Intertidal interstitial Halicyclops from the Brazilian coast (Copepoda: Cyclopoida)

H. tageae sp. n. and Halicyclops ytororoma sp. n. are described from the intertidal interstitial water of Brazilian beaches. H. tageae is distinguished from all congeneric species by the number of setae on legs 1–4 endopodite 2 (1, 1, 2, 2) and by possessing a reduced inner spine on the leg 5 exopodite. It shares with H. brevispinosus, H. pusillus and H. canui the spine formula 2, 3, 3, 3 on exopodite 3 of swimming legs 1–4. H. ytororoma closely resembles H. gauldi and differs from this species by having 4 setae on leg 1 endopodite 3; H. gauldi has 3 setae on this segment.This is the first record of Halicyclops from marine interstitial water in Brazil.     

A reappraisal of the genus Phyllodiaptomus Kiefer, 1936, with the description of P. wellekensae n.sp. from India,and a redescription of P. tunguidus Shen & Tai, 1964 from China (Copepoda,Calanoida)

Phyllodiaptomus wellekensae n. sp. is described from south India. In the female, the genital somite is dilated at the left proximal margin and armed with an extraordinarily large, somewhat curved, laterally-directed spine; the right genital spine is much smaller than the left one. The terminal claw of leg 5 has a secretory pore at its tip and a characteristic conveyor canal on its anterior surface. In the right male P5, the coxal plate is short and unique in shape. The basis is 1.3 times as long as wide, with a long, sinuous, hyaline lamella on its medial margin. The first exopodite segment is short and optuse at its outer distal corner. The second segment is rectangular and has a short, hyaline, spinous projection between the lateral spine and the terminal claw. The left P5 has a large, serrate, hyaline fan between its apical thumb and medial apical seta. P. tunguidus is redescribed based on material newly collected from three localities in China.     

Troglocyclops janstocki,new genus,new species,a very primitive cyclopid (Copepods: Cyclopoida) from an anchialine cave in the Bahamas

Troglocyclops janstocki is proposed to accommodate cyclopids from Hatchet Bay Cave, Eleuthera Island, Bahamas. The species is the most primitive member of the Halicyclopinae because of the presence of 15-segmented antennules, mandibular palp reduced to 3 setae, one of them quite long and plumose, a bisegmented maxillary endopodite, and 3 segments in the maxilliped endopodite. These copepods possess the first pediger still distinct, being partially enclosed dorsally and laterally by a carapace-like extension of the posterior margin of the dorsal cephalic shield. This latter character represents a plesiomorphic state shared with the primitive cyclopinids and, within the Cyclopidae, only with the Euryteinae. The new taxon is the only known species of Halicyclopinae having two apical spines on the terminal segment of the exopodite of legs 2 to 4, and the intercoxal sclerites of the legs 1 and 2 sexually dimorphic. The phylogenetic importance of each of these characters is discussed.     

A new species of Acontiophorus Brady, 1880 (Copepoda: Siphonostomatoida) from Ushuaia,Argentina

A new species of Acontiophorus belonging to the family Asterocheridae was found in Ushuaia, Patagonia, southern Argentina. The new species is distinctive in having 9-segmented antennule, five setae on terminal endopodal segment of leg 1, seven elements on terminal segment of leg 1 and leg 4 exopods, and characteristic setation on maxillule lobes. This combination of characteristic features does not occur in any other species of the genus. The genus Acontiophorus is recorded for the first time from the South Atlantic.     

Pseudocyclops schminkei (Copepoda, Calanoida, Pseudocyclopidae): a new species from Okinawa

Both genders of Pseudocyclops schminkei n. sp. are described from a pearl fishery aquarium on Zamami Island, Okinawa, Japan; it is the 37th species of the genus. Pseudocyclops schminkei sp. nov. differs from other species of the magnus species group in the shape of the lobes of distal exopodal segment of the male left leg 5, and the morphology of setae on middle and distal exopodal segment of male right swimming leg 2. Aspects of the morphology of P. xiphophorus and P. bilobatus are redescribed, and an unnamed Pseudocyclops sp. from the Shedd Aquarium in Chicago, IL, is briefly noted. Females of P. schminkei sp. nov., P. xiphophorus and Pseudocyclops sp. could not be separated from each other with the small number of specimens available in this study for the former two species.     

Two new species ofHalicyclops (Copepoda,Cyclopoida) from the Amazon Basin,Brazil

Two new species ofHalicyclops are described from plankton samples taken in two localities in the Amazon River mouth area, State of Pará, Brazil.Halicyclops lindbergi sp.n. resemblesH. hurlberti andH. clarkei from which it differs by a combination of characters in leg 5, the anal pseudoperculum and the caudal rami. The other new species,H. dussarti, is most morphologically similar toH. pilosus, but they are separated by differences in legs 1 and 5 as well as in the ornamentation of the middle caudal setae.     

Variation in the species of freshwater harpacticoid copepods in Japan. II. Attheyella nakaii (Brehm)

Morphological variation in Attheyella nakaii, a dominant species of the genus in the mountain waters of Japan, is presented. The greatest proportion of male type furcal rami in the females of local populations is seen at the northern border of the range, where this species shows a sympatric distribution with A. yesoensis. Diminution of the inner lateral setae of endopodites on legs 2–4 occur in Kyushu and the Ryukyu Islands. The body size and relative length of the leg 5 exopodite show a latitudinal cline. The population of the type locality of this species exhibits a truncated form of furcal rami.     

Two new species of Diaphanosoma Fischer, 1850(Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Cladocera) from the United States

Two new species of the genus Diaphanosoma, D. oligosetum and D. dorotheae, from Louisiana and North Carolina respectively, are described. The former species has large head with protruding dorsal part, large lanceolate spine on the basipodite's distal outer end, an extremely reduced number of antennal setae, up to six in adult specimens, and unique armament of valve margin. On the whole, it shows the pronounced combination of primitive and specialized morphological traits. D. dorotheae is a member of D. brachyurum species group differing from its other known representatives in presence of a small but very conspicuous spine on the end of proximal segment of antennal exopodite and a variable number of setae (seven or eight) on the distal segment of the branch. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

A new species of Notodiaptomus Kiefer, 1936 (Copepoda,Diaptomidae) from the Amazon and Orinoco River Basins

A new species of Notodiaptomus, Notodiaptomus simillimus sp. nov., based on the female originally but erroneously assigned to Rhacodiaptomus calatus, and the corresponding newly discovered male, is described and illustrated in detail. The designation of the female as a new species of Notodiaptomus, and the recognition of the corresponding new male, is based on detailed morphological and biometrical studies, analysis of the known distribution and material from laboratory cultures. Morphological analysis demonstrated that the female shares the form of the external genital area and setal armature of the exopod 2 of leg 5 with other species of Notodiaptomus but they differ from those exhibited by species of Rhacodiaptomus. The distributions of the female and male assigned to Notodiaptomus simillimus sp. nov. overlap and include the Atabapo and Guaviare Rivers and Lago Calado. On the other hand, the distributions of the males and females originally assigned to R. calatus are disjunct and where they overlap, that is, in Lago Calado, each is accompanied by its respective mate. Laboratory cultures showed that, as expected, copulation did not occur between males and females described originally as R. calatus. This experiment demonstrated the existence of reproductive isolating mechanisms between these females and males, and confirmed the existence of two distinct genetic pools, i.e. two different species, the original males being of the valid R. calatus and the female a new Notodiaptomus. This female and the corresponding newly discovered male are N. simillimus. The new species is closely related to N. coniferoides.     

Morphological changes during postembryonic development in two species of neotropical harvestmen (Opiliones,Laniatores, Cranaidae)

Morphological changes during postembryonic development in the Cranaidae are described on the basis of the examination of an incomplete series of larvae, nymphs, and adults of Phareicranaus calcariferus and Santinezia serratotibialis. The life histories of these species are hypothesized to consist of six nymphal stages, featuring the appearance of secondary male sexual characteristics in the antepenultimate nymph (N5). Color and body shape change dramatically during development. Growth rates for nymphs based upon leg measurements were similar for both species. In S. serratotibialis, the greatest increase in leg size occurred from larva to 1st nymph. The tarsomeres of legs I–IV varied by 1–2 segments per leg for each nymph stage, with the number of tarsal segments increased by 1–2 segments at each stage. Adults had nearly twice as many tarsomeres on leg II than other legs. Ontogenetic changes were observed in the armature of the proximal cheliceral segment, ocularium, pedipalp, opisthosoma, distitarsus III and IV, and leg IV. Morphological changes in postembryonic development in cranaid harvestmen are similar to those reported for other Laniatores. J. Morphol., 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Three species of the genus Laboulbenia (Laboulbeniales) parasitic on Chydaeus bedeli (Coleoptera, Carabidae) from Asia

Three species of the genus Laboulbenia were recorded on Chydaeus bedeli (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Harpalini) from high-altitude localities in Asia. Laboulbenia obtusa was obtained from tarsi of the midlegs of the male hosts; Laboulbenia acrogeniodontis was on the margins of the elytra of the male and female hosts; and Laboulbenia polyphaga was on the elytra (near the apex) and the pronotum (at the base) of the male and female hosts. Each of the three species is distinct in the shape of the perithecia and the structure of the appendages.     

Copepoda (cyclopoida,Lichomolgidae) associated with the Alcyonacean Nephthea in the moluccas

In the Moluccas five lichomolgid copepods are associated with soft corals of the genus Nephthea. Paramolgus nephtheanus, n. sp., from Nephthea chabrolii, Nephthea sphaerophora, Nephthea cupressiformis, Nephthea albida, and Nephthea galbuloides, Paramolgus prominulus, n. sp., from N. sphaerophora, N. cupressiformis, and N. albida, and Paramolgus accinctus, n. sp., from N. sphaerophora, N. cupressiformis, N. albida, and N. galbuloides are distinguished from conspecifics by combinations of several characters. These include, among others, the length of the caudal ramus, the form of the female genital segment, and the shape of leg 5 in the female. Mecra ellipsaria, n. gen., n. sp., from N. sphaerophora has only two setae on the fourth segment of the first antenna, the formula II, 2 on the third endopod segment of leg 3, and five aesthetes on the second segment of the first antenna of the male. In Metaxymolgus lumarius, n. sp., from N. galbuloides and N. cupressiformis, the two claws on the second antenna are longer than the fourth second antennal segment and the proximal inner expansion of leg 5 in the female has a thorn-like process. Metaxymolgus aculeatus (Humes & Ho, 1968) occurs on N. chabrolii, N. sphaerophora, N. cupressiformis, N. albida, and N. galbuloides.     

Habrobathynella nagarjunai n. sp., the second representative of Bathynellacea (Crustacea, Syncarida) from groundwaters of South India

A new species of the genus Habrobathynella Schminke, 1973, i.e. H. nagarjunai n.sp., is described from the groundwater of the Nagarjuna University campus near Guntur town, South India. One of the principal criteria in the original definition of Habrobathynella is amended to accommodate the new species. H. nagarjunai n.sp. differs from its three congeners, i.e. H. milloti (Delamare & Paulian, 1954), H. jeanneli (Delamare & Paulian, 1954) from Madagascar, and H. schminkei Reddy, 2002 from India, in several essential morphological details: the sympodite of uropod bears 8–10 similar spines; the apophysis on segment 4 of the antennule is short; of the two setae on the exopodite of uropod, one is apical and the other subapical in position; the basal segment of maxilla has three unequal setae; the male thoracopod VIII is relatively elongate. H. nagarjunai n. sp. is the second representative of the groundwater (eustygobiont) Bathynellacea in South Asia. Furthermore, a key to the identification of Habrobathynella spp. is given.     

Anthessius kimjensis,a new species of Anthessiidae (Copepoda; Poecilostomatoida) associated with the pelecypod Solen grandis Dunker in Korea

Anthessius kimjensis n. sp. is described based on the specimens recovered from the pelecypod Solen grandis Dunker in the Korean coast of the Yellow Sea. The new species is distinguished from congeners by having a combination of characters: setal formula II, I, 5 on distal segment of leg 4 exopod, three terminal hooks on distal segment of second antenna, and ratio of length to width on caudal ramus (2.2:1).     

Design of the predatory legs of water bugs (Hemiptera: Nepidae,Naucoridae, Notonectidae,Gerridae)

Functional comparative morphology of predatory legs in five species of water bugs (Ilyocoris cimicoides, Nepa cinerea, Ranatra linearis, Notonecta glauca, and Gerris lacustris) has been investigatd adn the following peculiarities of leg design were revealed.

• 1 Subcoxal articulation may be monoaxial (G. lacustris, N. glauca), or, in contrast to walking leg type, biaxial (N. cinerea, R. linearis, I. cimicoides); the first axis is oriented along the coxa (torsion axis), the second one is perpendicular to the first (non-torsion axis).
• 2 In contrast to walking leg type, which is characterized by cross suspension of the axis of coxal rotation in thoracal skeleton, this axis in G. lacustris is placed vertically. Non-torsion coxal axis in R. linearis is oriented strongly transversal. This axis directs the leg strike forward.
• 3 Legs in the majority of species are planar: Torsion axes of the coxa, femur, and tibia are placed in the same plane. Axes of rotation of consequent joints in I. cimicoides are reciprocally sloped. Therefore, the end of the leg outlines the spiral trajectory, when all angles of joints are opening (closing). This is an adaptation for clinging to the stems of water plants.
• 4 Passive adduction of the femur in the trochanter-femoral joint in N. glauca allows it to go around protuberances of the body wall, when the leg is sliding along them; recurrent femur movement during releasing from the obstacele is active due to the rt.fe muscle.
• 5 Only R. linearis has predatory legs, which permit the high-speed pursuit of potential prey; other species realize this function using the swimming legs, whereas the forelegs are used for the manipulation movements.
• 6 Muscle arrangement in the prothorax of different species reflects both leg construction and constructional constraints of body design. Powerful flexor muscles (co1, co2, co3, co5, fl.ti, et.ti in R. linearis; fl.ta, fl.ti in N. glauca; fl.ti in I. cimicoides) have long tendons and short muscle bundles, which originate on the leg wall. As a result, the powerful force is developed along the muscle tendon.
• 7 Some features of the predatory leg are common for the species studies: elongation of coxae, thickening of femora, and increase of the degree of junction of tibia and tarsus. The muscles, which move the distal segment of the leg, are reinforced and the sclerite of the fl.ti tendon is enlarged. The joint angle of the distal segment is increased to 120°. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

     

Heterostyly in species ofNarcissus (Amaryllidaceae) andHugonia (Linaceae) and other disputed cases

The hypothesis ofHenriques andFernandes that several Iberian species ofNarcissus (Amaryllidaceae) are tristylous is reconsidered. Contrary to the opinion ofBateman and most subsequent authors, we believe that the available evidence indicates that some populations ofN. triandrus andN. fernandesii, at least, are tristylous; other populations ofN. triandrus are distylous.Hugonia cf.penicillanthemum (Linaceae) from new Caledonia is distylous, but it remains possible that other species ofHugonia are tristylous. The disputed occurrence of heterostyly in S. African species ofBauhinia (Leguminosae),Cleome (Capparaceae) andAneilema (Commelinaceae), and inAgelaea (Connaraceae) is discussed.     

Postembryonic development in Diaphanosoma brachyurum (Lievin, 1848) (Crustacea: Ctenopoda: Sididae)

Postembryonic females and males Diaphanosoma brachyurum from Lake Glubokoe (Moscow) have 3–4 and 3 juvenile instars, respectively. Females and males of the first three postembryonic instars can be identified by the different number of setae and setal rudiments on the proximal and distal segments of the exopodite of the swimming antennae: 3 + 7; (i + 3) + 7; 4 + (i + 7), respectively (i = rudiment of seta). The subsequent instars have 4 + 8 long plumose setae on these segments, but the fourth instar has the proximal lateral seta of the distal exopod segment slightly shorter and thinner than the others. The antennules and copulatory appendages of males are instar-specific. Diaphanosomas show small increments in body length during the postembryonic molts. The largest increments (about 115 m) occur during the first or second molts. The allometric equation of Huxley (1924) was used for a comparison of the relative growth rate of different body parts. In the middle of summer, the head and swimming antennae with the body and the antennal exopodite with the antennal basipodite grow in isometry. At the same time, the branches of the swimming antennae and their setae show allometric growth: the exopodite and distal setae grow faster than the endopodite and the lateral setae, respectively.     

Hybridisation in the Littorina saxatilis species complex (Prosobranchia : Mollusca)

This paper details attempts to breed members of the L. saxatilis species complex in the laboratory and to construct interspecific hybrids between them. Success in reciprocal crosses between animals from the type localities of the species of Littorina saxatilis (Olivi) and Littorina rudis (Maton) indicates that these two taxa are synonymous. Six of the twelve possible reciprocal hybridisation crosses between the four species (L. saxatilis, L. arcana Hannaford Ellis, L. nigrolineata Gray and L. neglecta Bean) have been attempted, with only one proving successful, that between male L. saxatilis and female L. arcana. This hybrid cross produces viable offspring, although at a lower frequency than either of the parental crosses in the laboratory, while the reciprocal cross has, as yet, proved unsuccessful. Limited work on the F1 hybrids shows them to be inter-fertile and also capable of backcrossing with male L. saxatilis, but not with female L. saxatilis or L. arcana. Details are also given of attempts to find natural hybrids in sympatric populations of the species of the complex, using gel electrophoresis.