具有保肝作用的天然药物开发进展

肝脏是机体代谢的最主要场所,也是机体最容易遭受到损伤的脏器之一,各种因素引起的肝损伤已成为威胁人类健康的重要疾病之一。肝损伤机制主要与线粒体损伤、自由基脂质过氧化、炎症细胞因子分泌和细胞膜损伤有关。目前已报道很多天然药物具有显著保肝作用,且具有疗效稳定、副作用低、多途径作用、作用温和持久等优势,已广泛用于肝脏疾病的防治。本文对肝损伤的生理机制以及具有保肝作用的天然药物开发进展进行了综述,提出了目前存在的一些问题并进行了展望。     

线粒体功能障碍与慢性肝病

线粒体不仅作为细胞能量的代谢中心,而且在参与物质代谢中发挥重要作用。线粒体含有多种限速酶用于嘧啶和血红素合成、氧化磷酸化、自由基生成和解毒、胆固醇和神经递质代谢,以及凋亡程序的执行。线粒体功能障碍主要表现在线粒体形态结构的改变、ATP合成减少、活性氧物种的过度产生、动力学失衡和mtDNA损伤。因功能受损参与多种疾病,包括神经系统疾病、心血管系统疾病、肝脏疾病、肾脏疾病、糖尿病以及DNA损伤反应相关的癌症的发生与发展。本文就近年来关于线粒体功能障碍与慢性肝病关系的研究作一综述,旨在为靶向线粒体治疗肝脏相关疾病提供研究思路。     

肝细胞线粒体凋亡途径及保护机制研究进展

线粒体在能量代谢、自由基产生、衰老、细胞凋亡中起重要作用。线粒体的基因突变,呼吸链缺陷,线粒体膜的改变等因素均会影响整个细胞的正常功能,从而导致病变。凋亡发生时,线粒体通透性转换孔开放,使得线粒体膜电位降低,呼吸链电子传递障碍,细胞ATP合成障碍,生成大量活性氧簇,线粒体发生水肿,线粒体外膜破裂,膜间隙释放大量促凋亡因子如细胞色素C。Bcl-2家族对线粒体的功能有调控作用,介导细胞色素C的释放,Caspase酶原的激活等。病毒性肝炎、酒精性肝病,梗阻性黄疸、肝癌、毒素和药物介导的肝损伤等疾病中都伴随着肝细胞凋亡的发生,目前保肝药物对肝细胞线粒体功能的保护机制主要体现在稳定线粒体膜功能,减轻氧化损伤等方面,针对临床疾病的治疗有很好的指导作用。     

多巴胺能神经元线粒体的氧化损伤与帕金森病

帕金森病(Parkinson’s disease,PD)的一个主要病理特征就是中脑黑质多巴胺能神经元的丧失,目前研究认为该病理变化与多种因素有关,包括蛋白质异常积聚、泛素蛋白酶体系统功能异常、神经炎症、线粒体损伤和氧化应激。在帕金森病人和动物模型中,中脑黑质有着明显的氧化改变。帕金森病的遗传和环境因素均会作用于线粒体,尤其对线粒体呼吸链复合体I有着抑制作用,造成线粒体损伤,产生活性氧(ROS)。活性氧的大量产生造成脂类、蛋白质和DNA的氧化,从而加剧多巴胺能神经元的线粒体和细胞损伤。多巴胺代谢过程中会产生活性氧,该自身代谢特点决定了多巴胺能神经元存在有较高的氧化应激,易受环境因素的影响。因而,线粒体的氧化损伤在帕金森病病理发生中起着重要作用。     

药物转运体在药源性肝损伤中的作用

肝脏是药物在体内代谢的最主要场所,药物在此进行一系列复杂的代谢转化,但是药物在预防和治疗疾病的同时,也可能造成肝损伤。细胞膜上存在很多功能性的蛋白,用于转运药物的蛋白被称为药物转运体,其在药物吸收、分布和消除的过程中发挥重要作用。近年,由于各种毒副作用而撤销市场的约四分之一的药品与药物转运体有关,因此,了解药物转运体的表达及功能对药源性肝损伤的发生机制具有重要意义。为促进临床合理用药,本文对药物转运体的分类、影响因素及在药源性肝损伤中的作用进行论述。     

肝细胞线粒体凋亡途径及保护机制研究进展

线粒体在能量代谢、自由基产生、衰老、细胞凋亡中起重要作用。线粒体的基因突变,呼吸链缺陷,线粒体膜的改变等因素均会影响整个细胞的正常功能,从而导致病变。凋亡发生时,线粒体通透性转换孔开放,使得线粒体膜电位降低,呼吸链电子传递障碍,细胞ATP合成障碍,生成大量活性氧簇,线粒体发生水肿,线粒体外膜破裂,膜间隙释放大量促凋亡因子如细胞色素C。Bcl-2家族对线粒体的功能有调控作用,介导细胞色素C的释放,Caspase酶原的激活等。病毒性肝炎、酒精性肝病,梗阻陛黄疸、肝癌、毒素和药物介导的肝损伤等疾病中都伴随着肝细胞凋亡的发生,目前保肝药物对肝细胞线粒体功能的保护机制主要体现在稳定线粒体膜功能,减轻氧化损伤等方面,针对临床疾病的治疗有很好的指导作用。     

盐度胁迫对大黄鱼能量代谢与线粒体自噬的影响

为了比较高盐和低盐胁迫对大黄鱼(Larimichthys crocea)肝脏能量代谢和线粒体自噬的影响差异及其作用机制,将体质量为(53.46±1.47) g大黄鱼放入盐度为12、25或40的水体暴露1d、3d和7d,取其肝脏样本检测氧化损伤、能量代谢和线粒体自噬相关指标。结果显示,胁迫1d时,高盐组的大黄鱼肝脏三羧酸循环酶活力和线粒体自噬基因表达水平显著高于低盐组,表明鱼类在盐度胁迫初期需要消耗更多的能量,并提高线粒体自噬来应对高盐胁迫。胁迫7d时,高盐组的大黄鱼肝脏ATP合成酶活力和微管相关蛋白轻链3基因表达水平低于低盐组,活性氧簇和乳酸含量,乙酰辅酶A羧化酶活力高于低盐组,表明高盐组的大黄鱼在胁迫末期降低了有氧代谢和线粒体自噬,提高了无氧代谢,导致机体能量供应不足,线粒体自噬受到抑制,从而加重了鱼类氧化损伤。在盐度胁迫过程中,腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶和叉头框转录因子O亚型3分别在调控能量代谢酶活力和线粒体自噬基因表达方面发挥重要作用。研究结果揭示了高盐和低盐胁迫对大黄鱼能量代谢与线粒体自噬的影响差异及其初步机制,可为大黄鱼养殖水体的盐度调节方案制定及养殖水域选择提供基础资料。     

线粒体自噬的研究进展

由于线粒体在生物氧化和能量转换过程中会产生活性氧,线粒体DNA又比核DNA更容易发生突变,因此线粒体是一种比较容易受到损伤的细胞器.及时清除细胞内受损的线粒体对细胞维持正常的状态具有重要的作用.细胞主要通过自噬来清除损伤线粒体,维持细胞稳态.越来越多的研究表明,线粒体自噬是一种特异性的过程,线粒体通透性孔道通透性的改变在这个过程中起着重要的作用.线粒体自噬在维持细胞内线粒体的正常功能和基因组稳定性上起着重要作用,但是线粒体发生自噬的信号通路及其调控机制还有待进一步深入研究.     

磷脂酰胆碱对酒精性肝病保护作用的研究进展

酒精性肝病已逐渐成为第二大肝脏疾病,威胁着人类的健康。乙醇引发肝损伤的机制主要包括其代谢产物乙醛对肝细胞造成的毒性作用、自由基损伤及对肝脏线粒体产生的毒性作用等。已证实,磷脂酰胆碱对酒精肝损伤具有明显的保护作用。简要介绍了酒精肝病机制及磷脂酰胆碱对酒精性肝损伤的保护作用研究进展,以期为治疗酒精性肝病提供帮助。     

线粒体在细胞凋亡中的介导作用

线粒体是细胞内产生能量的重要细胞器,被认为是细胞生存与死亡的调节中心。Bcl-2家族蛋白、内质网和溶酶体能引起线粒体膜通透性的改变,造成线粒体功能损伤,诱导细胞凋亡。本文主要综述线粒体在Bcl-2家族蛋白、内质网和溶酶体诱导细胞凋亡中作用的研究进展。     

Advances in the mechanism and treatment of mitochondrial quality control involved in myocardial infarction

Mitochondria are important organelles in eukaryotic cells. Normal mitochondrial homeostasis is subject to a strict mitochondrial quality control system, including the strict regulation of mitochondrial production, fission/fusion and mitophagy. The strict and accurate modulation of the mitochondrial quality control system, comprising the mitochondrial fission/fusion, mitophagy and other processes, can ameliorate the myocardial injury of myocardial ischaemia and ischaemia-reperfusion after myocardial infarction, which plays an important role in myocardial protection after myocardial infarction. Further research into the mechanism will help identify new therapeutic targets and drugs for the treatment of myocardial infarction. This article aims to summarize the recent research regarding the mitochondrial quality control system and its molecular mechanism involved in myocardial infarction, as well as the potential therapeutic targets in the future.     

线粒体转录终止因子蛋白家族研究进展

线粒体转录终止因子蛋白的作用是与线粒体DNA的特异位点结合,导致线粒体基因转录停止。近年来,随着人们对线粒体基因转录机制和人线粒体疾病的深入研究,线粒体转录终止因子的功能开始受到人们的关注。本文介绍了线粒体转录终止因子及其家族成员的研究进展和有待解决的一些问题。     

Mitochondrial quality control in stroke: From the mechanisms to therapeutic potentials

Mitochondrial damage is a critical contributor to stroke‐induced injury, and mitochondrial quality control (MQC) is the cornerstone of restoring mitochondrial homeostasis and plays an indispensable role in alleviating pathological process of stroke. Mitochondria quality control promotes neuronal survival via various adaptive responses for preserving mitochondria structure, morphology, quantity and function. The processes of mitochondrial fission and fusion allow for damaged mitochondria to be segregated and facilitate the equilibration of mitochondrial components such as DNA, proteins and metabolites. The process of mitophagy is responsible for the degradation and recycling of damaged mitochondria. This review aims to offer a synopsis of the molecular mechanisms involved in MQC for recapitulating our current understanding of the complex role that MQC plays in the progression of stroke. Speculating on the prospect that targeted manipulation of MQC mechanisms may be exploited for the rationale design of novel therapeutic interventions in the ischaemic stroke and haemorrhagic stroke. In the review, we highlight the potential of MQC as therapeutic targets for stroke treatment and provide valuable insights for clinical strategies.     

Roles of mitochondrial dynamics modulators in cardiac ischaemia/reperfusion injury

The current therapeutic strategy for the management of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is to return blood flow into the occluded coronary artery of the heart, a process defined as reperfusion. However, reperfusion itself can increase mortality rates in AMI patients because of cardiac tissue damage and dysfunction, which is termed ‘ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury’. Mitochondria play an important role in myocardial I/R injury as disturbance of mitochondrial dynamics, especially excessive mitochondrial fission, is a predominant cause of cardiac dysfunction. Therefore, pharmacological intervention and therapeutic strategies which modulate the mitochondrial dynamics balance during I/R injury could exert great beneficial effects to the I/R heart. This review comprehensively summarizes and discusses the effects of mitochondrial fission inhibitors as well as mitochondrial fusion promoters on cardiac and mitochondrial function during myocardial I/R injury. The comparison of the effects of both compounds given at different time‐points during the course of I/R injury (i.e. prior to ischaemia, during ischaemia and at the reperfusion period) are also summarized and discussed. Finally, this review also details important information which may contribute to clinical practices using these drugs to improve the quality of life in AMI patients.     

线粒体质量控制失调与恶性肿瘤发生和发展相关性的研究进展

线粒体活性氧增多、线粒体DNA突变和拷贝数改变、Ca~(2+)超载、凋亡异常等功能障碍与肿瘤发生、生长、侵袭、转移密切相关.随着研究的逐渐深入,人们认识到线粒体是个动态的细胞器,在生理、病理因素刺激下,经线粒体融合/分裂、线粒体自噬、线粒体生物合成以及线粒体分子伴侣和线粒体未折叠蛋白反应的协同调控,在细胞器和分子水平达到对线粒体及其蛋白质的质量控制,限制和延缓功能受损线粒体的积累和过度增多,维持线粒体数量、形态、功能和蛋白质量的动态平衡,保证细胞正常生命活动的进行,使其更好地适应环境.若线粒体及其蛋白的稳态调节能力下降或失衡,会导致受损线粒体的积累并引发细胞内环境的紊乱,影响线粒体功能的正常发挥,从而诱导正常细胞的恶性转化.     

Reactive oxygen species, mitochondria, apoptosis and aging

In this paper, we shall review various antioxygen defense systems of the cell paying particular attention to those that prevent superoxide formation rather than scavenge already formed superoxide and its products. The role of uncoupled, decoupled and non-coupled respiration, mitochondrial pore, mitochondrion-linked apoptosis will be considered. Mitochondrial theory of aging will be regarded in context of reactive oxygen species-induced damage of mitochondrial DNA. (Mol Cell Biochem 174: 305–319, 1997)     

Unusual mitochondrial genome structures throughout the Euglenozoa

Mitochondrial DNA of Kinetoplastea is composed of different chromosomes, the maxicircle (bearing 'regular' genes) and numerous minicircles (specifying guide RNAs involved in RNA editing). In trypanosomes [Kinetoplastea], DNA circles are compacted into a single dense body, the kinetoplast. This report addresses the question whether multi-chromosome mitochondrial genomes and compacted chromosome organization are restricted to Kinetoplastea or rather occur throughout Euglenozoa, i.e., Kinetoplastea, Euglenida and Diplonemea. To this end, we investigated the diplonemid Rhynchopus euleeides and the euglenids Petalomonas cantuscygni, Peranema trichophorum and Entosiphon sulcatum, using light and electron microscopy and molecular techniques. Our findings together with previously published data show that multi-chromosome mitochondrial genomes prevail across Euglenozoa, while kinetoplast-like mtDNA packaging is confined to trypanosomes.     

Keshan disease and mitochondrial cardiomyopathy

Keshan disease (KD) is a potentially fatal form of cardiomyopathy (disease of the heart muscle) endemic in certain areas of China. From 1984 to 1986, a national comprehensive scientific investigation on KD in Chuxiong region of Yunnan Province in the southwest China was conducted. The investigation team was composed of epidemiologists, clinic doctors, pathologists, biochemists, biophysicists and specialists in ecological environment. Results of pathological, biochemical and biophysical as well as clinical studies showed: an obvious increase of enlarged and swollen mitochondria with distended crista membranes in myocardium from patients with KD; significant reductions in the activity of oxidative phosphorylation (succinate dehydrogenase, cytochrome oxidase, succinate oxidase, H⁺-ATPase) of affected mitochondria; decrease in CoQ, cardiolipin, Se and GSHPx activity, while obvious increase in the Ca²⁺ content. So, it was suggested that mitochondria are the predominant target of the pathogenic factors of KD. Before Chuxiong KD survey only a few cases of mitochondrial cardiomyopathy were studied. During the multidisciplinary scientific investigation on KD in Chuxiong a large amount of samples from KD cases and the positive controls were examined. On the basis of the results obtained it was suggested that KD might be classified as a “Mitochondrial Cardiomyopathy” endemic in China. This is one of the achievements in the three years’ survey in Chuxiong and is valuable not only to the deeper understanding of pathogenic mechanism of KD but also to the study of mitochondrial cardiomyopathy in general. Keshan disease is not a genetic disease, but is closely related to the malnutrition (especially microelement Se deficiency). KD occurs along a low Se belt, and Se supplementation has been effective in prevention of such disease. The incidence of KD has sharply decreased along with the steady raise of living standard and realization of preventive measures. At present, patients of KD are very sparse. In recent years the research on the non-KD mitochondrial cardiomyopathy has progressed rapidly. Given the advances in this aspect a minireview is written to evaluate the classification of KD as a kind of mitochondrial cardiomyopathy.