黑龙江省熊类资源现状及其保护对策

黑龙江省现分布有 2种熊 ,棕熊 (Ursusarctoslasiotus)和黑熊 (Selenarctosthibetanusussuricus)。棕熊广泛分布于全省各个林区 ;黑熊在大兴安岭无分布 ,仅分布于小兴安岭和东部山地的张广才岭、老爷岭和完达山林区 ,其分布北界为北纬 48～ 49°,东经 1 2 8～ 1 2 9°附近。 2种熊的总分布区虽无明显变化 ,但集中分布区明显向大兴安岭、小兴安岭、东部山地的腹地退缩。 1 996～ 2 0 0 0年全省棕熊的分布数量为 (63 1±1 43 )头 (n =463 9) ,种群密度为 (0 0 0 2 2± 0 0 0 0 5 )头 km2 ;黑熊的分布数量为 (1 1 1 0± 2 93 )头 (n =463 9) ,种群密度为 (0 0 0 65± 0 0 0 1 7)头 km2 。全省森工国有林区熊类分布数量 (1 1 71± 2 98)头 (n =61 2 ) ,与1 992年该林区熊类调查结果 (3 0 5 7± 73 0头 ;n =2 1 3 6)相比较 ,全林区 6年间熊类数量减少了 1 886头 ,减少率达 61 7% ,年递减率为 1 6%。熊类资源呈锐减趋势。其主要原因为 :(1 )森林长期超量采伐引起熊类栖息生境总体质量下降 ;(2 )人类活动导致熊类栖息地片断化日趋严重 ;(3 )人为捕杀是造成熊类数量减少的直接原因。最后 ,提出了今后全省熊类保护管理的 5点建议。     

笼养黑熊繁育信息

1984年10月,四川养麝研究所派员学习北朝鲜人工引流熊胆粉技术以来,我国人工饲养黑熊、棕熊引流熊胆粉遍及全国,这对野生熊类资源保护造成极大影响,已引起有关部门严重关注。黑熊在野外繁殖正常,在动物园的熊山里仅有个别能产仔。1990年,都江堰市动植物药研究所与成都动物园合作,人工配种黑熊9只,在笼养条件下于1991年1—2月,有3只雌兽产仔并成活4只,笼养黑熊几只同时产仔,尚属首次,这为全国养熊单位及个人提供了人工繁殖黑熊的新信息,走自繁自养道路,为保护我国第二类野生动物——黑熊资源迈出了一大步。该所目前正在研究人工采精、冻精及…     

活熊胆汁采集试验研究

我国地处温带,景观复杂,熊类资源曾很丰富,直至本世纪50年代,熊在我国各地乃系较常见的大型兽类之一,随着国民经济建设的发展,大力开发新的自然生态系统,使原有的一些生态系统遭严重破坏,森林砍伐严重,致使熊的栖息环境大大缩小,更令人痛心的是许多地方,为了取熊胆和防害兽为名任意捕杀,时至今日,我国熊的数量大减,近年来国家虽然采取一些法律措施加以保护,但效果不显著。这是引人注意的一个课题。然而熊胆是医学上用途很广,药效显著的名贵药材之一。为了保护自然     

解开大熊猫起源之谜

大熊猫是我国的国宝,栖息于西藏高原边缘地带的高山竹林里,过着游牧般生活。大熊猫眼点很大,耳朵小巧,加上天性贪玩、朝气蓬勃,因此,深受世界各国人民的喜爱。从分类学方面来看,大熊猫又是最迷惑科学家们的动物之一。关于大熊猫的祖先是谁,一直存在着三种不同的见解:一种认为大熊猫起源于熊科动物,另一种认为是从浣熊科动物进化而来的;还有一种观点主张大熊猫应该单列一科。这三种观点争论了一个多世纪,直到最近才见分晓。大熊猫看起来像熊,但有许多地方与熊不同,而与浣熊相似。例如,熊类为食肉动物,而大熊猫主要以吃竹子为生;熊类每只脚有五个趾头,拇趾的运动方向与其余四趾相同,但大熊猫可有第六趾,拇趾的运动方向与其余五趾相反,可灵活剥竹叶;熊类不能坐立,而大     

第九届国际熊类学术讨论会简介

第九届国际熊类学术讨论会,分两期分别在两个地区召开。新大陆部分,于1992年2月23—28日在美国蒙大拿的密苏里召开,会期6天。旧大陆部分,于1992年10月9—22日在法国格勒诺布尔市召开,会期4天。会议均分为6个专题进行研讨。新大陆部分专题为:1.熊类管理生物学的主要任务;2.公众姿态:熊类与人;3.国际熊类保护;4.种群数量:计量和管理;5.生态学:熊的生活环     

黑龙江省熊类年龄构成、性比及繁殖情况的初步研究

熊类是重要的狩猎动物,肉、皮、骨、脂均可利用,熊掌和熊胆尤为名贵,因而具有很高的经济价值。 目前,国际上对于熊类生态学的研究日益深入。近二十年来多次举行国际熊类研究专题讨论会并出版了论文集。研究方向集中于熊类的群体生态,行为生态及种群的管理方面并正朝着集约管理和合理利用的方向发展。     

记甘肃广河晚中新世祖熊头骨化石（英文）

记述了一件与下颌咬合在一起的完整的祖熊头骨化石。化石发现于甘肃临夏州广河县槐沟村柳树组地层中上部,其层位与时代为新近纪灞河阶/期的晚期,距今约8 Ma。对比研究表明,该头骨与目前所有已知熊类祖先类型都不同,应为一新种,定名为Ursavus tedfordi(戴氏祖熊)。采用TNT软件包对11种祖先熊类和37个特征组成的数据进行不同条件(non-additive,additive等)下全搜索(Implicit Enumeration),并采用自引导法(bootstrapping)进行可信度评价。我们从基于部分特征加积(partially additive)条件下所得出8个最简约树中选取树5作为最可信简约树。该树表明,熊科从渐新世-早中新世的豺熊类(hemicyonids)分出后产生了两类基干类型,Ballusia elmensis和B.orientalis。后者稍更进步,可能为一特异支。此后产生了两大次支:一支向印度熊(可能还有郊熊)+大熊猫演化;另一支则由中-晚中新世的祖熊(Ursavus)和此后由某类祖熊所产生的现生熊类(不包括大熊猫)组成。从现有的化石判断,新建戴氏祖熊是与现生熊类在形态上最为接近的祖先类型,但戴氏祖熊具有某些自近裔性状,可能为一早期旁支。     

吉林省熊类资源现状及保护

吉林省境内熊类主要是黑熊和棕熊,黑熊主要分布在长白山山脉、张广岭山脉和老岭山脉,分布密度大约0．01－0．133只／km^2。棕熊主要 分布在老爷岭、摩天岭和长白山自然保护区及周围,目前野生棕熊在吉林省的数量不足50只。野生黑熊和棕熊数量呈下降趋势。     

长白山自然保护区黑熊和棕熊种群数量动态分析

1986～2010年冬季采用路线调查方法,对吉林省长白山国家级自然保护区阔叶红松林和针叶林中的黑熊(Ursus thibetanus)及棕熊(U.arctos)的相对种群数量和幼年个体比例进行了长期调查。调查面积分别为4万和3万hm2。调查期间累计遇到黑熊65头次(2.6头/年)、棕熊46头次(1.8头/年)。各年度黑熊和棕熊的数量变动很大,总体呈下降趋势。黑熊的数量较20世纪80年代下降了93.4%,幼体所占比率从17.2%下降为0%;棕熊种群数量下降了38.8%,幼体所占比率仅为7.1%。黑熊和棕熊的种群幼体所占比例极低,说明长白山自然保护区黑熊和棕熊自然繁殖力很低,2种熊种群均处于极度濒危状态。栖息地减少和盗猎可能是导致熊类数量急剧下降的主要因素。     

科学家发现现生熊类的最近祖先化石

正中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所的邱占祥院士等人发现了距离现生熊类最近的祖先化石。这一新种被命名为"戴氏祖熊"(Ursavus tedfordi),是现生熊类祖先中最晚和最进步的一个种。2014年第3期《古脊椎动物学报》以封面文章的形式刊登了这一研究成果。这件祖熊化石于2006年7月发现于甘肃省临夏回族自治州广河县官坊乡槐沟村附近。据研究人员介绍,此前世界上还从未发现和报道过祖熊的完整头骨;熊亚科的祖先化石,特别是祖熊     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.