几种药用植物内生真菌抗真菌活性的初步研究*

从三尖杉 ,南方红豆杉及香榧中分离出 1 72株内生真菌 ,对其进行抗菌活性检测 ,结果表明共 90株内生真菌对一种或多种植物病原真菌 ,如红色面孢霉 (Neurosporasp .) ,木霉 (Trichodermasp .) ,镰刀菌 (Fusariumsp .)等有抑制作用 ,来自三尖杉、南方红豆杉和香榧的抗菌活性菌株比例分别为 40 %,54.2 %及 57.1 %。其中平板抑菌圈直径大于1 5mm的高抗菌株有 3 5株。按Ainsworth等鉴定系统和方     

赤霉烯酮的微生物还原

用Rhodtorula sp.Saccharomyces sp.Arthorbacter sp.和Candida sp．四属20株菌对由Fusarium graminearum 产生的类雌激素——赤霉烯酮(Zearalenone)的还原转化进行了研究。实验结果证明,Rhodotorula sp和 Arthrobacter sp．的还原产物主要是α-赤霉烯醇(α-Zearalenol,经HPLC鉴定含量分别为96％和84％)。Saccharomyces sp．和Candidasp.的主要还原产物是β-赤霉烯醇(β-Zearalenol,经HPLC鉴定含量分别为91％和92％)。产物均经HPLC、13C—NMR和MS鉴定确证。     

中国柱隔孢属的分类研究Ⅷ.*

山莴苣Mulgedium sp.和紫苜蓿Medicago sativa Linn.上两个柱隔孢属中国新记录种Ramularia mulgedii和R. medicaginis,另外三个已知种的名称作了订正。     

中国链格孢属的研究I．

本文报道链格孢属的2个新种：寄生在苦术科(Simaroubaceae)臭椿[Ailanthus altissima(Mill)Swingle]上的臭椿链格孢(Alternaria ailanthi sp nov),寄生在桦术科(Betulaceae)黑桦(Betuladahurica Pall)上的桦术链格孢(A. betulae sp nov.),2个新组合：豆链格孢[A．Azulaae (Hara)comb．Nov],蔷薇生链格孢[A. rosicola(Rao) comb. Nov]和1个新名称红花链格孢(A．Carthami-tinctoriinom nov．)。文中为新种提供了拉丁文简介、描述和图。模式标本保藏在山东农业大学植物病理标本室(HSAUP)．     

小单孢菌属(MICROMONOSPORA)分类的研究I．五个小单孢菌新种

从我国北京、石家庄、河南分离出的23株小单孢菌,分别归为5个种,经鉴定认为是新种,分别定名为： 1．棘橙小单孢菌(Micromonospora echlnoaurantiaca n. sp．); 2．暗黄紫小单孢菌(M.fulvoviolacea n．Sp．); 3．微暗褐小单孢菌(M．Brunnescens n. sp.); 4．柠檬色小单孢菌(M.eitrea n．Sp．); 5．暗黄绿小单孢菌(M. fulvoviridis n. sp．)。     

水稻黄单胞细菌Harpin蛋白的遗传多样性及其诱导烟草过敏反应和抗病性功能

利用PCR方法从水稻黄单胞细菌(Xanthomonas oryzae)两个致病变种(pv. oryzae和pv. oryzicola)的12个菌株中, 扩增出了编码诱导植物过敏反应蛋白激发子Harpin的3类hrfA (hypersensitive response functioning factor A)同源基因hrf1, hrf2和hrf3. 同源性分析表明, 这些同源基因推测的编码产物均富含甘氨酸, 缺乏酪氨酸, 在序列的第45位附近的氨基酸都有一个半胱氨酸. Harpin_Xoo由来源于水稻白叶枯病菌的hrfA基因编码, 产物包括两类, 一类代表菌株为JxoⅢ, 其中GGG-GG基序的重复数为3个, 分子量为15.6 kD; 另一类代表菌株为Pxo112, 产物中GGG-GG基序的重复数为4个, 分子量为15.9 kD, 这两个基因分别命名为hrf1和hrf3. Harpin_Xooc由来源于水稻条斑病细菌的hrfA基因编码, 代表菌株为RS105, 其中GGG-GG重复数为2个, 分子量为15.3 kD, 水稻黄单胞菌Harpin分子中的一个半胱氨酸残基是其特有的. 将这3类基因与已报道的hpa1和xop1基因编码的氨基酸序列进行聚类分析, 结果可以将其分为4类, 来源于水稻黄单胞菌的Harpin_Xoo和Harpin_Xooc被分在相邻的两类中. 对3种产物进行比较研究结果, 在相同条件下3个代表菌株JxoⅢ, RS105和Pxo112的hrfA基因(hrf1, hrf2和hrf3)表达蛋白的相对浓度分别为: 0.389, 0.530, 0.083 mg/mL. hrf1, hrf2和hrf3在大肠杆菌(Bl21)中的表达产物(Harpins)在烟草上均能激发过敏反应和诱导抗病性, 其生物活性依次为Hrf2, Hrf1和Hrf3.     

中国钩丝壳属的分类研究II．杨柳科上的新种和新组合

报道了杨柳科上的钩丝壳属(Uncinula Lev.)的1个新组合和4个新种。新组合是：Uncinula adunca(Wallr. Ed Fr) Lev. Var. mandshurlca (Miura) comb．Nov．东北钩状钩丝壳。新种足：1．Uncinula fragilis sp．nov．易断钩丝壳,2．Uncinula longispora sp nov．长孢钩丝壳,3．Uncinula pseudocedrelae sp．nov. 假香椿钩丝壳,和 4．Uncinula regularis sp. Nov. 规则钩丝壳。有包括新种及其他已知种在内的杨柳科上钩丝壳属分种检索表。Uncinula adunca (Wallr. Ex Fr.) Lev. Var. mandshurica (Miura) comh.nov．有汉文描述。4个新种则有拉丁文及汉文描述井在每一个种下面讨论了该种与杨柳科和其他科上的近似种之间的区别。     

中国叉丝壳属分类研究I．榛科、防己科、金丝桃科和景天科上的新种、新名称和新组合

本文报道了寄生于4科植物上的叉丝壳属白粉菌3个新种、1个新名称及1个新组合。新种为探科上的 Mtcrosphaera verruculosa Yu et Lai sp nov., 防己科上的 Microsphavra stnoment Yu sp. Nov. 和金丝桃科上的Microsphaera hyperct Yu et Lai sp nov. 新名称为榛科上的 Mtcrosphaera variabths Yu nom. Nov.改级新组合为景天科上的 Microsphaera sedi (Pospelov) Yu stat. Nov.。对新种作了汉文和拉丁文描述,附有形态图,并讨论了每个新种与其近似种之间的区别。     

小单孢菌属分类的研究Ⅱ．两个小单孢菌新种

从我国一油田的土壤和北京动物园的石鸡粪便中,分离得到5株小单孢菌,经鉴定为两个新种,定名为黑色小单孢菌(Micromonospora nigra n. sp.)和棘孢棕色小单孢菌(Micromonosporaechinobrunnea n. sp. )。     

腐霉属的五个新种

自1961年开始,从我国(除台湾省以外)的土壤和罹病植物组织中分离出大量腐霉菌种,通过研究,已鉴定者约40个种。本文报告其中5个在生物分类学上的新种,即：顶生腐霉(Pythium acrogynum sp. Nov.)、孤雌腐霉(P．Amasculinum sp. Nov.)、壁合腐霉(P．Connatumsp．nov．)、昆明腐霉(P. kunmingense sp. Nov.)和中国腐霉(P. sinense sp.nov.)。     

香蕉上的镰孢菌种类及其系统发育关系(英文)

镰孢菌属真菌是香蕉上的重要病原菌,主要引起香蕉枯萎病以及香蕉冠腐病,在我国已明确引起香蕉枯萎病的病原为尖孢镰孢古巴专化型 Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense(FOC)1号和4号生理小种,但是引起香蕉冠腐病的镰孢菌种类还未明确。为了解香蕉上镰孢菌在种间及种内水平上的多样性,2008–2011 年间作者从华南地区不同的水果市场及香蕉果园采集香蕉样品90份,分离得到143株镰孢菌。通过形态学观察及基于 EF-1α基因的系统进化分析鉴定出10种镰孢菌,即F. oxysporum、F. solani、F. camptoceras、F. pallidoroseum、F. stiloides、F. chlamydosporum、F.verticillioides、F. proliferatum、F. concentricum、F. sacchari,以及藤仓赤霉复合种(Gibberella fujikuroi species complex,GFC)中 3 个未定名的类群。轮纹镰孢 F. concentricum 及甘蔗镰孢 F.sacchari 是香蕉果实中最常见种,前菌为我国首次报道,后菌是首次报道与香蕉有关。对从香蕉上分离的藤仓赤霉复合种(GFC)及尖孢镰孢复合种(FOSC)的EF-1α序列进行了系统发育分析,其GFC中的27个菌株组成的单系群可分为7个不同的亚群,分别为 F.verticillioides、F. proliferatum、F. concentricum、F. sacchari 以及3个没有描述过的菌系 Fusarium sp. 1、Fusarium sp.2和 Fusarium sp.3;FOSC中的50个菌株形成2大分枝共12个谱系,分离自我国华南地区的21株尖孢镰孢形成7个谱系,其中 13株已知的香蕉枯萎病病原菌分布在3个谱系中,我国大陆的香蕉枯萎病病原菌菌株与来源于台湾地区及东南亚的菌株亲缘关系较近,FOC1号生理小种的遗传分化大于4号生理小种,FOC 1号生理小种与分离自香蕉果实上的尖孢镰孢菌的亲缘关系比与FOC 4号生理小种的亲缘关系更近。研究结果表明,我国香蕉上存在着丰富的镰孢菌种类,而且种内遗传多样性丰富。     

A robust identification and detection assay to discriminate the cucumber pathogens Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum and f. sp. radicis-cucumerinum

The fungal species Fusarium oxysporum is a ubiquitous inhabitant of soils worldwide that includes pathogenic as well as non-pathogenic or even beneficial strains. Pathogenic strains are characterized by a high degree of host specificity and strains that infect the same host range are organized in so-called formae speciales. Strains for which no host plant has been identified are believed to be non-pathogenic strains. Therefore, identification below the species level is highly desired. However, the genetic basis of host specificity and virulence in F. oxysporum is so far unknown. In this study, a robust random-amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) marker-based assay was developed to specifically detect and identify the economically important cucumber pathogens F. oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum and F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis-cucumerinum. While the F. oxysporum radicis-cucumerinum strains were found to cluster in a separate clade based on elongation factor-1alpha phylogeny, strains belonging to F. oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum were found to be genetically more diverse. This is reflected in the observation that specificity testing of the identified markers using a broad collection of F. oxysporum strains with all known vegetative compatibility groups of the target formae speciales, as well as representative strains belonging to other formae speciales, resulted in two cross-reactions for the F. oxysporum f. sp. cucumerimum marker. However, no cross-reactions were observed for the F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis-cucumerimum marker. This F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis-cucumerimum marker shows homology to Folyt1, a transposable element identified in the tomato pathogen F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici and may possibly play a role in host-range specificity in the target forma specialis. The markers were implemented in a DNA array that enabled parallel and sensitive detection and identification of the pathogens in complex samples from diverse origins.     

The arms race between tomato and Fusarium oxysporum

The interaction between tomato and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici has become a model system for the study of the molecular basis of disease resistance and susceptibility. Gene-for-gene interactions in this system have provided the basis for the development of tomato cultivars resistant to Fusarium wilt disease. Over the last 6 years, new insights into the molecular basis of these gene-for-gene interactions have been obtained. Highlights are the identification of three avirulence genes in F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici and the development of a molecular switch model for I-2, a nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat-type resistance protein which mediates the recognition of the Avr2 protein. We summarize these findings here and present possible scenarios for the ongoing molecular arms race between tomato and F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici in both nature and agriculture.     

花魔芋软腐病原真菌分离鉴定

魔芋软腐病是魔芋生产过程中的重要病害,也是限制魔芋产业发展的主要因素。目前,已有报道魔芋软腐病主要由细菌引起,鲜有真菌引起魔芋球茎软腐发病的报道。为明确云南曲靖市花魔芋(Amorphophallus konjac)软腐病的病原种类和侵染特征,该研究通过组织分离法,对采集自云南曲靖市的花魔芋病样进行了真菌的分离,通过形态学结合基于ITS与LSU序列分析的分子鉴定方法对分离真菌进行鉴定,并根据柯赫氏法则进行致病性测定,并对鉴定出的病原真菌同魔芋软腐病原细菌进行了双回接试验分析。结果表明:(1)从形态学和分子水平鉴定了轮纹镰刀菌(Fusarium concentricum)、尖孢镰刀菌(F. oxysporum)和F. ambrosium 3种镰刀菌,1种毛霉属真菌(Mucor sp.),1种根霉属真菌(Rhizopus sp.),1种青霉属真菌(Penicillium sp.)和1种粉红螺旋聚孢霉属真菌(Clonostachys sp.)。(2)统计分析发现,轮纹镰刀菌的相对丰度最高,为45.45%。(3)柯赫氏法则检测发现轮纹镰刀菌具有致病性。(4)轮纹镰刀菌和病原细菌胡萝卜果胶杆菌(Pectobacterium aroidearum)双接种魔芋球茎发现软腐病发病更快,病变组织重量显著高于单接种轮纹镰刀菌或果胶杆菌处理。综上表明,魔芋软腐病可能是由真菌和细菌复合侵染引发。该研究结果为魔芋软腐病的防治提供了理论依据。     

Differentiation of Fusarium subglutinans f. sp. pini by histone gene sequence data.

Fusarium subglutinans f. sp. pini (= F. circinatum) is a pathogen of pine and is one of eight mating populations (i.e., biological species) in the Gibberella fujikuroi species complex. This species complex includes F. thapsinum, F. moniliforme (= F. verticillioides), F. nygamai, and F. proliferatum, as well as F. subglutinans associated with sugarcane, maize, mango, and pineapple. Differentiating these forms of F. subglutinans usually requires pathogenicity tests, which are often time-consuming and inconclusive. Our objective was to develop a technique to differentiate isolates of F. subglutinans f. sp. pini from other isolates identified as F. subglutinans. We sequenced the histone H3 gene from a representative set of Fusarium isolates. The H3 gene sequence was conserved and contained two introns in all the isolates studied. From both the intron and the exon sequence data, we developed a PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism technique that reliably distinguishes F. subglutinans f. sp. pini from the other biological species in the G. fujikuroi species complex.     

Characterization of an antifungal soil bacterium and its antagonistic activities against Fusarium species

Bacteria were isolated from a cultivated soil and screened for antagonistic activity against Fusarium graminearum, a predominant agent of ear rot and head blight in cereal crops. Based on its in vitro effectiveness, isolate D1/2 was selected for characterization and identified as a strain of Bacillus subtilis by phenotypic tests and comparative analysis of its 16S ribosomal RNA gene (rDNA) sequence. It inhibited the mycelial growth of a collection of common fungal phytopathogens, including eight Fusarium species, three other ascomycetes, and one basidiomycete. The cell-free culture filtrate of D1/2 at different dilutions was active against macroconidium germination and hyphal growth of F. graminearum, depending on the initial macroconidium density. It induced the formation of swollen hyphal cells in liquid cultures of this fungus grown from macroconidia. A bioassay also demonstrated that D1/2 offered in planta protection against the damping-off disease in alfalfa seedlings caused by F. graminearum, while the type strain of B. subtilis was ineffective. Hence, B. subtilis D1/2 or its culture filtrate has potential application in controlling plant diseases caused by Fusarium.     

儿茶素对棉枯萎病菌胞壁降解酶的抑制及在棉花抗病性中的作用

在含有儿茶素的培养液中棉枯萎病菌(Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum)的多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)和果胶裂解酶(PL)活性明显降低。儿茶素可明显抑制初步纯化的PG和PL活性以及它们对棉苗组织的浸软作用。对棉苗组织中儿茶素含量的测定结果表明:抗病品种棉苗组织中儿茶素含量较高;氟乐灵处理可诱发棉苗产生对枯萎病的诱导抗性,同时也提高棉苗组织中的儿茶素的含量;枯萎病菌侵染后棉苗组织中儿茶素含量明显升高,以抗病品种棉苗和氟乐灵诱发处理棉苗组织中儿茶素含量的增加更为明显。棉苗组织提取液中的酚类物质可抑制PG和PL的活性,且证明这种抑制作用主要是由儿茶素引起。提取液对PG和PL活性的抑制作用与棉苗组织中儿茶素的含量呈直接的正相关关系。因此,作者认为棉苗组织中的儿茶素可能通过对病菌PG和PL等胞壁降解酶的抑制而与棉花对枯萎病的抗病性及氟乐灵诱发的诱导抗性有关。     

河北省西瓜枯萎病菌致病性分化及其RAMS分析

本文对50个西瓜枯萎病菌株,(其中46个来自河北省石家庄、保定、唐山等12个西瓜种植区的代表菌株)进行了致病性测定、RAMS(Random amplified microsatellites)扩增和致病类型与RAMS类群的相关性分析。根据鉴别寄主对不同菌株的抗感反应,将50个菌株划分为3个不同的生理小种,即0号、1号和2号生理小种,分别占供试菌株的18%、64%和18%;21个RAMS引物对供试菌株扩增出188条带,其中多态性带134条,占总带数的71%。基于RAMS标记聚类分析,50个菌株被划分为3个类群(RAMSGroups,RGs)。RGI包含来自不同地区的41个菌株,以1号生理小种为主(32个),占该类群的78.1%;RGII包括来自保定、唐山和新疆的3个菌株,均为0号生理小种;RGIII包括张家口、石家庄、保定等地的6个2号生理小种菌株。RAMS类群与生理小种之间存在一定相关性,与菌株的地理来源关系不明显。     

海南省香蕉枯萎病病原菌的鉴定

香蕉枯萎病在海南省为首次报道。在Komada改良培养基鉴定的基础上,用温室人工接种法对采自海南省各市县香蕉种植区的18个香蕉和粉蕉假茎分离物进行鉴定。结果表明香蕉枯萎病菌的两种分离物在培养特性和致病性上存在明显区别,分离自粉蕉的12个菌株为1号生理小种,而分离自香蕉的6个菌株为4号生理小种。     

Biological activity of phenylpropionic acid isolated from a terrestrial Streptomycetes.

The strain ANU 6277 was isolated from laterite soil and identified as Streptomyces sp. closely related to Streptomyces albidoflavus cluster by 16S rRNA analysis. The cultural, morphological and physiological characters of the strain were recorded. The strain exhibited resistance to chloramphenicol, penicillin and streptomycin. It had the ability to produce enzymes such as amylase and chitinase. A bioactive compound was isolated from the strain at stationary phase of culture and identified as 3-phenylpropionic acid (3-PPA) by FT-IR, EI-MS, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectral studies. It exhibited antimicrobial activity against different bacteria like Bacillus cereus, B. subtilis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, P. flourescens, Staphylococcus aureus and some fungi including Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, Candida albicans, Fusarium oxysporum, F. udum and Penicillium citrinum. The antifungal activity of 3-PPA of the strain was evaluated in in vivo and in vitro conditions against Fusarium udum causing wilt disease in pigeon pea. The compound 3-PPA is an effective antifungal agent when compared to tricyclozole (fungicide) to control wilt caused by F. udum, but it exhibited less antifungal activity than carbendazim.