy of ostracodes species gathered from a composite bottom sediment sample taken from recent reefal flat deposits off the East coast of Bali at a depth of about 1.50 m. A total of 34 ostracod species were recovered belonging to 24 genera. Most species identified are well known from previous investigations; however, their taxonomic range is rather confused and needs modern revision. The fauna is generally widely distributed in the tropical littoral zone of Indo-West Pacific. Only six species are shared with the Red Sea, five have also been recorded from the Caribbean area, and only one species is common with the Mediterranean.

Résumé

Cette étude préliminaire est focalisée sur la systématique des espèces d'ostracodes récoltées sur un platier récifal actuel de la côte Est de Bali, à une profondeur d'environ 1,50 m. Trente quatre espèces appartenant à 24 genres ont été identifiées. La majorité des espèces sont bien connues par les travaux antérieurs ; néanmoins, leur position taxonomique est souvent confuse et nécessite d'être révisée. Cette faune est largement répartie dans la zone tropicale littorale du domaine indo-pacifique. Seulement six espèces sont communes avec la Mer Rouge, cinq autres avec la province caribéenne, et une seule avec la Méditerranée.     

Polymorphism of hordei-coding loci in Near Eastern local populations of cultivated barley (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hordeum vulgare</Emphasis> L.)

Electrophoresis in starch gel has been used to study the polymorphism of hordeins encoded by loci Hrd A, Hrd B, and Hrd F in 140 local barley populations from the Near East, including 60, 34, 33, 8, and 5 populations from Syria, Jordan, Iraq, Palestine, and Israel, respectively. Fifty-seven Hrd A, 87 Hrd B, and 5 Hrd F alleles have been found. The alleles of these loci considerably differ in frequencies and distribution in populations from different Near Eastern countries. Cluster analysis of the matrix of the frequencies of alleles of hordei-coding locus alleles in barley populations from the Near East, North Africa, Ethiopia, and South Arabia has yielded two clusters. The first cluster includes barley populations from Israel, Palestine, Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria, and Egypt; the second cluster, populations from Iraq, Syria, Jordan, Yemen, and Ethiopia.     

The existence of LSP-1βS in Drosophila melanogaster natural populations in two northern states

LSP-1^S is present in Michigan and Massachusetts Drosophila melanogaster natural populations. Its frequency, 10%, is significantly higher in an East Jordan, Mich. (latitude, 45.10° N), population than in East Lansing, Mich. (latitude 42.44° N), or Hadley, Mass. (latitude, 42.21° N), populations, where it averages 3% at each location. The average frequency of LSP-2^S is more comparable, 6, 5, and 7% at East Jordan, East Lansing, and Hadley, respectively. LSP-1^F variants are also present. A total of 342 single third-instar larvae was scored for LSP-1 autosomal variants, and 323 for LSP-2 variants. Each larva represented a newly established isofemale line from collections at East Jordan in 1981 and 1983, East Lansing in 1982, and Hadley in 1981, 1982, and 1983. Within localities, frequencies of hemolymph protein variants did not differ significantly between years. Proteins 9, 10, 11, and 15 correspond to the LSP-1, , and triplet and LSP-2 polypeptide in D. melanogaster. Our results together with those of Singh and Coulthart [(1982). Genetics 102:437] indicate that D. melanogaster populations in north temperate climates maintain considerable genetic heterogeneity for the larval hemolymph proteins.     

Whole-genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of rabies viruses from Jordan

Human fatalities caused by rabies are rarely reported in Jordan; however, domestic animals are more likely to fall victim to rabies compared to wild animals, at least this is the case in Jordan due to the presence of canine rabies. In this study, twelve brain samples from domestic and wild animals suspected of being infected with rabies virus from different regions of Jordan were collected during 2019. Seven of them tested positive using the fluorescent antibody test and real-time SYBR RT-PCR assay. Five specimens were from stray dogs and two from foxes. The whole genome sequences were obtained from the positive samples. Sequence analysis showed that one dog virus from Al Quwaysimah city located in Amman governorate, was closely related to an Israeli strain belonging to a Cosmopolitan ME1a clade. The genomes of the remaining six viruses (four from dogs and two from foxes) collected from different areas of Jordan were genetically-related to each other and clustered together with sequences from Iran and Turkey; all belong to Cosmopolitan ME2 clade. These sequences were analyzed with six other Jordanian rabies virus nucleoprotein (N) gene sequences available in the public database, five of them belong to ME1a clade and one belongs to ME1b clade. Rabies virus whole genome data is scarce across the Middle East. This study provides a better understanding of the molecular epidemiology of rabies virus in the region.     

Further observations on Vexillarius cancellifer Jordan & Chamberlain

A single specimen of an unusual dimorphic coccosphere was encountered in the subtropical North Atlantic. Despite its poor condition, it was formally described in 1993 as a new lower photic zone species, Vexillarius cancellifer Jordan & Chamberlain. Since then, the species has only been reported twice, with little or no additional information to the original diagnosis. In 2005, a new specimen was found in the Java upwelling system in the southeastern Indian Ocean, and like the type specimen, it was collected from the lower photic zone. The distal portions of the tubular coccoliths are far more complete in the new specimen. We therefore provide an emended diagnosis for this rare genus and species.     

New records for the horse fly fauna (Diptera: Tabanidae) of Jordan with remarks on ecology and zoogeography

The horse fly fauna (Diptera: Tabanidae) of Jordan is, after Israel, the richest in the Levant, with 24 known species. During the 20-year project "The Ecology and Zoogeography of the Lepidoptera of the Near East," we regularly collected blood-feeding flies, resulting in 11 additional species of Tabanidae for Jordan. The new records are: Atylotus quadrifarius (Loew, 1874), Chrysops caecutiens (Linnaeus, 1758), Dasyrhamphis nigritus (Fabricius, 1794), Haematopota pallens Loew, 1871, Nemorius irritans (Ricardo, 1901), Philipomyia graeca (Fabricius, 1794), Tabanus cordiger Meigen, 1820, Tabanus taeniola Palisot de Beauvois, 1806, Tabanus quatuornotatus Meigen, 1820, Tabanus separatus Effllatoun, 1930, and Tabanus spectabilis Loew, 1858. Most of the new records (10/11) are of Palearctic origin; of these, six are of a Mediterranean and one each of West Palearctic, Euroasiatic, Irano-Turanian, and Eremic providence. Only one species, T. taeniola, is an Afrotropical-Eremic element.     

Cenomanian–Early Turonian Ostracoda of the shallow marine carbonate platform sequence at west central Sinai: Biostratigraphy,paleobathymetry and paleobiogeography

The Cenomanian–Lower Turonian succession exposed in west central Sinai is carefully studied for their ostracode content. The Raha and Abu Qada Formations were studied in 4 sections. Their ostracode content includes the recognition of 70 species belonging to 34 genera. One species is considered as new (Spinoleberis grosdidieri n. sp.). The vertical distribution of the ostracodes in the sections enables the detection of four local biostratigraphic zones with a Barren Interzone in between. In terms of paleobathymetry, each studied sequence reveals deposition on a shallow reefal carbonate platform of less than 100 m depth. The flourishing of cytherellids in repeated intervals refers to kenoxic events within the Cenomanian section. These events are enhanced just below the Cenomanian–Turonian boundary referring to the Oceanic Anoxic Event 2. The wide paleobiogeographic distribution of the recorded Cenomanian ostracodes reveals that there was a direct connection throughout the Southern Tethyan Realm countries. Also, there was a migration path between the Southern Tethyan bioprovince and the West African bioprovince during the Cenomanian via the Trans-Saharan Seaway and along the Atlantic coast of West Africa.     

Leishmaniasis in the Middle East: Incidence and Epidemiology

Leishmaniasis is a major health problem worldwide, with several countries reporting cases of leishmaniasis resulting in loss of human life or a lifelong stigma because of bodily scars. The Middle East is endemic for cutaneous leishmaniasis, with countries like Syria reporting very high incidence of the disease. Despite several countries establishing national control programs for containing the sandfly vector and treatment of infection, the disease continues to spread. In addition to the endemicity of the region for leishmaniasis, the Middle East has seen a great deal of human migration either for earning of livelihood or due to political upheaval in the region. These factors contribute to the spread and proliferation of the causative species Leishmania and its sandfly host. This review discusses the current epidemiological scenario in Iraq, Syria, Saudi Arabia, and Jordan, emphasizing the number of cases reported, vector species, Leishmania species, and treatment available. The data is primarily from WHO reports for each country and current and old literature.     

Radiocarbon age of carbonate in fruits of Lithospermum from the early Bronze Age settlement of Hirbet ez-Zeraqōn (Jordan)

Uncarbonized fruits of the Boraginaceae occur widely in cultural layers of archaeological sites in the Mediterranean and the Near East. To date, interpreting their origin remains problematic. It is difficult for archaeobotanists to tell whether such fruits were deposited as part of the cultural layer or were introduced post-depositionally. In an attempt to answer this question for the early Bronze Age site of Hirbet ez-Zeraqon (Jordan), we used direct ¹⁴C dating of biogenic carbonate from calcareous fruits of Lithospermum. The radiocarbon ages of seven fossil samples of the fruits suggest that they originate from plants that grew during or around the time of occupation.     

A revision of the sanitheriidae,a new family of suiformes (mammalia)

A reassessment of sanitheres Diamantohyus and Sanitherium based on important new material from Kenya, results in the view that the group warrants familial status separate from the Suidae with which it has been grouped until now. Analysis of distribution patterns and co-occurrences with other faunal elements in East Africa indicates that sanitheres probably preferred to live in or near wet habitats, notably swamps and lake margins. The geographic distribution and biostratigraphy of sanitheres is examined.     

Horseflies of Jordan

The horsefly (Diptera: Tabanidae) fauna of Jordan consists of 21 species belonging to seven genera. The present study adds 17 new records to this little-known group of haematophagous insects. Most of the new records were collected from several localities within the Jordan Valley. These new records are Chrysops flavipes Meigen, Atylotus farinosus (Szilády), Dasyrhamphis umbrinus (Meigen), Haematopota coronata Austen, Hybomitra decora (Loew), Hybomitra mendica (Villeneuve), Tabanus accensus Austen, T. albifacies Loew, T. bifarius Loew, T. darimonti Leclercq, T. laetetinctus Becker, T. leleani Austen, T. pallidipes Austen, T. regularis Jaennicke, T. rupinae Austen, T. sufis Jaennicke and Therioplectes tunicatus (Szilády). Tabanus albifacies and T. sufis were the most common species collected by hand nets (19.85% and 17.73%, respectively) and D. umbrinus, Haematopota minuscula Austen, and Haematopota coronata were the least common species (0.12% for each). Zoogeographical analysis of the recorded species showed that 12 species are of Mediterranean origin, four are of Afrotropical origin, two of European origin and at least three species can be considered as endemic to the Middle East.     

Genetic polymorphisms of Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto in the Middle East

Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto is a cosmopolitan parasite causing cystic echinococcosis in humans and livestock. Recent molecular phylogeographic studies suggested the rapid dispersal of the parasite by the anthropogenic movement of domestic animal hosts. In the present study, genetic polymorphism of E. granulosus s. s. in the Middle East, where the domestication started, was investigated to validate the dispersal history of the parasite. Thirty-five and 26 hydatid cysts were collected from Iran and Jordan, respectively, and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (cox1) gene was sequenced. Chinese and Peruvian specimens were also analyzed for comparison. Haplotype network analysis demonstrated the existence of a common haplotype EG01 in all populations. Although EG01 and its one-step neighbors were the majority in all regions, most of the neighboring haplotypes were unique in each locality. Haplotype diversity was high but nucleotide diversity was low in Iran, Jordan and China. Both diversities were lowest and only a few haplotypes were found in Peru. Neutrality indices were significantly negative in Iran, Jordan and China, and positive but not significant in Peru. Pairwise fixation index was significant for all pairwise comparisons, indicating genetic differentiation among populations. These results suggest a evolutionary history of E. granulosus s. s. in which a genetic subgroup including EG01 was selected at the dawn of domestication, and then it was rapidly dispersed worldwide through the diffusion of stock raising. To approach the origin of the ancestral strain, extensive sampling is needed in many endemic regions. To evaluate the hypothetical evolutionary scenario, further study is needed to analyze specimens from diverse host species in wider regions.     

Seroepidemiologic study of herpes simplex virus type 2 and cytomegalovirus among young adults in northern Jordan

Blood samples were randomly collected from 360 males and 390 females among apparently healthy university students aged 18-24 years and tested for herpes virus type 2 (HSV-2) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) antibodies. The prevalence of HSV-2 seropositivity was 52.8% for males and 41.5% for females as detected by ELISA. On the other hand, the prevalence of CMV seropositivity was 75.6% in males and 77.2% in females. The high percentage of seropositivity in our study is most probably due to the crowded living and low socioeconomic status of the Jordan population. The higher prevalence in males could be due to the way of life in the Middle East that gives males the freedom to play outdoors more than females.