我国熊类资源现状

熊科（Ｕｒｓｉｄｅａ）动物世界上共有６个属,我国的熊科动物仅包括３个属,即棕熊属（Ｕｒｓｕｓ）,黑熊属（Ｓｅｌｅｎａｒｃｔｏｓ）和马来熊属（Ｈｅｌａｒｃｔｏｓ）。其中,棕熊Ｕｒｓｕｓａｒｃｔｏｓ全球共分９个亚种,我国有４个亚种：普通棕熊Ｕ．ａ．ａｒｃ...     

贵州茂兰自然保护区白鹇种群数量与保护对策

作者于2000～2001年在贵州茂兰国家级自然保护区对白鹇（Lophura　nycthemera）种群数量进行了调查研究。结果表明该区白鹇的种群数量为547只左右,种群密度为9.32±3.03只/km2,每群结群数为5.17±2.37只。白鹇的种群数量已呈下降趋势,有待于加强保护。     

黑龙江省10年来熊类资源的分布及变动趋势

熊类是大型动物,其毛皮、油脂以及胆、掌、肉等都有很高的利用价值,因此,在黑龙江省林区,熊类历来是重要的狩猎对象。然而,熊是大型猛兽,每被击伤或受惊扰,常凶猛袭人,故猎熊并非易事。历史文献中曾记载:“熊矫捷而罴憨猛,皆兽之绝有力者”,又说,“刺虎者,不过五人一排…刺熊罴,非十人不能胜。盖其力倍于虎也”(《满洲源流考》)。现在,黑龙江省的猎人,通常是在冬季待熊在树洞或地穴中冬眠时进行猎杀,即猎取洞中冬眠的熊,俗称“掏仓子”,或在春季捕捉刚出洞的幼熊,故每年都有一定的猎取量。     

黑龙江省熊类资源现状及其保护对策

黑龙江省现分布有 2种熊 ,棕熊 (Ursusarctoslasiotus)和黑熊 (Selenarctosthibetanusussuricus)。棕熊广泛分布于全省各个林区 ;黑熊在大兴安岭无分布 ,仅分布于小兴安岭和东部山地的张广才岭、老爷岭和完达山林区 ,其分布北界为北纬 48～ 49°,东经 1 2 8～ 1 2 9°附近。 2种熊的总分布区虽无明显变化 ,但集中分布区明显向大兴安岭、小兴安岭、东部山地的腹地退缩。 1 996～ 2 0 0 0年全省棕熊的分布数量为 (63 1±1 43 )头 (n =463 9) ,种群密度为 (0 0 0 2 2± 0 0 0 0 5 )头 km2 ;黑熊的分布数量为 (1 1 1 0± 2 93 )头 (n =463 9) ,种群密度为 (0 0 0 65± 0 0 0 1 7)头 km2 。全省森工国有林区熊类分布数量 (1 1 71± 2 98)头 (n =61 2 ) ,与1 992年该林区熊类调查结果 (3 0 5 7± 73 0头 ;n =2 1 3 6)相比较 ,全林区 6年间熊类数量减少了 1 886头 ,减少率达 61 7% ,年递减率为 1 6%。熊类资源呈锐减趋势。其主要原因为 :(1 )森林长期超量采伐引起熊类栖息生境总体质量下降 ;(2 )人类活动导致熊类栖息地片断化日趋严重 ;(3 )人为捕杀是造成熊类数量减少的直接原因。最后 ,提出了今后全省熊类保护管理的 5点建议。     

徐州双山山地麻晰的数量统计及种群保护对策

根据重捕次数,对双山山地麻蜥种群数量进行了初步统计,结果表明,1997－1998年度,该种群数量为200余只;1999－2000年度,该种群数量为60余只。并初步分析了该状况的成因,提出保护该蜥种的几点建议。     

吉林省熊类资源现状及保护

吉林省境内熊类主要是黑熊和棕熊,黑熊主要分布在长白山山脉、张广岭山脉和老岭山脉,分布密度大约0．01－0．133只／km^2。棕熊主要 分布在老爷岭、摩天岭和长白山自然保护区及周围,目前野生棕熊在吉林省的数量不足50只。野生黑熊和棕熊数量呈下降趋势。     

昆嵛山天然赤松种群的数量特征及更新动态

1　前　言赤松(ＰｉｎｕｓｄｅｎｓｉｆｌｏｒａＳｉｅｂ.ｅｔＺｕｃｃ.)天然分布于朝鲜、日本和中国,它在我国的天然分布从黑龙江东南部(宁安、东宁)、吉林东部(长白山)、辽东半岛经山东半岛(昆嵛山、崂山、沂山东部)到江苏东北部云台山区,是我国暖温带沿海地区温性针叶林的主要建群种之一[1]。昆嵛山地处山东半岛东端,位于Ｎ37°16′,Ｅ121°43′附近,是赤松在山东半岛的最集中分布地。赤松林在该地区从山麓一直到海拔800ｍ左右都有分布,并与落叶栎林共同组成该地区的地带性天然次生森林植被[2],在调节生态系统结构与功能方面起到重要作用…     

内蒙古巴彦淖尔盟蒙古野驴的数量、分布和保护对策

20 0 0年 7月中旬至 8月上旬 ,大批蒙古野驴从蒙古共和国进入我国内蒙古自治区巴彦淖尔盟乌拉特中旗和乌拉特后旗境内。 2 0 0 0年 9月对该地区蒙古野驴的数量、分布和保护情况等进行了考察 ,发现蒙古野驴主要活动在巴彦淖尔盟乌拉特中旗和乌拉特后旗中蒙边境沿线的梭形狭长地带。蒙古野驴活动区东端最南点在乌拉特中旗敦德乌素嘎查 (42°1 7′N ,1 0 8°3 0′E) ,距边境 2 3km ,西端最南点在乌拉特后旗乌力吉图嘎查以西 (42°0 8′N ,1 0 6°3 6′E) ,距边境 1 2km。活动区中部的南限在北纬 42°0 1′,距正北方边境 44km ,活动区面积约 5 3 80km2 。根据样带法调查计算估计该分布区蒙古野驴总数约在 1 1 40 0头左右。目前蒙古野驴种群在该地区的分布尚未完全稳定。密集的人口 ,有限的食物资源和偷猎是影响蒙古野驴种群在该分布区稳定生存的主要因素     

小熊猫资源现状与保护

概述了全球小熊猫的数量、分布、栖息地概况和保护现状,提出了保护与管理建议。目前小熊猫仅分布于中国(四川、云南、西藏)、尼泊尔、不丹、锡金、印度和缅甸．并不断受到栖息地丧失和片段化的威胁：估计全球有小熊猫16000-20000只,栖息地面积约69900km^2：我国是小熊猫的集中分布区,约有小熊猫6400-7600只,栖息地面积达37436．5km^2。我国在小熊猫分布区已建保护区31个,保护面积为15864．9km^2。     

湖北后河国家级自然保护区生物多样性及其保护对策 II.生物多样性保护现状、威胁及其对策

湖北后河自然保护区拥有丰富的生物多样性,为中国生物多样性三大关键地区之一的川东-湘鄂西关键地区的重要组成部分。但所处的贫困山区少数民族县长期以来以森工产业为其县域经济的主要支柱,长期的木材采伐和狩猎习俗曾对该保护区的生物多样性带来了严重破坏。自然保护区的建立使其生物多样性逐渐得到了有效保护,特别是升为国家级自然保护区后,生物多样性保护进入了一个新阶段。但该保护区的生物多样性依然面临多种威胁,保护区自身科学研究力量的薄弱和保护区面积相对较小,限制着该区域生物多样性的进一步研究和保护。进一步扩充保护区面积、引进科研力量并提升自身人员科研素质、协调并增强区内外社区共管是该区生物多样性得到进一步保护和恢复的当务之急。     

Conservation and the cricket culture in China

Several species of Tettigoniidae and Grylloidea are collected and traded as singing or fighting insects in China. There is anecdotal evidence that this trade is causing a reduction in the ranges and populations of some species. However, before any conservation status can be assigned to any species reliably, it will be necessary to reconcile the long-established traditional classification system of singing and fighting insects with scientific classification, determine the ranges and monitor the populations of selected species of commonly traded species, and initiate an educational programme for invertebrate conservation using these crickets as flagship taxa.     

Genetic Differentiation and Conservation of 14 Surviving Individuals of Euryodendron excelsum Endemic to China

Random amplification polymorphic DNA (RAPD)markers were used to assess the genetic variations and the evolutionary relationships among all 14 individuals of a critically endangered Euryodendron excelsum (Theaceae)population distributed in Ba Jia Zhen,Yangchun,Guangdong,China.Twenty-three random primers detected 156 sites,out of which 95 (60.26%) were polymorphic loci.The number of the observed alleles was 1.6090,and the number of the effective alleles was 1.3471.Nei's gene diversity was 0.1993,and Shannon index was 0.1534.A relatively high level of genetic variation was identified in E.excelsum.An unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) tree established from Jaccard similarity coefficients suggested that 14 individuals were clustered into two subgroups and that the No.2 plant was genetically distant from the rest of the individuals.The UPGMA clustering was also supported by a principle components analysis of RAPD phenotypic data.The management and conservation strategy of E.excelsum was proposed based on our results.     

Conservation corridors affect the fixation of novel alleles

Corridors are a popular tool for conservation of small populations. However, two purported benefits of corridors, increasing gene flow and providing a means for the recolonization of extinct patches of habitat (population rescue), may have unappreciated impacts on the likelihood that a new allele will become incorporated (fixed) within a population. Using a simulation model, I demonstrate that connecting a stable, isolated population with a population that requires periodic rescue (due to extinction via natural or anthropogenic disturbance) can affect fixation of alleles in the stable population, largely by changing the effective population size Ne of the two-patch complex. When disturbance is rare, connecting the two patches with corridors can increase fixation of beneficial alleles and increase loss of harmful alleles. However, the opposite occurs when rates of disturbance are high: corridors can promote fixation of harmful alleles and reduce fixation of beneficial alleles. Because the impact of corridors hinges upon disturbance frequency (i.e. rate of population rescue), population growth rate, movement rates, and habitat quality, different species are likely to have different responses to corridor-mediated fixation, even if the species reside within the same ecological community. By changing fixation, corridors could thus either promote adaptation or extinction.     

Conservation needs of amphibians in China: A review

The conservation status of all the amphibians in China is analyzed, and the country is shown to be a global priority for conservation in comparison to many other countries of the world. Three Chinese regions are particularly rich in amphibian diversity: Hengduan, Nanling, and Wuyi mountains. Salamanders are more threatened than frogs and toads. Several smaller families show a high propensity to become seriously threatened: Bombinatoridae, Cryptobranchidae, Hynobiidae and Salamandridae. Like other parts of the world, stream-breeding, high-elevation forest amphibians have a much higher likelihood of being seriously threatened. Habitat loss, pollution, and over-harvesting are the most serious threats to Chinese amphibians. Over-harvesting is a less pervasive threat than habitat loss, but it is more likely to drive a species into rapid decline. Five conservation challenges are mentioned with recommendations for the highest priority research and conservation actions.     

The Legislation for Biodiversity Conservation in China

Effectivebiodiverdityconservationneedsasoundlegalsystemthatincludesthelegisla-tionininternational,nationalandlocallevels.TheConventiononBiologicalDiversity(CBD)thatenteredintoforceonDecember29,1993,isaninternationallegalinstrument.Asaframeconvention,ithasformedalegalsystem,togetherwiththeotherinternationalagree-mentssuchastheConventiononWetlandsofInternationalImportanceEspeciallyasWater-fowlHabitat(Ramsar1971),theConventionConcerningtheProtectionoftheWorldCul-turalandNaturalHeritage(P…     

秤锤树属与长果安息香属植物的地理分布及其濒危现状

秤锤树属(SinojackiaHu)和长果安息香属(ChangiostyraxC.T.Chen)是安息香科的少种属,这两属在我国共记录有7个种。本文通过野外调查,分析了中国这两属植物的地理分布、濒危现状及其迁地保护状况。结果表明:秤锤树属植物地理分布较广,但是每个物种的居群数量和居群大小均很小。其中秤锤树(Sinojackiaxylocarpa)和狭果秤锤树(S.rehderiana)已经在其模式标本产地灭绝;棱果秤锤树(S.henryi)在过去的近70年内没有采到过标本,该物种可能存在同物异名现象或已经灭绝;细果秤锤树(S.microcarpa)由于人为破坏严重,居群大小急剧下降;肉果秤锤树(S.sarcocarpa)和怀化秤锤树(S.oblongicarpa)呈零星分布且个体数量很少,处于极濒危状态。另外本次调查发现秤锤树属的一个新的分类群(待鉴定种)。秤锤树属的大多数种和长果安息香属植物的居群更新能力差:虽然结果率较高,但是结籽率较低;坚硬的内果皮阻碍了种子的萌发,这是其居群更新的最大障碍;另外人为破坏对其居群更新的影响也较大。作者建议应该把秤锤树属的所有物种和长果安息香属植物都纳入保护的范围并讨论了这两属植物的保护策略。     

Population Dynamics and Conservation of Commensal Bonnet Macaques

Whereas much attention is paid to the conservation and management of threatened species of primates, little work is reported on the species that are at lower risk. We report data on demography and population dynamics in commensal bonnet macaques (Macaca radiata radiata) sharing human habitats in Intensive Cultivation, Dry Cultivation and Scrub Forest zones around the city of Mysore, south India. We also compare the data with the previous data collected in 1989 and 1998 on the same groups by our research team. The population has suffered an overall decline of 21.3% (at an intrinsic rate (r) of –0.017) with Dry Cultivation habitat alone recording over 41% decline (r=–0.038) in 14 years. The Dry Cultivation habitat has also shown increased population fragmentation due to increased distance among groups, and decreased numbers of individuals per subpopulation. In Dry Cultivation areas, the number of small groups has been increasing, whereas the number of medium and large groups has been decreasing. We discuss such trends in the context of human-monkey conflict for shared resources. We propose that effective conservation strategies for lower risk species, especially if they are by-and-large commensal, must be planned now before they become threatened. We further propose that Scrub Forests with places of worship, and with the least human-monkey conflict but otherwise close to intensively used human habitats, are the most suitable and stable habitats for conservation of bonnet macaques.     

环渤海区域林蛙资源及其保护

目的对环渤海区域进行物种多样性的调查研究,通过本研究为这一区域的林蛙保护提供科学依据。方法根据多年来的野外调查,结合已有研究进行分析评估。结果本区域分布林蛙有6种,其中黑龙江林蛙、徂徕林蛙和昆嵛林蛙分布区域狭窄,徂徕林蛙和昆嵛林蛙不仅是中国的特有种,也仅分布于本区域的山东省。林蛙作为重要的自然资源,药用价值巨大,养殖产业不断发展。随着养殖业的发展,林蛙保护问题日显突出。结论环渤海区域是中国林蛙属物种多样性最为丰富的地区,也是东北林蛙养殖的主要地区,应加强保护和合理开发利用。