Evoked Emotions Predict Food Choice

In the current study we show that non-verbal food-evoked emotion scores significantly improve food choice prediction over merely liking scores. Previous research has shown that liking measures correlate with choice. However, liking is no strong predictor for food choice in real life environments. Therefore, the focus within recent studies shifted towards using emotion-profiling methods that successfully can discriminate between products that are equally liked. However, it is unclear how well scores from emotion-profiling methods predict actual food choice and/or consumption. To test this, we proposed to decompose emotion scores into valence and arousal scores using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and apply Multinomial Logit Models (MLM) to estimate food choice using liking, valence, and arousal as possible predictors. For this analysis, we used an existing data set comprised of liking and food-evoked emotions scores from 123 participants, who rated 7 unlabeled breakfast drinks. Liking scores were measured using a 100-mm visual analogue scale, while food-evoked emotions were measured using 2 existing emotion-profiling methods: a verbal and a non-verbal method (EsSense Profile and PrEmo, respectively). After 7 days, participants were asked to choose 1 breakfast drink from the experiment to consume during breakfast in a simulated restaurant environment. Cross validation showed that we were able to correctly predict individualized food choice (1 out of 7 products) for over 50% of the participants. This number increased to nearly 80% when looking at the top 2 candidates. Model comparisons showed that evoked emotions better predict food choice than perceived liking alone. However, the strongest predictive strength was achieved by the combination of evoked emotions and liking. Furthermore we showed that non-verbal food-evoked emotion scores more accurately predict food choice than verbal food-evoked emotions scores.     

Evoked potentials in artificial neural nets

A neural net model of discrete populations of formal neurons have been constructed to study evoked potentials based on our previous simulation studies (Anninos, 1972). Some interesting results came up from the examination of our findings regarding the latencies and the period of the cyclic activity of the evoked potentials. In fact, the different successive latencies for the five identical stimuli and the different periods for each of the cyclic activities, all are consequences of inhibitory and excitatory influences from a large neuronal population. Furthermore, such behavior of the system is not only related to the unknown neuronal population but was also substantially altered by what occurred in other systems at the time of stimulus, or prior to it.Computation assistance was provided by the Health Sciences Computing Facility, UCLA, sponsored by NIH Special Research Resources Grant RR-3. Research was sponsored by NSF Grant GB 30498 and NIH Grant NS-8498.     

外阴诱发电位及其应用

诱发电位（EP）是继脑电图和肌电图之后临床神经电生理的第三大进展,在检测神经系统的状态和变化上有重要意义,常常用来协助确定神经系统的可疑病变,检出亚临床病灶,帮助病损定位,监护感觉系统的功能状态。其中,视觉、听觉和部分体感诱发电位已得到广泛应用。本文介绍了外阴诱发电位的相关原理及其应用等。     

Evoked acoustic oto-emissions: effects of atropine

The Evoked Otoacoustic Emissions (EOE) are a sinusoidal wave complex coming from the contractile properties of the cochlea and particularly of the outer hair cells. This activity is influenced by the centrifugal pathways whose transmitter is acetylcholine. In order to study the effects of the functional block of the cochlea, ten young normal subjects were examined recording the EOE before and ten mins after the i.v. infusion of 1 mg of atropine. The statistical analysis of the results has shown a significant decrease only in EOE appearance threshold in absence of modifications of the saturation level. These data have led us to believe that atropine blocking of the centrifugal pathways causes a disfunction of the outer hair cells that accept less energy to be transduced into a neural stimulus and on the other hand more energy as EOEs.     

Evoked acoustic oto-emissions in cochlear deafness]

In order to give a contribution to the genesis of the EOAEs, we have recorded echos in 24 subjects with unilateral sudden deafness (I. group); 20 ears with Menière disease (II. group); 22 ears with progressive sensorineural hearing loss (III. group) and 10 normally hearing young subjects as control group. The results have shown that the EOAEs were present in 100% (I. group), 84.6% (II. group) and 86.3% (III. group) in response to the tone-burst; while the echos were present only in the 57.1% (I. group), 38.4% (II. group) and 45.4% (III. group) in response to the click, although the audiometric threshold mean were greater than 45 dB HL for 2-4 KHz and 1 KHz in the three experimental groups except for 2-4 KHz in the subjects with Menière disease (37.5 dB HL). The properties of EOAEs (detection and saturation threshold, dynamic range and duration) depended on the degree of hearing loss. Our results seem to corroborate the hypothesis that EOAEs could be also produced by a passive intracochlear mechanism attributable to the travelling wave of the basilar membrane provoked by the perilymph. In the normal ear this passive mechanism could be superimposed by an active mechanism, linked to the contractile activity of the outer hair cells with a consequent increase in amplitude of the EOAEs for the same stimulus intensity.     

Evoked potentials during elaboration of fine differentiations

The paper deals with the character of changes in the EP form recorded from the visual cortex of a rat during elaboration of a system of positive and negative (with different degree of precision) conditioned defensive reflexes. It has been shown that in a state of a consolidated habit of pain stimulus avoidance in a shuttle box a negative component with peak latency up to 70 msec develops in EP to the differentiation stimulus of 0.5 c/s. This component is much less pronounced to the 2 c/s conditioned stimulus. When a more precise differentiation stimulus (1 c/s) was presented to the animal in this state the development of the studied component depended on the subsequent behavioural reaction: it developed if the animal reacted in the same way as to the differentiation stimulus. This fact suggests that the generation of this component is connected with the inhibitory processes developing at the time when the animal is choosing its behavioural reaction.     

Cerebral Evoked Potential Correlates in Forced-paced Tasks

CEREBRAL evoked potentials can be monitored by averaging scalp records in subjects performing psychological tasks. The waveform is affected not only by the physical features of the sensory stimulus but also by cognitive and motivational parameters^1–7. These can be manipulated through verbal instructions given to the subject and several studies have shown that a slow positive component of about 300 ms peak latency (P₃₀₀) can be elicited by stimuli to which perceptual significance is attached^2,5–8. We have examined the evoked potential correlates of sensory overload in forced-paced auditory tasks and find that the cerebral “decision” potential can reveal intermittency in the perceptual channel.     

Cervicothoracic Multisegmental Transpinal Evoked Potentials in Humans

The objectives of this study were to establish the neurophysiological properties of the transpinal evoked potentials (TEPs) following transcutaneous electric stimulation of the spine (tsESS) over the cervicothoracic region, changes in the amplitude of the TEPs preceded by median nerve stimulation at group I threshold, and the effects of tsESS on the flexor carpi radialis (FCR) H-reflex in thirteen healthy human subjects while seated. Two re-usable self-adhering electrodes, connected to function as one electrode (cathode), were placed bilaterally on the clavicles. A re-usable electrode (anode) was placed on the cervicothoracic region covering from Cervical 4 – Thoracic 2 and held under constant pressure throughout the experiment. TEPs were recorded bilaterally from major arm muscles with subjects seated at stimulation frequencies of 1.0, 0.5, 0.33, 0.2, 0.125, and 0.1 Hz, and upon double tsESS pulses delivered at an inter-stimulus interval of 40 ms. TEPs from the arm muscles were also recorded following median nerve stimulation at the conditioning-test (C-T) intervals of 2, 3, 5, 8, and 10 ms. The FCR H-reflex was evoked and recorded according to conventional methods following double median nerve pulses at 40 ms, and was also conditioned by tsESS at C-T intervals that ranged from −10 to +50 ms. The arm TEPs amplitude was not decreased at low-stimulation frequencies and upon double tsESS pulses in all but one subject. Ipsilateral and contralateral arm TEPs were facilitated following ipsilateral median nerve stimulation, while the FCR H-reflex was depressed by double pulses and following tsESS at short and long C-T intervals. Non-invasive transpinal stimulation can be used as a therapeutic modality to decrease spinal reflex hyper-excitability in neurological disorders and when combined with peripheral nerve stimulation to potentiate spinal output.     

Evoked cochlear potentials in the barn owl

Gross electrical responses to tone bursts were measured in adult barn owls, using a single-ended wire electrode placed onto the round window. Cochlear microphonic (CM) and compound action potential (CAP) responses were evaluated separately. Both potentials were physiologically vulnerable. Selective abolishment of neural responses at high frequencies confirmed that the CAP was of neural origin, while the CM remained unaffected. CAP latencies decreased with increasing stimulus frequency and CAP amplitudes were correlated with known variations in afferent fibre numbers from the different papillar regions. This suggests a local origin of the CAP along the tonotopic gradient within the basilar papilla. The audiograms derived from CAP and CM threshold responses both showed a broad frequency region of optimal sensitivity, very similar to behavioural and single-unit data, but shifted upward in absolute sensitivity. CAP thresholds rose above 8 kHz, while CM responses showed unchanged sensitivity up to 10 kHz.     

Evoked impulse activity in neuronally isolated cortex

The reactions of neurons of the isolated cortex of one hemisphere to direct cortical stimulation were investigated in cats under Nembutal anesthesia. Isolation of the cortex was carried out by Khananashvili's method [10]. It is shown that phasic reactions develop in the isolated cortex in response to such stimulation: initial discharge, initial pause, first after-discharge, first after-pause, late after-discharges and pauses, as well as reactions of presumably inhibitory neurons. A majority of the cells (85%) which manifest background activity respond to direct electrical stimulation, and the frequency of the late after-reactions is twice as great as in the intact cortex. It is concluded that cortical elements of the isolated cortex retain their principal neurophysiological properties.Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. Translated from Neirofiziologiya, Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 236–244, May–June, 1971.