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1.
山东半岛滨海沙滩前缘的野生植物   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3       下载免费PDF全文
滨海沙滩是以海水影响为基本过程的地貌类型, 适应这种环境的植物类群与适生于内陆的沙地植物可能存在巨大差别。在野外调查的基础上, 分析了山东半岛滨海沙滩前缘的植物种类及其种间关系。结果表明: (1) 滨海沙滩前缘具有独特的优势种库, 包括沙钻苔草(Carex kobomugi)、肾叶打碗花(Calystegia soldanella)、粗毛鸭嘴草(Ischaemum bartatum)、单叶蔓荆(Vitex trifolia var. simplicifolia)、矮生苔草(Carex pumila)和沙引草(Messerschmidia sibirica)等; (2) 优势种库的成员都是潜在优势种, 它们之间主要呈抑制效应, 对库外物种几乎没有抑制效应, 甚至有互补或互利效应。在进化过程中, 这些潜在优势种可能已适应风暴潮的干扰, 不会因受风暴潮灾害而灭亡。当植物适应风暴潮后, 滨海沙滩不再是灾难环境, 反而变为适宜生境。为持续利用这些物种, 不仅要保护其赖以生存的天然生境, 还要开展引种栽培, 消除人们对野生资源的采挖动机。根据物种间的天然联系, 栽培时宜将具有互利或互补关系的物种间混种植, 不宜将具有抑制关系的物种间混种植。  相似文献   

2.
滨海沙滩珊瑚菜种群的空间格局及其对岸垄的响应   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
珊瑚菜(Glehnia littoralis)是国家Ⅱ级重点保护植物,天然分布在中国滨海沙滩潮上带。为认识珊瑚菜种群的更新机制及其对岸垄阻隔的响应,以青岛市胶南沙滩为例,调研沙垄前后珊瑚菜野生种群的分布和结构特征。结果表明:在分布格局上,垄前珊瑚菜在2.5 m的空间范围内呈聚集分布,成株与幼苗没有负关联性,而在更小尺度上表现明显的正关联性;垄后珊瑚菜表现出聚集范围变窄和聚集强度减弱的趋势,成株与幼苗的正关联性减弱,甚至有明显的负关联性;在种群结构上,垄前珊瑚菜的相对密度较高,幼苗较多,结实量较大,更新正常;相反,垄后珊瑚菜的密度、幼苗数量、结实量均降低或减少,更新过程明显受阻。据此推断,岸垄可能通过抑制潮水对种子的传播而阻碍珊瑚菜的天然更新。  相似文献   

3.
运用景观生态决策与评价支持系统(LEDESS)对辽河三角洲的3个景观规划预案,即湿地调整,生境管理和农业开发可能导致的地表覆盖物,自然生态单元等立地环境以及保护物种生境适宜性等区域生态后果进行了评估,并与现状进行了对比,模拟结果表明,预案A通过湿地调整措施不仅补偿了芦苇湿地的损失,还将部分不适宜生境和边境生境转变核心生境,相当程度上优化了保护物种丹顶鹤和黑嘴鸥的生境质量,预案B通过一系列生境管理措施,减轻了生境破碎化因素的影响,从而也显著改善了丹顶鹤生境质量,对黑嘴鸥生境质量也有一定改善,预宁C大规模农业开发如能控制一定规模(8000hm2)并采取一定合理模式(滚动开发),能相当程度上减轻农业开发对物种生境的影响,即使不采取生境补偿措施,对丹顶鹤,黑嘴鸥核心生境也不会有破坏性的影响,模拟结果还表明,区域人类活动导致的生境破碎化是对丹顶鹤生境质量重要的干扰因子,而滩涂农业开发和水产养殖强烈地干扰了涂植被正常的演替过程,从而影响着黑嘴鸥等滩涂鸟类的生境适宜性。  相似文献   

4.
张文庆  张古忍  古德祥 《生态学报》2001,21(11):1927-1931
保护利用天敌是农田害虫生物防治的基本手段。短期农作物生境中的天敌亚群落周期性地呈现出群落重建、群落发展和群落瓦解3个阶段。其中的重建阶段对抑制害虫的发生和危害至关重要。天敌亚群落的重建与其种库、群落本身和作物生态系统之间的相互作用关系,是群落水平上保护利用天敌的理论基础之一。因此,可以指导自然天敌的保护和持续利用,促进短期农作物生境中的害虫生物防治。  相似文献   

5.
福建海岛具有丰富的滨海特有植物资源, 研究其物种丰富度的分布格局及机制, 能够为滨海特有植物资源保护提供依据。本研究探讨了福建53个海岛滨海特有植物的种-面积关系, 以及景观、人为干扰和气候3个方面10个环境因子对滨海特有植物物种丰富度的影响。同时还探讨了不同生活型(乔木、灌木、草本)对海岛环境因子的响应。结果表明: 滨海特有植物和不同生活型植物的种-面积关系呈现物种丰富度随着面积增加而增加的趋势, 滨海特有植物、乔木、灌木和草本的种-面积关系的斜率(z)分别为0.16、0.15、0.15和0.14。景观环境因子中的面积、形状指数和周长面积比是解释福建海岛滨海特有植物及不同生活型植物物种丰富度的主要决定因素, 滨海特有植物及各生活型植物物种丰富度随着面积和形状指数的增加而增加, 而滨海特有植物、灌木和草本的物种丰富度随着周长面积比的增加而减少。此外, 不同生活型植物的物种丰富度对海岛环境因子的响应存在差异, 除景观方面的因子外, 气候对乔木的解释率最大, 达9.82%。综上所述, 相比于其他海岛生态系统, 福建海岛滨海特有植物及不同生活型植物的物种丰富度与面积密切相关, 其较低的斜率(z)表明滨海特有植物对海岛生境的敏感性较弱。景观方面的环境因子相比气候和人为干扰方面贡献了更多的解释率。以往研究发现岛屿环境因子与生境异质性显著相关, 如岛屿越大、形状越不规则、周长面积比越低, 则生境异质性越高。因此生境异质性的提升可能是解释滨海特有植物丰富度随景观环境因子变化的内在机制。  相似文献   

6.
小兴安岭北部胎生蜥蜴春季的栖息生境   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
分别于2005年5-7月和2006年5月在黑龙江省孙吴县境内方圆15 km的范围内采用样线法对胎生蜥蜴(Lacerta vivipara)春季的栖息生境进行了初步研究.通过对胎生蜥蜴栖息生境中的15个生境因子进行的频次百分比分析可以看出,在小兴安岭北部胎生蜥蜴春季的最适栖息生境是处于山体半阴半阳坡的中、下坡位,且坡度平缓的蒙古栎(Quercus mongolica).黑桦(Betula davurica)林中,林间落叶层较厚,具有适中的湿度和光照强度,且土质疏松,人为和天敌的干扰小.结果表明,胎生蜥蜴在春季一般选择具有良好的食物与隐蔽条件,以及能够提供充足热量的栖息生境,这是该物种对高纬度低温环境的一种适应.  相似文献   

7.
在宁夏灵武白芨滩国家级自然保护区内, 选取了具有代表性的干旱荒漠草原区、干旱草原沙生植被区及流沙人工封育区3 类生境共9 个样地, 于2012 年4 月-9 月以巴氏罐诱法对拟步甲科昆虫多样性及其对生境的指示作用进行了调查研究。结果共获得标本3737 号, 计10 属17 种。Rarefaction 曲线接近渐进线, 表明采集强度基本反映了该地区拟步甲科昆虫的物种多样性。尖尾东鳖甲Anatolica mucronata(占总个体数的29.27%)和阿小鳖甲Microdera kraatzi alashanica(占25.82%)的个体数量最多, 波氏东鳖甲Anutolica potanini(占15.68%)和谢氏宽漠王Mantichorula semenowi(占12.44%)次之, 为该地区的优势类群。干旱草原沙生植被区物种丰富度指数最高(1.671), 相应的群落多样性各指数也都最高, 其次是流沙人工封育区, 干旱荒漠草原区最低。利用指示值法筛选了不同生境的特征指示种, 结果显示泥脊漠甲Pterocoma vittata hedini(指示值为98.36%)、突角漠甲Trigonocnera pseudopimelia(指示值为100%)和莱氏脊漠甲Pterocoma reitteri(指示值为85.71%)对干旱荒漠草原区具有指示作用。蒙古漠王Platyope mongolica(指示值为100%)、弯齿琵甲Blaps femoralis(指示值为71.43%)和多毛宽漠甲Sternoplaxsetosa(指示值为91.91%)对干旱草原沙生植被区具有指示作用。谢氏宽漠王(指示值为94.41%)对流沙人工封育区具有指示作用。  相似文献   

8.
滨海盐碱地棉花成苗的原理与技术   总被引:3,自引:1,他引:3  
成苗是滨海盐碱地植棉的难点,建立和完善成苗技术是盐碱地棉花丰产的关键.本文在回顾前人相关研究的基础上,依据我们在该领域的研究进展,总结评述了土壤根区盐分差异分布、提墒增温、建立膜下温室和采用抗盐种衣剂促进棉花成苗的效应与机制.在土壤耕层平均盐分含量不能减少的情况下,通过诱导盐分在根区的差异分布、适度提高土壤含水量和地温,改善至少部分根区的生态环境,可显著减轻盐害,是促进盐碱地棉花成苗的重要途径.轻度盐碱地平作覆盖、中度和重度盐碱地沟畦覆盖、无灌溉条件下的预覆膜栽培、热量不足地区的短季棉晚播,是促进滨海盐碱地棉花成苗和增产的可靠技术.以上成苗理论与技术为滨海盐碱地棉花一播全苗提供了保障.  相似文献   

9.
滨海盐碱地棉花成苗的原理与技术   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
董合忠 《生态学杂志》2012,23(2):566-572
成苗是滨海盐碱地植棉的难点,建立和完善成苗技术是盐碱地棉花丰产的关键.本文在回顾前人相关研究的基础上,依据我们在该领域的研究进展,总结评述了土壤根区盐分差异分布、提墒增温、建立膜下温室和采用抗盐种衣剂促进棉花成苗的效应与机制.在土壤耕层平均盐分含量不能减少的情况下,通过诱导盐分在根区的差异分布、适度提高土壤含水量和地温,改善至少部分根区的生态环境,可显著减轻盐害,是促进盐碱地棉花成苗的重要途径.轻度盐碱地平作覆盖、中度和重度盐碱地沟畦覆盖、无灌溉条件下的预覆膜栽培、热量不足地区的短季棉晚播,是促进滨海盐碱地棉花成苗和增产的可靠技术.以上成苗理论与技术为滨海盐碱地棉花一播全苗提供了保障.  相似文献   

10.
王娟  张华兵  刘玉卿  韩爽  徐雅  张亚楠 《生态学报》2020,40(24):8966-8973
盐城滨海湿地植物群落种间格局与竞争关系发生变化,导致湿地景观结构与格局发生变化。以江苏盐城国家级珍禽自然保护区核心区为典型研究区,利用1992、1997、2000、2011、2017年TM影像作为数据源,结合GIS技术,运用景观生态学方法分析了滨海湿地植物群落种间格局与竞争关系的时空变化特征。结果表明:(1)1992—2017年,植物群落结构变化呈现出芦苇群落和互花米草群落持续扩张的特征,其面积百分比到2017年分别达到37.06%和34.50%;碱蓬群落整体上呈现持续萎缩的特征,到2017年仅占5.09%。(2)1992—2017年,香农多样性指数(SHDI)和边缘密度(ED)值分别先上升至1.482和14.391,再逐渐下降至1.283和11.967,最大斑块指数(LPI)和聚集度指数(AI)先增大再减小,均反映了植物群落竞争关系从单一化走向多元化再到单一化的趋势。(3)1992—2017年,芦苇-碱蓬群落之间竞争的空间位置先向海方向推进,后向陆方面后退;碱蓬-互花米草群落竞争的位置先向海、再向陆方向、再向海方面演进;芦苇-碱蓬-互花米草群落种间竞争的位置由区域的南部向中部演进。研...  相似文献   

11.
Abstract: Allozyme electrophoresis was used to evaluate levels and distribution of genetic diversity in Iberian populations of the threatened coastal sand dune plant Stachys maritima (Lamiaceae). During the last century, this species was subjected to severe habitat fragmentation, mainly as a consequence of tourism activities and urban pressures, with a decreasing of area up to 99 % in the Iberian Peninsula and a remaining total population size of ca. 250 individuals. Extremely low levels of genetic variation were detected ( P = 14.0, A = 1.16 and H e = 0.066). From the 20 interpretable loci found, only 4 were polymorphic and another one, the Idh-2 locus, showed a fixed heterozygous banding pattern, which may be attributed to gene duplication. Low values of diversity can be related to small population size and isolation of populations. The degree of threat has been increased from vulnerable (VU) to critically endangered (CR), according to the IUCN criteria. Conservation policies should be focused on maintaining population size and gene flow, in addition to preserving its habitat, although reintroductions and reinforcements appear to be necessary to ensure long-term viability of populations.  相似文献   

12.
北京市建成区绿地植物物种来源分析   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
为探讨北京市建成区绿地植物的物种构成、外来植物组成及其在不同功能区的分布,采用机械布点和随机抽样法对北京市建成区绿地植物资源进行系统调查。结果表明:(1)北京市建成区绿地植物外来引进种173种,外来归化入侵种20余种:(2)外来引进种以国内引进为主,境外起源物种中美洲和欧亚区系植物占绝对优势:(3)外来种丰度按大小排列为:大型公园〉高等院校〉居住区绿地〉街头绿地/街心花园〉附属绿地〉街道绿地〉片林绿地,而各绿地类型的入侵种数量没有显著差异。  相似文献   

13.
We examined changes in the distribution of 9 native and 18 introduced freshwater fishes in the south-eastern Pyrenees watershed, Iberian Peninsula, using data from 1996, 1984–1988 and historical information. This region suffers many modifications to its freshwater ecosystems that are linked to human activity in the Mediterranean regions. Fish communities, stream physical habitat and environmental degradation were assessed at 168 sites from 11 basins in 1996. Seven native species (78%) showed decline from previous data, one of which became extirpated in the first half of the 20th century. On the other hand, introduced species are expanding. As a consequence, intact native communities are increasingly rare, declining from presence in 22% of river courses in 1984–1988 to 15% in 1996. The most typical community type is a mixture of native and introduced species occupying 30% of river courses. Stream degradation seems to be the main cause of this process because fish communities differed between degraded streams and streams suffering less impact. A principal component analysis showed that water pollution and modifications to the habitat were the two anthropogenic factors that accounted for most changes in the fish community integrity. Habitat alteration, primarily through construction of dams and water diversions, has fragmented habitats and isolated native fish communities in headwater streams. Current protection measures do not offer effective conservation of threatened species and communities. A global conservation and restoration programme from an ecosystem-based approach is essential to reverse the trend affecting native freshwater fishes in this Mediterranean region.  相似文献   

14.
Fifteen polymorphic microsatellite loci were isolated from an enriched genomic library of the sand pocket mouse Chaetodipus arenarius. The mean number of alleles per locus was 11.53 (range five to 19) and the average observed heterozygosity was 0.764 (range 0.121 to 1.0). The markers will be used for detecting the impact of human-induced habitat fragmentation on patterns of gene flow, genetic structure, and extinction risk. In addition, these markers will be useful across the genus because most of the loci cross-amplified and were polymorphic in three other species of Chaetodipus.  相似文献   

15.
目前我国人均占有的水、土资源少的情况下,既加强水土保持,恢复原有的生态系统,又为山区经济发展创造条件,以达到人与自然的和谐发展的工作中,野生经济植物资源的合理利用有着特别重要的作用。第一,许多好的经济植物是当地的乡土植物,适应当地的气候、土壤条件,稍加人工抚育即可成活、生长和取得较好的效益。第二,实行谁种植、谁管理、谁受益的制度,管理的投入可以从收入中提取,以减少国家对水土流失治理的投入。第三,发展优良的经济植物,也给全社会增加吃、穿、用的各种物质资源,有些可以出口创汇,增加国家财富积累。发展山区野生经济植物,对治理水土流失和增加农民收入都有重要的现实意义。  相似文献   

16.
Invasive fishes, via competition and predation, may be an important factor in endangering populations of amphibians and other aquatic fauna. The mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis , commonly stocked into amphibian breeding sites for mosquito control worldwide, has recently been found in some breeding sites of the endangered fire salamander Salamandra infraimmaculata in northern Israel. A comparison of Salamandra larvae in natural pools varying in Gambusia densities suggested that Gambusia negatively affects Salamandra by causing damage to its appendages, in particular, its tailfin (as manifested in a smaller tail:body ratio). Comparison of the same pool before and after mosquitofish introduction suggested strong negative effects on larval performance and number of emerging metamorphs. To explicitly test the hypothesis that Gambusia negatively affects Salamandra larval development, growth and survival, we conducted a replicated outdoor mesocosm experiment. In this experiment, we also tested how habitat structural complexity, in the form of radiating cords simulating artificial vegetation, might mediate damage caused by Gambusia . We used a two-by-two factorial design: the presence or absence of increased structural complexity crossed with the presence or absence of mosquitofish. After a short period, mosquitofish strongly reduced larval wet weight and survival, and increased body damage in the form of a reduced larval tail:body ratio and partially missing gills and limbs. No Salamandra larvae exposed to mosquitofish survived to metamorphosis in either habitat type. We conclude that Gambusia strongly and negatively affects Salamandra larvae and that the introduction of Gambusia into sites containing Salamandra is inconsistent with the goal of preserving this endangered urodele.  相似文献   

17.
Habitat fragmentation and its genetic consequences are a critically important issue in evaluating the evolutionary penalties of human habitat modification. Here, we examine the genetic structure and diversity in naturally subdivided and artificially fragmented populations of the endangered tidewater goby (Eucyclogobius newberryi), a small fish restricted to discrete coastal lagoons and estuaries in California, USA. We use five naturally fragmented coastal populations from a 300‐ km spatial scale as a standard to assess migration and drift relative to eight artificially fragmented bay populations from a 30‐ km spatial scale. Using nine microsatellite loci in 621 individuals, and a 522‐base fragment of mitochondrial DNA control region from 103 individuals, we found striking differences in the relative influences of migration and drift on genetic variation at these two scales. Overall, the artificially fragmented populations exhibited a consistent pattern of higher genetic differentiation and significantly lower genetic diversity relative to the naturally fragmented populations. Thus, even in a species characterized by habitat isolation and subdivision, further artificial fragmentation appears to result in substantial population genetic consequences and may not be sustainable.  相似文献   

18.
The temporal fluctuation of water levels and the presence of mosquito larvae were investigated for four types of small container habitats (treeholes, bamboo stumps, cemetery stone vases, and cemetery stone vessels) on Kabeshima Island in Kyushu, southwestern Japan. The probability that containers held water was positively correlated with the quantity of the preceding rainfall and with the depth and volume of the containers. It was estimated that dehydration occurred more regularly in autumn and winter than in summer. The probability that mosquito larvae were present in each type of container was positively correlated with habitat stability in terms of the probability of the existence of standing water and the coefficient of variation of the water level. Twelve species of mosquito larvae, including two rare predators, were found. Species composition differed between the different types of container. Although 4 to 10 species used each type of container, the median number of species per container was two for treeholes and bamboo stumps, and one for the others. The dominant species wasTripteroides bambusa in treeholes and bamboo stumps,Aedes albopictus in stone vases, andA. japonicus in stone vessels. The larval mosquito community, which lacked major predators, possessed the following features that may facilitate the coexistence of many species: (1) niche segregation amongst species in terms of their selection of container types; (2) an aggregated distribution of the individual species among containers of the same type; (3) high intraspecific mean crowding (and hence probably intense intraspecific competition) in the dominant species in each type of container; (4) independent species associations within the same type of container; and (5) low interspecific mean crowding (and hence probablynot intense interspecific competition) between species in the same type of container.  相似文献   

19.
Humans are making increasing demands on natural ecosystems. One recent study has concluded that our species is consuming or diverting some 40% of the net photosynthetic productivity of our planet. Many habitats are being converted to simpler systems which provide more harvestable goods to people. As a result, genetic diversity, species and whole ecosystems are disappearing; some scientists suggest that as many as 25% of the world's species could be lost in the next several decades.The sinking ark is usually characterized in terms of pollution, habitat loss, poaching, introduced species and illegal trade in wildlife products, but these are symptoms rather than causes. At a more fundamental level, many of the same factors which have enabled pollution to become such a problem have also been responsible for the loss in biodiversity; the most important factor is that the effects of pollutants on biodiversity have been considered an externality, an unintended side effect of industrial activity which brought measurable benefits to people. Development activities which have depleted biodiversity have proven profitable only because the real costs have been hidden.Keeping the ark afloat will require the Five-I Approach: investigation (learning how natural systems function); information (ensuring that the facts are available to inform decisions); incentives (using economic tools to help conserve biodiversity); integration (promoting a cross-sectoral approach to conserving biodiversity); and international support (building productive collaboration for conserving biodiversity).  相似文献   

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