Age Trajectories of Mortality from All Diseases in the Six Most Populated Countries of the South America During the Last Decades

Age trajectories of total mortality represent an irreplaceable source of information about aging. In principle, age affects mortality from all diseases differently than it affects mortality from external causes. External causes (accidents) are excluded here from all causes, and the resultant category “all-diseases” is tested as a helpful tool to better understand the relationship between mortality and age. Age trajectories of all-diseases mortality are studied in the six most populated countries of the South America during 1996–2010. The numbers of deaths for specific causes of death are extracted from the database of WHO, where the ICD-10 revision is used. The all-diseases mortality shows a strong minimum, which is hidden in total mortality. Two simple deterministic models fit the age trajectories of all-diseases mortality. The inverse proportion between mortality and age fits the mortality decreases up to minimum value in all six countries. All previous models describing mortality decline after birth are discussed. Theoretical relationships are derived between the parameter in the first model and standard mortality indicators: Infant mortality, Neonatal mortality, and Postneonatal mortality. The Gompertz model extended with a small positive quadratic element fit the age trajectories of all-diseases mortality after the age of 10 years.     

中国6个国家级保护鸭种群遗传多样性分析

为探讨国家级保护鸭种群的遗传多样性和遗传分化关系,利用17个微卫星标记,对我国6个国家级保护鸭品种资源的遗传多样性进行了分析,统计了平均遗传杂合度(H)、多态信息含量(PIC)、基因多样度(FST)、平均遗传分化系数(GST)和遗传距离等。结果表明,各鸭品种的杂合度较高,除两个群体表现为显著的杂合子缺失外,其他群体均处于Hard-Weinberg平衡状态。6个鸭种群间平均FST值为17.0%,平均遗传分化系数GST为14.7%,各品种平均杂合度为0.706～0.604,平均多态信息含量(PIC)为0.561～0.663。本研究说明我国6个国家级保护鸭品种资源各品种内和品种间的遗传变异大,遗传多样性丰富。     

1980s-2010s华北夏谷区主栽谷子品种SSR遗传多样性分析

通过对20世纪80年代以来具有代表性的华北夏谷区审(鉴)定的20个主栽谷子品种进行SSR标记多态性分析,研究了华北地区育成谷子品种的遗传多样性。49对引物在20个谷子品种中扩增出具有多态性的条带,共检测出142个等位变异,平均每个位点检测出的等位变异数为2.96个。标记位点多态性信息含量(PIC)变幅为0.0904～0.6896,平均为0.4168。20份材料间的遗传距离变幅为0.0173～0.9000,聚类分析将其分成3个类群,其中谷丰1号自成一类,表明谷丰1号的遗传距离较其他品种大。不同年代谷子品种间遗传距离分析结果显示,各年代品种之间的平均遗传距离由大到小依次是1980s>1990s>2000s>2010s,表明随着年代的递进育成品种的遗传差异减小,亲缘关系增近。     

谷子叶片光合速率日变化及水分利用效率

通过降低空气湿度（ 从约３０ ％ 减少到５ ％ ） 、增加ＣＯ２ 浓度（ 从４００ μｌ ＣＯ２／Ｌ增加到７３０ μｌ ＣＯ２／Ｌ） 、烫叶鞘破坏韧皮部等处理对谷子叶片光合速率日变化和水分利用效率（ＷＵＥ） 进行了研究, 发现中午光合速率降低与光合产物积累有关; 虽然低大气相对湿度（５ ％ ） 使光合速率有所降低,但提高了ＷＵＥ。而烫叶鞘使光合物质积累既抑制了光合速率,又降低了ＷＵＥ。     

Variations in air quality during rapid urbanization in Shanghai,China

Shanghai is the largest commercial and industrial city of China, but air quality issues have hindered its development in becoming a “global city.” This study used monitoring data on SO₂, NO _x , acid rain pH, dustfall, and total suspended particles (TSP) from the Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center to evaluate and analyze the air quality in urban, suburban, and rural areas during the period 1983–2005. The results showed that the spatial pattern of air parameters was determined by the level of urbanization; thus, the higher the level of urbanization, the worse the air quality. On the whole, the atmospheric environment of the three spatial regions improved gradually because of economical growth and environmental protection since the 1990s. For the entire region of Shanghai, the relationship between the integrated air quality index and gross domestic product (GDP) per capita was an N-shaped environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) due to decreasing air quality in suburban and rural areas this century. Thus, environmental controls should be increased in Shanghai, especially in developing suburban and rural areas during rapid urbanization.     

良种茶树芽叶中氨基酸研究

本文报导利用日立－ＥＧ型氨基酸自动分析仪测定的六个茶树良种芽叶中十九种氨基酸组成情况,并以此为依据对良好的品质风格进行了探讨。     

Candidaemia Mortality Has not Changed Over the Last 2 Decades in Brazil

Mycopathologia - Despite advances in fungal diagnostics and antifungal therapy, mortality associated with candidaemia remains very high, particularly in developing countries. In this study, we...     

利用两个测序水稻品种构建微卫星连锁图谱

利用已完成基因组测序的两个水稻品种日本晴和931l的数据库成功开发出水稻微卫星新标记,并利用由90个单株组成的日本晴×9311 F2作图群体,构建了一张包含152个SSR标记位点、覆盖基因组总长度2 455.7 cM的连锁图谱,有46个SSR新标记为自主开发,该图谱标记间的平均遗传距离为16.16 cM;并将未能在Temnykh等人(2001)构建的图谱上定位的微卫星标记RM345和RM494定位在第6染色体上.通过与Temnykh等人(2001)和兰涛等人(2003)所构建的图谱从作图群体的类型和大小、标记的类型和数量、标记在染色体上的线性排列顺序等几个方面进行比较,所绘制的图谱其标记在染色体线性排列上与Temnykh等人绘制的图谱具有很高的一致性,达93.81%.     

Construction of a Microsatellite Linkage Map with Two Sequenced Rice Varieties

Based on the successful development of new microsatellite markers from the data of two whole-sequenced rice varieties, japonica variety Nipponbare and indica variety 9311, an F₂ population of 90 lines, which was derived from a single cross between Nipponbare and 9311, was applied to construct a genetic linkage framework map. The map covered 2 455.7 cM of total genomic length, and consisted of 152 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) loci including 46 pairs of new SSR primers developed by our research institute. The average genetic distance between two markers was 16.16 cM. In addition, markers RM345 and RM494, which have not been mapped on the Temnykh's map et al. (2001) were anchored on the sixth chromosome of this map. We compared this research with maps of Temnykh et al.(2001) and LAN et al. (2003) regarding the aspects of type and size of population, type and quantity of markers, and the marker arrangement order on chromosome, etc. Results indicated that the similarity of marker linear alignment was 93.81% between this map and T-map, Finally, the important significance of using sequenced rice varieties to construct linkage map was also discussed.     

民族植物学研究二十年回顾

对我国民族植物学研究在二十年问的发展进行了简要综述.民族植物学于1896年诞生于美国,1982年被引入中国,1987年我国第一个民族植物学研究室在中国科学院昆明植物研究所成立,经过二十年的发展,我国民族植物学已经形成了自身的研究理论体系、内容、方法和途径,将民族植物学从基础描述性研究推进到了应用研究,在植物资源可持续利用、牛物多样性保护和农村区域发展协调发展等领域开展研究,取得了若十进展.本文对昆明植物研究所民族植物学的发展历史,取得的研究进展与成果,学科建设和人才培养,民族植物学的理论创新与发展,以及推进民族植物学在我国的发展等进行了回顾和简述,并提出我国民族植物学未来发展三个方而的建议.     

用RAPD标记评估我国棉花品种遗传多样性

利用ＲＡＰＤ标记对１７个不同来源的我国棉花品种（系）进行遗传多样性评估。２００个随机引物扩增出１１３条多态性片段。１７个品种（系）依据染色体组的不同可以分为３大类。它们之间遗传相似性系数从０．２０００到０．８４５１。３个大面积推广品种鄂荆１号,中棉所１２号和苏棉３号遗传基础十分相近。陆地棉与阔叶棉杂交产生的野生种质系７５８１,与其他陆地棉品种（系）遗传差异显著。不同育种单位在育种过程中种质使用具有     

红菜薹6个品种氨基酸含量的分析比较

对红菜薹6个品种的氨基酸种类、含量进行分析测定,结果表明,红菜薹含有17种氨基酸,其中7种为人体必需氨基酸,各品种间各类氨基酸含量差异不显著;相对于茎干而言,红菜薹的薹叶具有更高的营养价值和药用价值;不同的采收温度对各类氨基酸含量的影响不同。     

6个棉花品种幼苗对低温胁迫的响应

4 ℃低温条件处理6个不同熟性棉花品种幼苗,测定供试材料叶片中SOD活性、POD活性、超氧阴离子含量、可溶性糖含量、可溶性蛋白含量、MDA、相对电导率以及根系活体染色等8项指标,比较不同棉花品种苗期抗冷性差异.对测定指标进行综合评价结果显示：4 ℃低温胁迫1 d后,6个品种耐冷性由强到弱依次为中50＞N203＞N52＞K-1＞N181＞N177;4 ℃低温胁迫2 d后,耐冷性顺序为中50＞N177＞N52＞K-1＞N203＞N181;4 ℃低温胁迫3d后N52＞中50＞N203＞K-1＞N177＞N181.各生理指标综合评判结果为早熟品种中50和N52耐受性较强.     

The Global Pattern of Urbanization and Economic Growth: Evidence from the Last Three Decades

The relationship between urbanization and economic growth has been perplexing. In this paper, we identify the pattern of global change and the correlation of urbanization and economic growth, using cross-sectional, panel estimation and geographic information systems (GIS) methods. The analysis has been carried out on a global geographical scale, while the timescale of the study spans the last 30 years. The data shows that urbanization levels have changed substantially during these three decades. Empirical findings from cross-sectional data and panel data support the general notion of close links between urbanization levels and GDP per capita. However, we also present significant evidence that there is no correlation between urbanization speed and economic growth rate at the global level. Hence, we conclude that a given country cannot obtain the expected economic benefits from accelerated urbanization, especially if it takes the form of government-led urbanization. In addition, only when all facets are taken into consideration can we fully assess the urbanization process.     

Influence of Six Varieties of Cynodon on Four Meloidogyne spp.

Two years of giant star grass, Cynodon nlemluensis var. nlemfuensis, in a field plot markedly reduced the incidence of the root-knot nematodes. Tomato planted following the grass showed very little or no root galling and the yield was thrice that of tomato planted on an adjacent field plot previously cropped to tomato. Replicated greenhouse experiments indicated that six varieties of Cynodon were resistant to root-knot nematode but it took up to 6 months of grass growth to appreciably lower the nematode population. The nematodes were eliminated from the soil by all the six grass varieties after 18 months.     

Treatment-Related Death in Patients with Small-Cell Lung Cancer in Phase III Trials over the Last Two Decades

Introduction

Treatment-related death (TRD) remains a serious problem in small-cell lung cancer (SCLC), despite recent improvements in supportive care. However, few studies have formally assessed time trends in the proportion of TRD over the past two decades. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency and pattern of TRD over time.

Methods

We examined phase 3 trials conducted between 1990 and 2010 to address the role of systemic treatment for SCLC. The time trend was assessed using linear regression analysis.

Results

In total, 97 trials including nearly 25,000 enrolled patients were analyzed. The overall TRD proportion was 2.95%. Regarding the time trend, while it was not statistically significant, it tended to decrease, with a 0.138% decrease per year and 2.76% decrease per two decades. The most common cause of death was febrile neutropenia without any significant time trend in its incidence over the years examined (p = 0.139). However, deaths due to febrile neutropenia as well as all causes in patients treated with non-platinum chemotherapy increased significantly (p = 0.033).

Conclusions

The overall TRD rate has been low, but not negligible, in phase III trials for SCLC over the past two decades.     

Changes in Clinical Trials Methodology Over Time: A Systematic Review of Six Decades of Research in Psychopharmacology

Background

There have been many changes in clinical trials methodology since the introduction of lithium and the beginning of the modern era of psychopharmacology in 1949. The nature and importance of these changes have not been fully addressed to date. As methodological flaws in trials can lead to false-negative or false-positive results, the objective of our study was to evaluate the impact of methodological changes in psychopharmacology clinical research over the past 60 years.

Methodology/Principal Findings

We performed a systematic review from 1949 to 2009 on MEDLINE and Web of Science electronic databases, and a hand search of high impact journals on studies of seven major drugs (chlorpromazine, clozapine, risperidone, lithium, fluoxetine and lamotrigine). All controlled studies published 100 months after the first trial were included. Ninety-one studies met our inclusion criteria. We analyzed the major changes in abstract reporting, study design, participants'' assessment and enrollment, methodology and statistical analysis. Our results showed that the methodology of psychiatric clinical trials changed substantially, with quality gains in abstract reporting, results reporting, and statistical methodology. Recent trials use more informed consent, periods of washout, intention-to-treat approach and parametric tests. Placebo use remains high and unchanged over time.

Conclusions/Significance

Clinical trial quality of psychopharmacological studies has changed significantly in most of the aspects we analyzed. There was significant improvement in quality reporting and internal validity. These changes have increased study efficiency; however, there is room for improvement in some aspects such as rating scales, diagnostic criteria and better trial reporting. Therefore, despite the advancements observed, there are still several areas that can be improved in psychopharmacology clinical trials.     

紫色甘薯品系6种酶的同工酶分析

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术,选用过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、细胞色素氧化酶(CYT)、淀粉酶(AMY)、酯酶(EST)、苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH)等六种酶的同工酶系统对14个紫色甘薯品种(系)进行了同工酶分析.结果表明:过氧化物酶(POD)、细胞色素氧化酶(CYT) 、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)等三种酶的同工酶酶谱很丰富,分别有13、11、10条酶带;淀粉酶(AMY)、酯酶(EST)、苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH)等三种酶的同工酶酶带相对较少,分别为4、7、7条.聚类分析结果表明,所有供试紫色甘薯品系或品种分成7类:I类包括品系A1、A2、A7;II类包括品系B1～B3;III类包括品系B7和B8;IV类只有品系B9;V类包括品系A3、A4、A6;VI类只有品系A5;VII类只有品种山川紫.