合成生物学与代谢工程在谷氨酸棒杆菌产氨基酸中的应用

氨基酸是重要的化合物,在食品、医药、化工等领域具有广泛用途.多种氨基酸可以通过蛋白质水解提取法、化学合成法以及微生物法生产,现如今大部分的氨基酸都开始尝试微生物发酵法实现工业生产.谷氨酸棒杆菌(Corynebacterium glutamicum)作为发酵生产氨基酸的先驱者,其生产的氨基酸产量已达年产数百万吨.随着合成生物学技术以及新一代基因编辑技术的兴起,谷氨酸棒杆菌能生产的氨基酸种类从传统的几种氨基酸扩大到了几乎所有氨基酸及其衍生物.本文综述了近年来利用代谢工程及合成生物学工具对谷氨酸棒杆菌的改造技术,并介绍了一些利用谷氨酸棒杆菌生产传统氨基酸以及非天然氨基酸的典型案例,为谷氨酸棒杆菌突破所有氨基酸生产瓶颈提供参考.     

谷氨酸棒杆菌生产琥珀酸的代谢工程研究进展

琥珀酸是一种具有重要应用价值的四碳平台化合物。微生物法发酵生产琥珀酸以其社会、环境和经济优势展现出良好的发展前景。谷氨酸棒杆菌被广泛应用于氨基酸、核苷酸等高附加值化学品的工业化生产,在厌氧条件下细胞处于生长停滞状态,但仍能高效利用碳源合成有机酸,通过代谢工程改造的谷氨酸棒杆菌有望成为理想的琥珀酸生产菌株。结合近年来谷氨酸棒杆菌生产琥珀酸取得的最新成果,本文综述了构建高产琥珀酸工程菌株的代谢工程策略、底物的扩展利用,并展望了将来的研究方向。     

谷氨酸棒杆菌耐受胁迫机制及工业鲁棒性合成生物学研究进展

谷氨酸棒杆菌Corynebacterium glutamicum作为一般被认为具有生物安全性的一种模式工业微生物,不仅在发酵工业中成功用于大规模生产氨基酸,而且具有合成多种新型化学品的潜力。谷氨酸棒杆菌菌株在生产化合物时,经常会受到各种逆境条件的胁迫,从而降低细胞活力和生产性能。合成生物学的发展为提高谷氨酸棒杆菌的鲁棒性提供了新的技术手段。本文总结了谷氨酸棒杆菌应对发酵过程中各种胁迫的耐受机制。同时,重点介绍提高谷氨酸棒杆菌底盘细胞鲁棒性和耐受性的合成生物学新策略,包括挖掘新的抗逆元件、改造转录调控因子、利用适应性进化策略挖掘抗逆功能模块等。最后,从生物传感器、转录调控因子的筛选和设计、多种调控元件利用等方面对提高谷氨酸棒杆菌底盘细胞鲁棒性进行了展望。     

谷氨酸棒杆菌生产异亮氨酸辅因子策略及其基因组整合研究进展

L?异亮氨酸属于三大支链氨基酸,是人体8种必需氨基酸之一,广泛应用于食品、药品、保健品、化妆品等领域。目前,微生物发酵法是工业生产L?异亮氨酸的主要方法,其中谷氨酸棒杆菌（Corynebacterium glutamicum）是发酵生产L?异亮氨酸的优势菌株,然而随机诱变会使产量的提高能力达到饱和,难以得到更加高产的菌株,因此针对诱变菌株进行理性改造已成为进一步提高产量的主要方式;且随着遗传操作技术在谷氨酸棒杆菌中的应用与优化,代谢工程育种已逐渐取代传统的诱变育种。综述了谷氨酸棒杆菌中L?异亮氨酸的生物合成途径、代谢调控机制和理性改造L?异亮氨酸生产菌株的策略,并对辅助因子工程应用于理性改造及对谷氨酸棒杆菌基因组整合策略进行了系统阐述,以期为工业水平稳定生产L?异亮氨酸高产菌株的基因组整合策略提供参考依据。     

代谢工程改造微生物高产氨基酸的策略

氨基酸作为一类营养物质在维持机体正常的生理生化反应方面具有重要的功能,常用作食品、药品和化妆品等的添加剂。氨基酸的生产主要依靠微生物发酵,产氨基酸菌的选育却是制约大规模工业生产氨基酸的重要因素。随着微生物分子育种技术的发展和运用,利用代谢工程改造细胞本身固有的代谢网络,指导氨基酸高产菌的选育已成为当前研究的热点。以谷氨酸棒杆菌(Corynebacterium glutamicum)为例,就该菌株代谢网络的特征以及高产氨基酸的代谢工程策略和应用进行综述。     

谷氨酸棒状杆菌集成细胞网络的构建与结构分析

谷氨酸棒状杆菌是一种重要的传统工业微生物,其基因组学和分子遗传操作工具的快速发展使得谷氨酸棒状杆菌具备了作为新型细胞工厂的潜力。但是,相对于大肠杆菌等模式生物,对于棒杆菌的代谢调控研究较少,特别是目前还缺乏谷氨酸棒状杆菌集成细胞网络的研究,这一现状阻碍了谷氨酸棒状杆菌的系统生物学研究和大规模菌种理性设计优化。文中综合应用公共数据库、文献数据库资源,首次构建了谷氨酸棒状杆菌的集成细胞网络,包含1 384个反应,1 276个代谢物,88个调节子,999对转录调控关系。其转录调控可分为5层,代谢网络呈现出清晰的bow-tie结构。文中还以赖氨酸的生物合成为例,提出了一种提取代谢调控子网络的新方法,这对氨基酸等产品高产生物机制的研究和工程菌株的重新设计具有指导意义。     

L-鸟氨酸发酵菌种的代谢工程研究进展

L-鸟氨酸是一种非蛋白类氨基酸参与尿素代谢及生物多胺类的合成,其对人体具有治疗肝脏疾病、增强免疫力等作用,被广泛应用于医疗、保健、食品等领域。工业上生产鸟氨酸主要有化学法、酶法及工业发酵法。其中,发酵法因其生产成本及环境保护等方面的优势而逐渐成为研究的焦点。本文归纳了近年来采用基因工程技术选育鸟氨酸高产菌种最新研究进展,重点讨论了产鸟氨酸谷氨酸棒杆菌的代谢工程改造策略,并对未来的研究方向进行了预测。     

谷氨酰胺和N-乙酰-L-谷氨酰胺的发酵及其发酵转换机制

<正> 一、前言 1957年木下等发表谷氨酸棒杆菌(Corynebacterium glutamicum)进行谷氨酸的工业生产以来,日本的氨基酸发酵生产的研究有很大的进展。很多氨基酸已能用发酵法生产。谷氨酰胺和N-乙酰-I-谷氨酰胺(N-AGM)作为胃溃疡、十二指肠溃疡病等的抗溃疡病药物正在大量应用。作者等应用谷氨酸产生菌谷氨酸棒杆菌的野生株,通过控制环境因素使谷氨酸发酵转换成谷氨酰胺和N-AGM发酵,建立了这些氨基酸的工业生产方法。同时也研究了从谷氨酸发酵转换生产脯氨酸的方法。通过改变培养条件,用谷氨酸棒杆菌使发     

谷氨酸棒杆菌基因编辑的研究进展

谷氨酸棒杆菌是生产氨基酸、有机酸等的重要菌株,广泛应用于食品、医药领域。利用基因编辑技术对谷氨酸棒杆菌进行基因功能研究,在提高目的产物产量、发现新的基因功能等方面有重要意义。近年来,基因编辑技术发展日新月异,从基于同源重组的传统基因编辑技术到以人工核酸酶介导的基因编辑均在谷氨酸棒杆菌中得到合理应用。其中,CRISPR技术以其快速、简便、编辑效率高等优点成为现阶段研究者用于改造谷氨酸棒杆菌的主要技术,但是更为简单、高效的编辑手段依旧需要进一步研究开发,以获得优良菌株应用于工业生产中。     

谷氨酸棒杆菌人工合成启动子文库的构建及应用

启动子是实现基因精细表达调控的重要工具,广泛应用于微生物的代谢工程改造.谷氨酸棒杆菌是重要的工业底盘,已报道的启动子文库较少且主要是基于完全人工设计的突变序列构建获得.本研究对谷氨酸棒杆菌odhA基因天然启动子的-10区及附近序列进行随机突变,借助rfp报告基因和荧光成像系统进行高通量筛选,构建了包含57个相对强度为2...     

谷氨酸棒杆菌中氨基酸分泌转运蛋白及其代谢改造研究进展

氨基酸是一类在食品、医药及化工等领域具有广泛应用的重要化合物。谷氨酸棒杆菌Corynebacterium glutamicum是生物合成氨基酸最重要的微生物菌株,其年产各类氨基酸超过百万吨。谷氨酸棒杆菌高产氨基酸除具有强大的合成代谢能力外,高效的分泌转运能力也是不可忽略的分子基础。文中综述了近年来谷氨酸棒杆菌中氨基酸分泌转运蛋白及其代谢改造的研究进展,并展望了未来发展方向,为进一步改造提升其发酵生产氨基酸的能力提供了可资借鉴的资料。     

Metabolic phenotype of phosphoglucose isomerase mutants of Corynebacterium glutamicum

A series of experiments reported in the literature using fluxomics as an efficient functional genomics tool revealed that the L-lysine production of the Corynebacterium glutamicum strain MH20-22B correlates with the extent of intracellular NADPH supply. Some alternative metabolic engineering strategies to increase intracellular NADPH supply in the C. glutamicum strain DSM5715 were considered and finally the redirection of carbon flux through the pentose phosphate pathway with two NADPH generating enzymatic reactions was favored. Elsewhere, the construction of a phosphoglucose isomerase (Pgi) null mutant of the C. glutamicum strain DSM5715 has been described by utilizing genetic engineering as well as some aspects of its metabolic phenotype. Most interestingly, it was shown that not only could the L-lysine formation be increased by 1.7-fold but the by-product concentration for the null mutant strain was also able to be drastically reduced. In this publication we discuss this metabolic phenotype in detail and present additional data on by-product formation as well as yield considerations. Results from isotope based metabolic flux analysis in combination with considerations on NADPH metabolism clearly exclude the existence of Pgi isoenzymes in C. glutamicum strain DSM5715. The genome region containing the pgi gene was analyzed. It cannot be excluded that polar effects might have been caused by the disruption of the pgi gene and might have contributed to the observed metabolic phenotype of C. glutamicum Pgi mutants. We illustrate growth characteristics of a Pgi mutant of an industrial L-lysine production strain. A reduced growth rate and a biphasic growth behavior was observed. The importance of NADPH reoxidation for well balanced growth in Pgi mutants is discussed. Another phosphoglucose isomerase mutant of C. glutamicum has been described in literature with which an increase in L-lysine yield from 42 to 52% was observed. This finding highlights the general potential of metabolic flux redirection towards the pentose phosphate pathway, which could be used for metabolic engineering of the biotechnological synthesis of (1) aromatic amino acids and (2) chemicals whose synthesis depends on intracellular NADPH supply.     

Recent advances in metabolic engineering of Corynebacterium glutamicum for bioproduction of value-added aromatic chemicals and natural products

Recent progress in synthetic and systems metabolic engineering technologies has explored the potential of microbial cell factories for the production of industrially relevant bulk and fine chemicals from renewable biomass resources in an eco-friendly manner. Corynebacterium glutamicum, a workhorse for industrial amino acid production, has currently evolved into a promising microbial platform for bioproduction of various natural and non-natural chemicals from renewable feedstocks. Notably, it has been recently demonstrated that metabolically engineered C. glutamicum can overproduce several commercially valuable aromatic and related chemicals such as shikimate, 4-hydroxybenzoate, and 4-aminobenzoate from sugars at remarkably high titer suitable to commercial application. On the other hand, overexpression and/or extension of its endogenous metabolic pathways by integrating heterologous metabolic pathways enabled production of structurally intricate and valuable natural chemicals like plant polyphenols, carotenoids, and fatty acids. In this review, we summarize recent advances in metabolic engineering of C. glutamicum for production of those value-added aromatics and other natural products, which highlights high potential and the versatility of this microbe for bioproduction of diverse chemicals.

     

Heterologous production of resveratrol in bacterial hosts: current status and perspectives

The polyphenol resveratrol (3,5,4′-trihydroxystilbene) is a well-known plant secondary metabolite, commonly used as a medical ingredient and a nutritional supplement. Due to its health-promoting properties, the demand for resveratrol is expected to continue growing. This stilbene can be found in different plants, including grapes, berries (blackberries, blueberries and raspberries), peanuts and their derived food products, such as wine and juice. The commercially available resveratrol is usually extracted from plants, however this procedure has several drawbacks such as low concentration of the product of interest, seasonal variation, risk of plant diseases and product stability. Alternative production processes are being developed to enable the biotechnological production of resveratrol by genetically engineering several microbial hosts, such as Escherichia coli, Corynebacterium glutamicum, Lactococcus lactis, among others. However, these bacterial species are not able to naturally synthetize resveratrol and therefore genetic modifications have been performed. The application of emerging metabolic engineering offers new possibilities for strain and process optimization. This mini-review will discuss the recent progress on resveratrol biosynthesis in engineered bacteria, with a special focus on the metabolic engineering modifications, as well as the optimization of the production process. These strategies offer new tools to overcome the limitations and challenges for microbial production of resveratrol in industry.     

The Corynebacterium glutamicum genome: features and impacts on biotechnological processes

Corynebacterium glutamicum has played a principal role in the progress of the amino acid fermentation industry. The complete genome sequence of the representative wild-type strain of C. glutamicum, ATCC 13032, has been determined and analyzed to improve our understanding of the molecular biology and physiology of this organism, and to advance the development of more efficient production strains. Genome annotation has helped in elucidation of the gene repertoire defining a desired pathway, which is accelerating pathway engineering. Post genome technologies such as DNA arrays and proteomics are currently undergoing rapid development in C. glutamicum. Such progress has already exposed new regulatory networks and functions that had so far been unidentified in this microbe. The next goal of these studies is to integrate the fruits of genomics into strain development technology. A novel methodology that merges genomics with classical strain improvement has been developed and applied for the reconstruction of classically derived production strains. How can traditional fermentation benefit from the C. glutamicum genomic data? The path from genomics to biotechnological processes is presented.