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1.
Nicholas De Genova 《Dialectical Anthropology》2010,34(2):283-286
Workplace training offers a distinctly explicit and uniquely articulate site for the ethnography of the capital–labor relation
as an ideological phenomenon, where the everyday work of hegemony is shown to be deeply grounded in the everyday hegemony of work. In this
ethnographic account of a factory classroom devoted to introducing production workers to the precepts of Total Quality Management
and training them in Statistical Process Control, the neoliberal reform of the labor process—which sought to accomplish a
class decomposition of the company’s workforce in favor of an individualizing regime of workers’ personal responsibility and
accountability for various quality control operations—repeatedly provoked the company’s Latino workers into angry and vociferous
expressions of antagonism to management. Indeed, insofar as the management’s efforts to reform labor by decomposing the workforce
as a class formation merely intensified the prevailing preconditions of their racial formation, they thereby only exacerbated anew the Latino workers’ antagonism as workers to the terms of their subordination. Thus, the generic (ostensibly race-neutral) reform of the labor process initiated under the aegis of “Total Quality Management” implicated the presumed management of “quality” in a concomitant
reconfiguration of what was, effectively, a contemporary regime of racial management. 相似文献
2.
Martin Ivanov 《Pal?ontologische Zeitschrift》2001,74(4):563-573
The members of the ‘modern’ snake families Colubridae, Viperidae and Elapidae (representatives of the family Colubridae appeared in Europe as the first) might have penetrated into the areas of Central Europe probably across the Mazury -Mazowsze continental bridge. The ‘modern’ families penetrated into West Europe across the Rhine Graben by several immigration waves. Based on the known marine incursions into the Rhine Graben and adjacent areas, a total of four distinct waves of dispersal of both the Asiatic and North American immigrants can be discerned within the Early Oligocene — Middle Miocene time span. The Early Miocene (MN 1–MN 2a) and the Early / Middle Miocene (MN 3–MN 4/5) dispersals of snakes are responsible for the final displacement of representatives of the ‘ancient’ family Boidae out of West and Central Europe. The Early and the Middle Miocene migrations have likewise initiated the evolution of the modern European snake fauna. 相似文献
3.
Optimization and scale-up of a new photobleaching agar extraction process from Gracilaria lemaneiformis 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Haiyan Li Jianyu Huang Yanjuan Xin Biaoming Zhang Yan Jin Wei Zhang 《Journal of applied phycology》2009,21(2):247-254
An eco-friendly photobleaching extraction process for agar extraction from the red alga Gracilaria lemaneiformis was developed for the benefit of workers’ health and environmental safety. Here we report the optimization of key process
parameters (alkali modification concentration, photobleaching duration, algal length and screen filter opening size) in order
to scale up this new technique. The optimal conditions were found to be modification by 3–5% NaOH, photobleaching for 5 h,
using algal fragments 2 –4 cm in length, and a filter screen with a 6 μm opening. A 20-L agar extraction reactor was thus
constructed, and the scale-up of the agar extraction process was tested in six batch experiments. The resulting agar quality
was similar to that of the laboratory-scale extraction. In addition, batch-to-batch reproducibility was excellent. The results
demonstrate the excellent scale-up ability and potential application of this new photobleaching agar extraction process on
a commercial scale. The agar yield and gel strength for 5% NaOH modified agar were 26.8% and 1,897 g cm−2, while those for 3% NaOH modified agar were 28.2% and 1,287 g cm−2, respectively. It is clear that the agar yield and quality can be manipulated via alkali modification in this new eco-friendly
extraction to meet market demands. 相似文献
4.
Hall NS 《Journal of the history of biology》2007,40(2):295-325
The requirement of randomization in experimental design was first stated by R. A. Fisher, statistician and geneticist, in
1925 in his book Statistical Methods for Research Workers. Earlier designs were systematic and involved the judgment of the experimenter; this led to possible bias and inaccurate interpretation
of the data. Fisher’s dictum was that randomization eliminates bias and permits a valid test of significance. Randomization
in experimenting had been used by Charles Sanders Peirce in 1885 but the practice was not continued. Fisher developed his
concepts of randomizing as he considered the mathematics of small samples, in discussions with “Student,” William Sealy Gosset.
Fisher published extensively. His principles of experimental design were spread worldwide by the many “voluntary workers”
who came from other institutions to Rothamsted Agricultural Station in England to learn Fisher’s methods. 相似文献
5.
Social Learning Processes in Swiss Soil Protection—The ‘From Farmer - To Farmer’ Project 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Flurina Schneider Patricia Fry Thomas Ledermann Stephan Rist 《Human ecology: an interdisciplinary journal》2009,37(4):475-489
Social learning approaches have become a prominent focus in studies related to sustainable agriculture. In order to better
understand the potential of social learning for more sustainable development, the present study assessed the processes, effects
and facilitating elements of interaction related to social learning in the context of Swiss soil protection and the innovative
‘From Farmer - To Farmer’ project. The study reveals that social learning contributes to fundamental transformations of patterns
of interactions. However, the study also demonstrates that a learning-oriented understanding of sustainable development implies
including analysis of the institutional environments in which the organizations of the individual representatives of face-to-face-based
social learning processes are operating. This has shown to be a decisive element when face-to-face-based learning processes
of the organisations’ representatives are translated into organisational learning. Moreover, the study revealed that this
was achieved not directly through formalisation of new lines of institutionalised cooperation but by establishing links in
a ‘boundary space’ trying out new forms of collaboration, aiming at social learning and co-production of knowledge. It is
argued that further research on social learning processes should give greater emphasis to this intermediary level of ‘boundary
spaces’.
相似文献
Stephan RistURL: www.cde.unibe.ch |
6.
Air movement preferences observed in office buildings 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Zhang H Arens E Fard SA Huizenga C Paliaga G Brager G Zagreus L 《International journal of biometeorology》2007,51(5):349-360
Office workers’ preferences for air movement have been extracted from a database of indoor environmental quality surveys performed
in over 200 buildings. Dissatisfaction with the amount of air motion is very common, with too little air movement cited far
more commonly than too much air movement. Workers were also surveyed in a detailed two-season study of a single naturally
ventilated building. About one-half the building’s population wanted more air movement and only 4% wanted less. This same
ratio applied when the air movement in workspaces was higher than 0.2 m/s, the de facto draft limit in the current ASHRAE
and ISO thermal environment standards. Preference for “less air motion” exceeded that for “more” only at thermal sensations
of −2 (cool) or colder. These results raise questions about the consequences of the ASHRAE and ISO standards’ restrictions
on air movement, especially for neutral and warm conditions. 相似文献
7.
Stelios F. Assimakopoulos Dimitris Konstantinou Christos Georgiou Elisabeth Chroni 《Amino acids》2010,38(3):973-974
In a recently published article in “Amino Acids” it was shown that obstructive jaundice of 9 days’ duration in rats induces
significant alterations of polyamines’ metabolism in the brain, which might play an important pathogenetic role in cholestatic
brain injury. The authors proposed that alterations of polyamines in cholestatic brain might induce neuronal toxicity through
a mechanism that implicates the production of reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress, although this parameter was not
evaluated in their study. This hypothesis is supported by our recent findings on brain oxidative status in rats with obstructive
jaundice of 10 days’ duration. Potential interrelations of the two studies’ findings are discussed in this commentary. 相似文献
8.
Danwei as a cornerstone of Chinese urban society has received great research attention. The relationship between the Danwei and psychiatric patients, however, remains unclear. This article aims to shed light on the subject with an integrated micro–macro
approach. It introduces a historical understanding of mental health in urban China under the “economic state in transition”
framework. A detailed case study in clinical sociology is provided to reveal the many social factors affecting the experience
of a schizophrenic patient and his significant others. A changing role of the Danwei is hypothesized and validated with qualitative data. The Danwei was shown to have changed significantly before the mid-1990s, yet it still played a major role in urban workers’ lives, including
those of psychiatric patients, and even more so in people’s expectations. This lends support to the need for a more responsive
public policy to address various social issues brought about by economic reform, with the learning of worldwide experiences
including “community care,” “social support” and “social rehabilitation.” Implications for social research, policymaking and
professional practice are discussed.
相似文献
Robert SévignyEmail: |
9.
Matthew Schrag April Dickson Arshad Jiffry David Kirsch Harry V. Vinters Wolff Kirsch 《Biometals》2010,23(6):1123-1127
Reports that iron, zinc and copper homeostasis are in aberrant homeostasis are common for various neurodegenerative diseases,
particularly for Huntington’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and Alzheimer’s disease. Manipulating the levels of these elements
in the brain through the application of chelators has been and continues to be tested therapeutically in clinical trials with
mixed results. Much of the data indicating that these metals are abnormally concentrated in Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s
disease brain tissue was generated through the analysis of post-mortem human tissue which was archived in formalin. In this
study, we evaluated the effect of formalin fixation of brain on the levels of three important transition metals (iron, copper,
and zinc) by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Paired brain specimens were obtained at autopsy for each case; one was conserved
by formalin archival (averaging four years), the other was rapidly frozen. Both white and grey matter samples were analyzed
and the concentrations of iron and zinc were found to decrease with fixation. Iron was reduced by 40% (P < 0.01), and zinc by 77% (P < 0.0001); copper concentrations increased by 37% (P < 0.05) by the paired T-test. The increase in copper is likely due to contamination from trace copper in the formalin. These
results indicate that transition metal data obtained from fixed tissue may be heavily distorted and care should be taken in
interpreting this data. 相似文献
10.
Doris Haas Josefa Posch Susanne Schmidt Gilda Wüst Wolf Sixl Gebhard Feierl Egon Marth Franz Ferdinand Reinthaler 《Aerobiologia》2005,21(3-4):193-201
According to Council Directive 90/679/EEC on the protection of workers from risks related to exposure to biological agents
at work, nature, degree and duration of workers’ exposure to microorganisms must be determined. This directive has already
been implemented in waste and wastewater management. The present case study investigates concentration and composition of
microorganisms in a poultry slaughterhouse in the State of Styria, Austria. From June to November 2002, measurements were
conducted at the sampling sites ‘moving rail’ and ‘gall bladder separation’ using the Andersen six stage viable cascade impactor
and the SKC BioSampler. The results of this study were compared with other previous studies which were carried out using the
same device (ACFM) and the same measurement methods. At the processing area of the ‘moving rail’, the median concentration
of airborne mesophilic bacteria was 1.7×106 CFU/m3 which is 8000 times higher than the background concentration of residential areas (approx. 210 CFU/m3). The airborne microorganisms concentration was 1.7×104 CFU/m3 at composting plants which is 100 times lower than at a workplace of a poultry slaughterhouse. The study shows that poultry
slaughterhouse employees are exposed to high concentrations of airborne microorganisms throughout the entire work time without
using a respiratory protective device. For the protection of employees against airborne biological agents, relevant measures
should be introduced to this field of work. 相似文献
11.
Derick A. Fay 《Human ecology: an interdisciplinary journal》2007,35(1):81-95
With the rise of joint management of protected areas, community representatives are increasingly involved in formal negotiations
with state officials, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and other actors. Policy recommendations have commonly idealized
“win-win” scenarios. Theoretical work on negotiation from psychology and management studies, however, points to identifiable
circumstances under which the goal of a mutually beneficial “win-win” situation may limit the strategies, and ultimately the
benefits, available to communities. Instead, an antagonistic, “distributive” approach to negotiations may be more compatible
with the pressures on and strategies available to community representatives. The tensions between a “mutual gains” and “distributive”
approach to negotiations are evident in two land claims on protected areas in South Africa: the Dwesa-Cwebe Nature Reserves,
and the Pafuri Triangle, a portion of Kruger National Park. In each, NGOs that operated with a “mutual gains” strategy, espousing
a “win-win” scenario, came to be perceived as collaborating with conservation agencies. Meanwhile, as negotiation theory would
suggest, community representatives inclined towards a “distributive” strategy and allied with a second set of explicitly advocatory
NGOs. Expecting that communities should embrace a “win-win” scenario from the outset is unrealistic and likely to reduce communities’
power in negotiations.
相似文献
Derick A. FayEmail: |
12.
A survey of unresolved problems in life cycle assessment 总被引:5,自引:3,他引:2
John Reap Felipe Roman Scott Duncan Bert Bras 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2008,13(5):374-388
Background, aims, and scope Life cycle assessment (LCA) stands as the pre-eminent tool for estimating environmental effects caused by products and processes
from ‘cradle to grave’ or ‘cradle to cradle.’ It exists in multiple forms, claims a growing list of practitioners and remains
a focus of continuing research. Despite its popularity and codification by organizations such as the International Organization
for Standardization and the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, life cycle assessment is a tool in need of
improvement. Multiple authors have written about its individual problems, but a unified treatment of the subject is lacking.
The following literature survey gathers and explains issues, problems and problematic decisions currently limiting LCA’s impact
assessment and interpretation phases.
Main features The review identifies 15 major problem areas and organizes them by the LCA phases in which each appears. This part of the
review focuses on the latter eight problems. It is meant as a concise summary for practitioners interested in methodological
limitations which might degrade the accuracy of their assessments. For new researchers, it provides an overview of pertinent
problem areas toward which they might wish to direct their research efforts. Having identified and discussed LCA’s major problems,
closing sections highlight the most critical problems and briefly propose research agendas meant to improve them.
Results and discussion Multiple problems occur in each of LCA’s four phases and reduce the accuracy of this tool. Considering problem severity and
the adequacy of current solutions, six of the 15 discussed problems are of paramount importance. In LCA’s latter two phases,
spatial variation and local environmental uniqueness are critical problems requiring particular attention. Data availability
and quality are identified as critical problems affecting all four phases.
Conclusions and recommendations Observing that significant efforts by multiple researchers have not resulted in a single, agreed upon approach for the first
three critical problems, development of LCA archetypes for functional unit definition, boundary selection and allocation is
proposed. Further development of spatially explicit, dynamic modeling is recommended to ameliorate the problems of spatial
variation and local environmental uniqueness. Finally, this paper echoes calls for peer-reviewed, standardized LCA inventory
and impact databases, and it suggests the development of model bases. Both of these efforts would help alleviate persistent
problems with data availability and quality.
相似文献
Bert BrasEmail: |
13.
Establishing causal relationships between environmental exposures and common diseases is beset with problems of unresolved
confounding, reverse causation and selection bias that may result in spurious inferences. Mendelian randomization, in which
a functional genetic variant acts as a proxy for an environmental exposure, provides a means of overcoming these problems
as the inheritance of genetic variants is independent of—that is randomized with respect to—the inheritance of other traits,
according to Mendel’s law of independent assortment. Examples drawn from exposures and outcomes as diverse as milk and osteoporosis,
alcohol and coronary heart disease, sheep dip and farm workers’ compensation neurosis, folate and neural tube defects are
used to illustrate the applications of Mendelian randomization approaches in assessing potential environmental causes of disease.
As with all genetic epidemiology studies there are problems associated with the need for large sample sizes, the non-replication
of findings, and the lack of relevant functional genetic variants. In addition to these problems, Mendelian randomization
findings may be confounded by other genetic variants in linkage disequilibrium with the variant under study, or by population
stratification. Furthermore, pleiotropy of effect of a genetic variant may result in null associations, as may canalisation
of genetic effects. If correctly conducted and carefully interpreted, Mendelian randomization studies can provide useful evidence
to support or reject causal hypotheses linking environmental exposures to common diseases. 相似文献
14.
The artificial reef (AR) complex of the Algarve (Southern Portugal), deployed for the purpose of restoring and enhancing fisheries
resources, is currently the largest structure of its kind in Europe, extending for over 43.5 km2. Such a structure can be expected to have had both positive and negative impacts. To evaluate the overall perception of the
effects of deployment, a survey of stakeholders’ opinions was undertaken based on a set of questions addressing various dimensions
(environmental, social, and economic). The survey covered 44 key-stakeholder representatives distributed in six groups: commercial
fishermen associations, anglers associations and clubs, diving schools and clubs, fisheries and environmental administrators,
natural and social scientists, and local council representatives in the fisheries and/or environmental sectors. The opinions
of stakeholders were measured using summated rating scales. The results obtained reflect the most important issues be impacted
and the possibility of using them as indicators of relative success or failure. From a total of 12 factor-sets of impacts,
the results showed that in general the environmentally related were the ones having had the most positive results. The overall
perception of the environmental factor-sets specified as the ‘deployment area use’ revealed that the artificial reefs were
an incentive to users and that the structures were perceived as a satisfactory tool to support the fishery and its management.
In both cases divers were the strongest supporters. A closer look at the results presented in the form of an AMOEBA plot showed
that there were other factor-sets perceived as impacting positively in other dimensions. Such examples are the factor-sets
‘opinion’ and ‘production and benefits’ lying respectively in the social and economic dimensions. The latter factor-set was
even the only one having the support of five out of six stakeholder-types. As expected, in general different stakeholder-types
take somewhat different positions and attitudes towards AR impacts: usually scientists are the most optimistic, whereas fishermen
take the most sceptic view. 相似文献
15.
16.
The advancement of immunocytochemistry (ICC) allows one to observe detailed spatial distribution of cellular antigens, but,
with some limitations. Using conventional ICC, it is difficult to distinguish the nuclear localization from cytoplasm, as
two large subcellular compartments overlap on the z-axis. In this study, we have investigated whether in situ immunostaining of ‘naked’ nuclei could provide an unambiguous method
for detection of nuclear antigens. We have designed a protocol that efficiently lyses plasmalemma, while keeping the nuclear
envelope intact. The optimal condition for lysing the plasmalemma was 0.5% Nonidet P-40 for 5 min in both neuronal and non-neuronal
cultured cells. Using this protocol, we could unambiguously isolate nuclear from cytoplasmic ICC signals. Since the present
protocol has been designed for immunostaining of ‘naked’ nuclei from cultured or isolated cells, we have coined a new term
to refer to this procedure as ‘immunonucleochemistry’ (‘INC’ for abbreviation). 相似文献
17.
Schwander F Eibach R Fechter I Hausmann L Zyprian E Töpfer R 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》2012,124(1):163-176
A population derived from a cross between grapevine breeding strain Gf.Ga-52-42 and cultivar ‘Solaris’ consisting of 265 F1-individuals
was genetically mapped using SSR markers and screened for downy mildew resistance. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis
revealed two strong QTLs on linkage groups (LGs) 18 and 09. The locus on LG 18 was found to be identical with the previously
described locus Rpv3 and is transmitted by Gf.Ga-52-42. ‘Solaris’ transmitted the resistance-related locus on LG 09 explaining up to 50% of the
phenotypic variation in the population. This downy mildew resistance locus is named Rpv10 for resistance to Plasmopara viticola. Rpv10 was initially introgressed from Vitis amurensis, a wild species of the Asian Vitis gene pool. The one-LOD supported confidence interval of the QTL spans a section of 2.1 centi Morgan (cM) corresponding to
314 kb in the reference genome PN40024 (12x). Eight resistance gene analogues (RGAs) of the NBS–LRR type and additional resistance-linked
genes are located in this region of PN40024. The F1 sub-population which contains the Rpv3 as well as the Rpv10 locus showed a significantly higher degree of resistance, indicating additive effects by pyramiding of resistance loci. Possibilities
for using the resistance locus Rpv10 in a grapevine breeding programme are discussed. Furthermore, the marker data revealed ‘Severnyi’ × ‘Muscat Ottonel’ as the
true parentage for the male parent of ‘Solaris’. 相似文献
18.
19.
Cradle-to-gate study of red clay for use in the ceramic industry 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
María-Dolores Bovea Úrsula Saura Jose Luis Ferrero Josep Giner 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2007,12(6):439-447
Background, Goal and Scope The ceramic tile industry is one of the most important industries in Spain, with the highest concentration of firms to be
found in the province of Castellón on the Mediterranean coast. The basic input material for this industry is red clay. The
aim of this study was to carry out an LCA of the process of mining, treating and marketing this clay in order to identify
the stages and unit processes that have the greatest impact on the environment.
This LCA examines all the stages of the red clay from cradle to the customer’s gate, including the process of mining and treating
the clay in the mining facilities and its later distribution to end users.
Methods Life cycle inventory (LCI): An exhaustive LCI was performed by collecting data from the mine run by Watts Blake Bearne Spain,
S.A. (WBB-Spain) in Castellón. Inputs and outputs were collected for all the unit processes involved in the mining, treatment
and marketing of the clay:
Life cycle impact assessment (LCIA): According to ISO 1404X standards, the LCIA is performed at two levels. Firstly, the emissions
accounted for in the inventory stage are sorted into impact categories to obtain an indicator for each category (mandatory
elements). Secondly, the weighting of environmental data to a single unit is applied (optional elements). In compliance with
ISO 14042, a sensitivity analysis is performed and three different impact assessment methods (Eco-Indicator’95, Eco-Indicator’99
and EPS’2000) are applied in order to analyse their influence on the results.
Results The processes that involve the movement of clay within the mine (excavation and loading and transport to the crushing facilities
and heaps) are the ones that make the greatest contribution to impact categories for pollutant emissions. As weighting methods
in LCA remain a controversial issue, a recommendation when robust results are required, can be to use several methods to examine
the sensitivity of the results to different values and worldviews. In our application case, in spite of the differences between
the three impact assessment methods applied (Eco-Indicator’95, Eco-Indicator’99 and EPS’2000), the same conclusions can be
established from the environmental point of view and we can conclude that the ultimate results are not sensitive in the transformation
of mid-points to end-points.
Discussion Taking into account the characteristics of the product being analysed, in addition to the impact categories for pollutant
emissions that are traditionally considered in LCA studies, environmental parameters related to resource use (fuel, electricity
and water consumption), waste generation (dangerous and non-dangerous wastes) and land use (natural resource appreciation
and land use efficiency) and its later rehabilitation (degree of rehabilitation) have been defined. These parameters can be
used as additional criteria for an environmental product declaration or criteria for a future eco-labelling of red clay.
Conclusion The results of this study made it possible to identify the unit processes that make the greatest contribution to environmental
impact that being, specifically, excavation and loading and transport to the crushing facilities and heaps. Such processes
are directly related to the fuel consumption, category that faithfully reproduces the environmental profile of most of the
impact categories related to pollution emissions. Special interest has the consideration of additional parameters to quantify
the land use and its later rehabilitation.
Recommendations The ceramic tile industry has a basis to market and promote tile products with improved environmental impacts. Given that
transport and extraction are dominant underlying issues, it is quite likely that such environmental improvements are also
win-win in the economic sense. The availability of exhaustive life cycle inventories is the key to allow this industry to,
rapidly, incorporate LCA during product development. Complimentary life cycle costings would also be relatively minimal in
terms of effort.
Perspectives Although this study performs the LCI for the basic raw material (clay), future studies should be conducted to complete an
LCI for the remaining elements employed by the ceramic tile industry, with the aim of developing a characteristic LCI database
for this industry. This includes data on raw materials (feldspar, silicious and feldspars sand, boron, glaze, frit, etc.)
and processes (enamelling, firing, water waste treatment, etc.). 相似文献
– | Mining the clay, which embraces the unit processes of removing the layer of vegetation covering the chosen area, preparing the area to allow access for the firm’s vehicles, and boring or blasting the place the clay is to be extracted from. |
– | Treating the clay that is mined to make the finished product, which entails all unit processes required to separate out the waste material and transport it to the tip (which will later be reconditioned), excavating and transporting the clay to the crushing plant and later storing it in heaps before delivery to customers. All the internal transport that takes place between each unit process has also considered. |
– | Distribution of the final product, where the clay is loaded onto dumper trucks and delivered to the customer. |
20.
Tan K Yang M Wang Z Radloff SE Pirk CW 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》2012,198(4):319-323
When a honeybee colony loses its queen, workers activate their ovaries and begin to lay eggs. This is accompanied by a shift
in their pheromonal bouquet, which becomes more queen like. Workers of the Asian hive bee Apis cerana show unusually high levels of ovary activation and this can be interpreted as evidence for a recent evolutionary arms race
between queens and workers over worker reproduction in this species. To further explore this, we compared the rate of pheromonal
bouquet change between two honeybee sister species of Apis cerana and Apis mellifera under queenright and queenless conditions. We show that in both species, the pheromonal components HOB, 9-ODA, HVA, 9-HDA, 10-HDAA and 10-HDA have significantly higher
amounts in laying workers than in non-laying workers. In the queenright colonies of A. mellifera and A. cerana, the ratios (9-ODA)/(9-ODA + 9-HDA + 10-HDAA + 10-HDA) are not significantly different between the two species, but in queenless
A. cerana colonies the ratio is significant higher than in A. mellifera, suggesting that in A. cerana, the workers’ pheromonal bouquet is dominated by the queen compound, 9-ODA. The amount of 9-ODA in laying A. cerana workers increased by over 585% compared with the non-laying workers, that is 6.75 times higher than in A. mellifera where laying workers only had 86% more 9-ODA compared with non-laying workers. 相似文献