关于农药残留检测方法的创新策略分析

为了有效的对害虫、病菌以及杂草等物种的生长进行控制,并使农作物产量得到提高,则致使农药被广泛的应用在农作物中。而农药残留不断的累积以及出现的非靶向副作用直接影响着人类健康和生态环境的平衡,并导致出现了很多严重疾病从而使农药残留检测逐渐的受到人们的广泛关注和重视,而农药残留分析所具有的重要作用也在不断的提升。本文主要对农药残留检测技术创新策略进行了具体的分析,并对农药残留检测手段不断创新的策略进行了详细的介绍,以此对该领域发展的趋势进行展望。     

甲氧基丙烯酸酯类农药生态毒理及其微生物降解研究进展

近年来,随着甲氧基丙烯酸酯类农药用量的不断增加,其产生的农药残留污染问题已引起社会的广泛关注。如何有效治理甲氧基丙烯酸酯类农药的残留污染是科研工作者亟待解决的问题。生物修复技术以其高效、廉价、安全等优点,已成为消除农药残留污染的有效措施。综述了甲氧基丙烯酸酯类农药的生态毒理及其微生物降解的研究现状,介绍该类农药代谢产物及基本降解途径,分析甲氧基丙烯酸酯类农药残留污染微生物降解存在的问题并提出发展方向,为解决该类农药残留污染危害提供技术参考。     

散生型笋用竹笋中有机农药残留

在浙江省主要产竹区竹笋进行多点取样,对主要有机农药残留检测分析,结果表明：残留的有机农药种类主要为3种有机氯农药,即HCH、DDT、五氯硝基苯,HCH、DDT检出率均100％,五氯硝基苯（PNCB）检出率75％,残留量均值均低于国家食品中农药的最大残留限量标准（50μg·kg^-1）。经综合污染指数分析,试验笋样可分为2类,即安全类和基本安全类,分别占82．14％和17．86％,虽然试验取样区竹笋普遍检出HCH、DDT残留,但污染并不严重。竹林经营类型、经营水平、土地利用方式对竹林土壤有机农药残留有一定的影响,不同竹林经营类型、经营水平和土地利用方式竹林竹笋有机农药残留规律与竹林地土壤有机农药残留规律类似。     

根际促生微生物对作物农残影响的研究进展

大多数农药具有较高的土壤持久性和对非目标物种的毒性,农药残留污染已成为人们日益关注的问题。作物中农药残留会对人体造成伤害,有效降低农药残留对保证食品安全至关重要。该文从植物根际促生微生物(Plant Growth Promoting Rhizo-microorganisms,PGPR)的概述、PGPR对土壤及农药残留等方面的作用和实际应用等方面,系统阐述了PGPR提高作物抗性的作用机理、降低作物中农药残留、防治农药污染、提高地力及土壤修复的研究进展。并对目前PGPR存在的问题、解决的方法及研究的方向进行了展望。     

环境介质中有机磷农药残留检测方法的研究与进展

在我国农业生产中,有机磷农药大量用于果蔬中,成为广谱、高效的病虫害防治手段.然而,由于有机磷农药长期不合理及过量使用,造成农作物、土壤和水等环境介质中出现有机磷农药或是其代谢物的残留,对消费者的健康产生极大威胁,农药残留问题已成为威胁食品安全的重大隐患.开发检测环境介质中有机磷农药残留的高灵敏和高准确性的方法具有极其重...     

浙江省商品竹林土壤有机农药污染评价

选取浙江省主要产竹区4县(市)商品竹林27个样地,对土壤主要有机农药残留进行检测分析.结果表明:残留的有机农药种类为有机氯(organochlorine pesticides,OCP)、有机磷(organophosphorus pesticides,OPP)和拟除虫菊农药(pyrethroid,PY),未检测出氨基甲酸酯类农药残留.有机氯农药残留种类为HCH、DDT、百菌清、五氯硝基苯、三氯杀螨醇,其中,HCH、DDT检出率分别为100%和70.37%.有机磷农药残留种类为甲基对硫磷、对硫磷、甲胺磷和乐果,其中,甲基对硫磷检出率96.30%.拟除虫菊酯类农药残留种类为氯氰菊酯、顺-氰戊菊酯,检出率分别为18.52%和62.90%;顺-氰戊菊酯残留量达1 227.14μg·kg-1,其他种类农药残留量低于150 μg·kg-1;这说明,试验取样区商品竹林土壤普遍存在有机农药污染:有机氯、有机磷残留量较低,拟除虫菊酯类农药残留较高.竹林经营类型、经营水平、土地利用方式对竹林土壤有机农药残留有一定的影响,集约经营竹林显著高于粗放经营竹林,笋用竹林较毛竹笋材两用林高,山地竹林较原农业耕作地改种为竹林的低.     

植物性杀虫剂印楝对同翅目害虫的防治研究

近年来,由于人们对农药使用引起的害虫抗药性、农药残留和环境毒性等问题的认识,植物性杀虫剂的研究越来越受到重视,是传统农药的理想替代品之一。本以植物性杀虫剂印楝为研究对象,综述了其对同翅目叶蝉、蚜虫、飞虱和粉虱等主要类群中,农业重要害虫的防治作用研究结果,展望了印楝应用于害虫综合防治中的前景。     

我国生物农药产业现状分析及发展战略的思考

一、我国生物农药发展现状分析 我国已成为世界第一的农药生产和使用大国,作物单位面积平均化学农药用量比世界平均用量高2.5～5.0倍.我国每年遭受农药残留污染的作物面积达12亿亩,其中污染严重的比例达40%,特别是蔬菜、水稻、果树和茶叶等作物农药用量和农药残留问题居于首位.近年来,我国农药残留导致的食品安全问题非常突出,每年仅因蔬菜农药残留超标导致的中毒事故就达10万人次,造成的外贸损失高达70亿美元.     

浅析农药危害与绿色植保

随着农业生产规模的不断扩大,农民为了追求更多的经济利益,而不断加重农药在农业生产中的使用量,导致农药在农产品中的残留度超出规定、同时也致使环境污染、操作人员中毒等其他现象的不断出现。食品、环境、人员全部因此而处于危险中。本文对农药的危害做了简要分析,同时对农业病虫害的物理防治、生物防治、生态调控等绿色植保措施展开探讨,以资参考。     

菜籽油中乐果农药残留表面增强拉曼光谱研究

本文以内壁吸附银纳米粒子的毛细玻璃管作为活性基底,以市售的乐果农药作为试验样品,用表面增强拉曼光谱技术在中性和酸性条件下对菜籽油中乐果农药残留进行检测。在中性条件下只能检测乐果农药浓度到200 mg/kg,而在酸性条件下可以检测乐果农药浓度到0. 1 mg/kg,已接近食品中最大农药残留量0. 05 mg/kg的国家安全标准。试验结果表明,在酸性条件下表面增强拉曼光谱可以作为检测菜籽油中乐果农药残留的一种有效方法。     

Effects of co-existed proteins on measurement of pesticide residues in blood by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

Accurate measurement of pesticides in biological fluids such as blood is important for quantifying environmental exposures. Beyond sample enrichment and separation, the method presented here is focused on studies of interactions between pesticides and co-existed proteins. It was experimentally demonstrated that entrapped or adsorbed pesticide residues within the folded native structures of proteins were poorly recovered using direct solvent extraction solely. We described here an effective approach termed Enzymatic Digestion-Organic Solvent Extraction (eDOSE) that utilizes the enzymatic approach to disrupt the folded structures of proteins and release entrapped or adsorbed pesticide residues. In this approach, samples were first reduced, alkylated, tryptically digested and then diluted 10 times before the subsequent extraction using an n-hexane solution. Resultant pesticide residues were determined by capillary gas chromatography coupled with a mass spectrometer. Mean recoveries of the 5 organophosphorus pesticides pre-spiked in fish blood including diazinon, parathion-methyl, malathion, parathion-ethyl and ethion were 85%, 95%, 84%, 103%, and 43% respectively using eDOSE strategy but only 24%, 45%, 40%, 27%, and 29% respectively using direct solvent extraction approach. The eDOSE approach was effective for demonstrating the critical role of folded native structure of serum albumin in adsorption of exogenous chemicals. It provides an alterative means for denaturation of proteins when the target analytes are not stable in acidic solution or entrapped within the protein aggregates caused by organic solvents such as acetone that have been applied for protein denaturation. The eDOSE approach should be able to combine with other advanced techniques of enrichment and separation for more efficient and accurate measurement of target compounds present in the context of complex biological systems. This approach can provide wide applications to the analysis of a variety of small molecules including environmental pesticide residues and metabolites as well as other toxins present in cells, tissues and biofluids.     

梨小食心虫生物防治研究进展

梨小食心虫Grapholita molesta(Busck)是世界性分布的果树主要害虫之一,可危害多种果树。多年来,过度依赖化学农药防治梨小食心虫效果并不理想,且杀伤天敌、污染环境、导致农药残留。利用自然天敌防治梨小食心虫高效、无毒、无污染,符合当前社会对环保的要求。本文结合前人工作,从病原微生物、寄生性天敌、捕食性天敌、性信息素、化学信息物质等方面,综述了梨小食心虫生物防治的研究进展,并对其应用前景进行了展望。     

Bacteriochlorophyll a-protein interactions in a complex from Prosthecochloris aestuarii. A Resonance Raman study

Raman spectra of bacteriochlorophyll a (BChl) bound to the soluble protein complex from Prosthecochloris aestuarii have been obtained at low temperature, using the resonance effect on their Q_x for Soret electronic bands. These spectra show that the acetyl carbonyls of at least four of the seven molecules bound to the monomer subunit of the complex and the ketone carbonyls of at least five of them are oriented close to the mean plane of the conjugated part of the dihydrophorbin macrocycle. Up to three bacteriochlorophyll molecules may have their ketone carbonyls free from hydrogen-bonding and up to two may have their acetyl carbonyls similarly free. Several of the binding sites of the remaining conjugated carbonyls are probably the same as those binding the conjugated carbonyls of bacteriochlorophyll (and of bacteriopheophytin) in reaction centers and in antenna structures of purple bacteria and as those binding chlorophyll in the antenna of higher plants and algae. The present resonance Raman spectra confirm that the magnesium atoms of most of the seven bacteriochlorophylls are pentacoordinated. They also show that polarisation effects from their local environments induce changes in the groundstate structures of the dihydrophorbin skeletons of the complexed molecules with respect to those of isolated, monomeric bacteriochlorophyll. These changes are quasi-identical for the seven molecules. These environmental effects predominate over any structural change brought about by intermolecular bonding of the conjugated carbonyls or of the magnesium atoms. The dihydrophorbin rings of the seven molecules thus appear to be immersed in a nearly homogeneous medium of low permittivity, although specific van der Waals interactions may polarise the free carbonyls to quite different extents. The possible implications of these observations on the interpretation of the electronic spectrum of the set of complexed bacteriochlorophylls are discussed.     

Proteolytically stabilizing fibronectin without compromising cell and gelatin binding activity

Excessive proteolytic degradation of fibronectin (FN) has been implicated in impaired tissue repair in chronic wounds. We previously reported two strategies for stabilizing FN against proteolytic degradation; the first conjugated polyethylene glycol (PEG) through cysteine residues and the second conjugated PEG chains of varying molecular weight on lysine residues. PEGylation of FN via lysine residues resulted in increased resistance to proteolysis with increasing PEG size, but an overall decrease in biological activity, as characterized by cell and gelatin binding. Our latest method to stabilize FN against proteolysis masks functional regions in the protein during lysine PEGylation. FN is PEGylated while it is bound to gelatin Sepharose beads with 2, 5, and 10 kDa PEG precursors. This results in partially PEGylated FN that is more stable than native FN and whose proteolytic stability increases with PEG molecular weight. Unlike completely PEGylated FN, partially PEGylated FN has cell adhesion, gelatin binding, and matrix assembly responses that are comparable to native FN. This is new evidence of how PEGylation variables can be used to stabilize FN while retaining its activity. The conjugates developed herein can be used to dissect molecular mechanisms mediated by FN stability and functionality, and address the problem of FN degradation in chronic wounds. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 31:277–288, 2015     

Debate on GMOs health risks after statistical findings in regulatory tests

We summarize the major points of international debate on health risk studies for the main commercialized edible GMOs. These GMOs are soy, maize and oilseed rape designed to contain new pesticide residues since they have been modified to be herbicide-tolerant (mostly to Roundup) or to produce mutated Bt toxins. The debated alimentary chronic risks may come from unpredictable insertional mutagenesis effects, metabolic effects, or from the new pesticide residues. The most detailed regulatory tests on the GMOs are three-month long feeding trials of laboratory rats, which are biochemically assessed. The tests are not compulsory, and are not independently conducted. The test data and the corresponding results are kept in secret by the companies. Our previous analyses of regulatory raw data at these levels, taking the representative examples of three GM maize NK 603, MON 810, and MON 863 led us to conclude that hepatorenal toxicities were possible, and that longer testing was necessary. Our study was criticized by the company developing the GMOs in question and the regulatory bodies, mainly on the divergent biological interpretations of statistically significant biochemical and physiological effects. We present the scientific reasons for the crucially different biological interpretations and also highlight the shortcomings in the experimental protocols designed by the company. The debate implies an enormous responsibility towards public health and is essential due to nonexistent traceability or epidemiological studies in the GMO-producing countries.     

农药残留检测关键用酶固定化研究进展

为保障消费者食用安全,迫切需要研发农产品和食品中的农药残留快速检测技术.酶抑制法检测是目前农药残留快速检测技术中的主要研究方向之一,而酶的固定化是用基于酶抑制法原理对农药残留检测研究中的重要步骤.通过物理或化学的方法高效地将酶固定于载体上,同时保持酶的催化活性是开发各类基于酶抑制法检测农药残留传感器的关键.本文将从固定...     

Determination of estrogens by radioimmunoassay with antibodies to estrogen-C6-conjugates. II. Synthesis of estradiol-17alpha-6-albumin conjugate

The 6-carboxymethoxime of 6-oxo-estradiol-17alpha was prepared and conjugated to bovine serum albumin by the mixed anhydride technique. After purification, 31 6-oxo-estradiol residues were covalently bound to 1 molecule albumin.     

BioMagResBank (BMRB) as a partner in the Worldwide Protein Data Bank (wwPDB): new policies affecting biomolecular NMR depositions

We describe the role of the BioMagResBank (BMRB) within the Worldwide Protein Data Bank (wwPDB) and recent policies affecting the deposition of biomolecular NMR data. All PDB depositions of structures based on NMR data must now be accompanied by experimental restraints. A scheme has been devised that allows depositors to specify a representative structure and to define residues within that structure found experimentally to be largely unstructured. The BMRB now accepts coordinate sets representing three-dimensional structural models based on experimental NMR data of molecules of biological interest that fall outside the guidelines of the Protein Data Bank (i.e., the molecule is a peptide with 23 or fewer residues, a polynucleotide with 3 or fewer residues, a polysaccharide with 3 or fewer sugar residues, or a natural product), provided that the coordinates are accompanied by representation of the covalent structure of the molecule (atom connectivity), assigned NMR chemical shifts, and the structural restraints used in generating model. The BMRB now contains an archive of NMR data for metabolites and other small molecules found in biological systems.     

Antioxidant and prooxidant properties of carotenoids

The ability of dietary carotenoids such as beta-carotene and lycopene to act as antioxidants in biological systems is dependent upon a number of factors. While the structure of carotenoids, especially the conjugated double bond system, gives rise to many of the fundamental properties of these molecules, it also affects how these molecules are incorporated into biological membranes. This, in turn, alters the way these molecules interact with reactive oxygen species, so that the in vivo behavior may be quite different from that seen in solution. The effectiveness of carotenoids as antioxidants is also dependent upon their interaction with other coantioxidants, especially vitamins E and C. Carotenoids may, however, lose their effectiveness as antioxidants at high concentrations or at high partial pressures of oxygen. It is unlikely that carotenoids actually act as prooxidants in biological systems; rather they exhibit a tendency to lose their effectiveness as antioxidants.     

Fluorine: a new element in protein design

Fluorocarbons are quintessentially man-made molecules, fluorine being all but absent from biology. Perfluorinated molecules exhibit novel physicochemical properties that include extreme chemical inertness, thermal stability, and an unusual propensity for phase segregation. The question we and others have sought to answer is to what extent can these properties be engineered into proteins? Here, we review recent studies in which proteins have been designed that incorporate highly fluorinated analogs of hydrophobic amino acids with the aim of creating proteins with novel chemical and biological properties. Fluorination seems to be a general and effective strategy to enhance the stability of proteins, both soluble and membrane bound, against chemical and thermal denaturation, although retaining structure and biological activity. Most studies have focused on small proteins that can be produced by peptide synthesis as synthesis of large proteins containing specifically fluorinated residues remains challenging. However, the development of various biosynthetic methods for introducing noncanonical amino acids into proteins promises to expand the utility of fluorinated amino acids in protein design.