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农业生态系统能量分析 总被引:33,自引:2,他引:33
农业生态系统的能量分析从能流着手进行农业生态系统的功能量化分析,是农业生态系统重要的研究方法之一。本文简要回顾讨论了农业生态系统能量分析研究的历史和进展。着重讨论了能值分析方法对传统能量分析方法的新发展,分析了农业生态系统能量分析目前存在的问题,并就其进一步发展方向进行了探讨能值分析方法用生产某种能量或物质所直接或间接耗用的太阳能值量来衡量该能量或物质的价值,不仅在概念上而且在算法上都是原有能量分析方法的新发展.发展到能值分析阶段的农业生态系统的能量分析方法亦存有自身的不足之处,如能值转换率的计算过于繁复,能值指标体系缺乏统一性及系统可持续发展的能值综合评价指标缺乏等。这些问题的解决与能值最大功率的明晰化、能值分析与能量及耗散分析的结合、与物质分析及景观结构分析的结合等研究等共同构成了农业生态系统能量分析的几大发展方向。 相似文献
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在对生态系统服务进行评价时,重复计算一直是困扰学者们的一个难题。目前大部分对湿地生态系统服务价值评估的方法都集中于将服务进行简单的分类后,通过经济学的方法计算和评估湿地生态系统服务的价值。而生态系统服务的产生、传输、消费和再生产其实是一个循环的过程,将其生硬的分类进行评估,势必会对结果的精确度造成影响,如果不能正确地去除湿地生态系统服务价值评价中重复计算的部分,会使评估结果的可信度降低。本文通过建立能值流动流程图,对湿地生态系统服务间\"分离、反馈、共产物\"这三个基本机制进行整体性的预先分析,将计算结果与未经预先分析的计算结果对比,得到结果误差范围为12%~38%。研究表明,经过对系统的预先分析,可以有效地去除重复性计算所带来的误差,使评价的结果更加精确。 相似文献
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如何系统定量地评价小水电开发过程所引起的景观变化、河流局部断流等生态影响,是平息争议、进行合理规划与开发小水电前提之一。运用能值分析方法,以贵州省赤水市观音岩水电站为例,将小水电建设、运行的资源投入,以及河道中水流的时空改变所导致生态服务功能的损失纳入核算体系,对其生态影响进行综合定量评估。从2010年的实际结果来看,由于河流断流,导致水坝下游生态系统服务功能的能值损失为2.77×1018sej,占到了系统建设运行总投入的44.84%,其中重点保护鱼种在影响河段的生境破坏是最大的能值损失。若不考虑下游生态系统服务功能损失,系统的环境负载率为1.92,可持续性指标为1.22;而考虑下游生态影响之后,系统环境负载率增大至4.26,可持续性指标减小为0.34。研究表明,小水电的开发必须遵循适度开发、规划优先,保障河流最基本的生态需水底线,是协调小水电开发和河流健康矛盾、追求小水电持续发展的刚性要求。 相似文献
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冬小麦灌浆期高温是制约我国北方冬小麦产量的一个重要气候因素,随着全球气候变暖,日趋频繁的极端温度事件可能引起该地区冬小麦产量的大幅波动。为了明确冬小麦灌浆期异常高温对冬小麦产量的影响程度,在河北固城生态与农业气象试验站自然大田条件下,采用自由空气红外辐射增温技术,开展了冬小麦灌浆中后期短期高温处理模拟试验。结果表明,灌浆中后期短期高温胁迫致使冬小麦灌浆速率下降及灌浆持续时间缩短从而使粒重降低,在消除了影响粒重的其它因素的作用后,短期高温处理期间的午间平均冠层气温与粒重之间存在显著的负线性相关关系。高温对冬小麦产量的威胁程度由高温强度及其持续时间两个因素决定。结合了高温强度及其持续时间综合作用的高温有效度时被证明是一个能全面反映灌浆中后期高温胁迫影响的特征量。 相似文献
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基于观测数据分析了宁夏固原地区平均温度和降水的年际变化,探讨了气候变化对当地胡麻发育进程和产量的影响状况.结果表明: 1957—2012年,固原地区年均气温呈上升趋势,年降水量呈下降趋势,气候倾向率分别为0.3 ℃·(10 a)-1、-20 mm·(10 a)-1;胡麻生长季平均温度的上升趋势更明显,降水的下降趋势则与年趋势类似.气温升高和降水减少加快了胡麻的发育速度,导致其生育期天数呈显著减少趋势.胡麻播种至出苗期温度每上升1 ℃,出苗期提前0.7 d;出苗至二对针叶期,温度每上升1 ℃,发育天数缩短0.8 d,降水量每减少1 mm,发育天数缩短0.1 d;工艺成熟至成熟期温度每上升1 ℃,成熟期提前1.8 d,降水量每减少1 mm,成熟期提前0.1 d.胡麻营养生长阶段平均温度升高、降水减少使发育加速是胡麻产量逐年降低的主要原因之一;生殖生长阶段温度升高会抑制花芽分化及正常授粉,对蒴果数和结实率产生影响而导致产量降低.调整胡麻品种种植布局、扩大中晚熟或晚熟品种比例是当地减少气候变化影响的重要措施. 相似文献
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中国农业生态的能流能值分析 总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12
应用最新能值分析理论和方法,以能值为共同尺度,定量分析中国农业生态系统的能物流,包括自然环境资源、石化补助能和可更新有机能的能值投入,以及农牧渔业的产出能值;计算得出一系列反映生态与经济的能值综合指标体系,绘制了中国农业总体生产系统能流能值模型图;评估了国家农业环境资源基础、能投结构和能值产出,并与一些发达国家比较分析,评价了中国农业的生态经济效益,分析了农业总体结构、能投结构,为农业生产的持续、 相似文献
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澳门资源缺乏,人口高度密集,其生命支持系统几乎完全依赖进口。近年,澳门经历了经济的繁荣和社会的发展,澳门如何能克服其自身的缺点而生存?试图应用H.T.Odum创立的能值(Emergy)分析理论和方法,从城市生态系统的理论出发,对澳门的能值流进行系统分析研究,通过一系列能值指标,评价澳门城市生态系统自然环境和社会经济可持续发展的状况,为澳门制定发展策略和产业调整提供科学指导依据。2003年澳门城市生态系统应用能值为220×1020sej(Solaremjoules,太阳能焦耳,缩写为sej),输入的购买能值有216×1020sej,出口能值为140×1020sej。旅游博彩业为澳门带来52.1亿美元的收益,折算能值收益为86.5×1020sej,而游客只消费能值32.6×1020sej的商品和服务,旅游博彩业巨大的能值净收益为53.9×1020sej,旅游博彩业的贡献冲击比率为2.65。研究还发现,以相同的货币进行商品交换,中国大陆与澳门的能值交换比率是1.8倍。澳门旅游博彩业的能值剩余和澳门与中国大陆的能值交换优势,是维持澳门生态经济系统的关键因素。最后对澳门的可持续发展状况进行了讨论。 相似文献
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农牧交错区农业可持续发展问题一直是我国区域农业研究的重要课题,以典型北方农牧交错区宁夏盐池县为例,利用农业生态系统能值分析框架,评估盐池县1991—2016年农业生态系统正反服务,揭示禁牧政策对农业可持续发展的影响。研究结果表明:(1) 1991—2016年盐池县农业投入能值和农业生态系统正反服务能值一直处于增长的趋势,禁牧政策实施以后增长速度高于禁牧之前,其中农业投入能值的增加主要是由于经济反馈能值投入的增加。(2)根据Pearson相关性分析,盐池县农业生态系统服务和反服务在0.01水平(双侧)呈显著的强正相关,农业生态系统服务和反服务具有相同的变化趋势。(3)生态环境的改善、经济反馈能值和农业灌溉面积的增加,可以增强北方农牧交错区农业抵御气候波动的能力。(4)盐池县农业可持续性高于全国和典型农区的平均水平,禁牧政策实施之前盐池县农业可持续性表现出稳定的下降趋势,而禁牧政策实施以后其可持续性表现为上升的趋势,禁牧政策的实施已初步实现农业生产的生态经济效益。 相似文献
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气候变化对我国干旱/半干旱区小麦生产影响的模拟研究 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
利用随机天气模型,将气候模式对大气中CO2倍增时预测的气候情景与CERES-小麦模式相连接,研究了气候变化对我国冬小麦和春小麦生产的可能影响。并对水分、温度、CO2综合对小麦的作用进行初步模拟分析。所得结论为:①气候变化后小麦发育将加快,生育期缩短,春小麦生育期缩短的绝对数和相对数均小于冬小麦。②北方十个站点小麦生产的最适水分条件在不同站点、不同气候情景下都有所不同。最适水分条件变幅在40%~80%。③在不考虑CO2对小麦影响的情况下,由于热量充足,只要水分条件适宜,未来我国北方干旱、半干旱地区小麦产量整体都有增产趋势。如果考虑CO2,增产效果更加明显。 相似文献
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本文报道了模拟酸雨对小麦、水稻、大豆和白菜的生长与产量影响的试验。模拟酸雨含自然酸雨中已知的离子成分。模拟酸雨PH值为5.6、4.5、4.0、3.5、3.0、2.5和2.0。结果指出:大豆和白菜叶片的可见伤害阈值为pH2.5,水稻和小麦的可见伤害阈值分别为pH2.0和pH3.0,大豆和白菜的电导度随酸雨的pH值下降而增加,pH3.5的模拟酸雨可引起白菜叶片叶绿素含量减少,叶绿素a/叶绿素b的比值发生变化;pH3.0的模拟酸雨使大豆和小麦叶片叶绿素含量下降,叶绿素a/叶绿素b比值改变。pH3.5的模拟酸雨就可抑制白菜生长;pH3.0的模拟酸雨对小麦和大豆生长产生抑制.pH3.5的模拟酸雨造成小麦和白菜减产;pH3.0引起大豆产量下降;pH2.5时,对水稻生长和产量没有影响。大麦和大豆减产主要由酸雨引起籽粒重下降而造成的。 相似文献
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In Britain death rates from several important causes, particularly circulatory and respiratory diseases, rise markedly during the colder winter months. This close association between temperature and mortality suggests that climate change as a result of global warming may lead to a future reduction in excess winter deaths. This paper gives a brief introductory review of the literature on the links between cold conditions and health, and statistical models are subsequently developed of the associations between temperature and monthly mortality rates for the years 1968 to 1988 for England and Wales. Other factors, particularly the occurrence of influenza epidemics, are also taken into account. Highly significant negative associations were found between temperature and death rates from all causes and from chronic bronchitis, pneumonia, ischaemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease. The statistical models developed from this analysis were used to compare death rates for current conditions with those that might be expected to occur in a future warmer climate. The results indicate that the higher temperatures predicted for 2050 might result in nearly 9000 fewer winter deaths each year with the largest contribution being from mortality from ischaemic heart disease. However, these preliminary estimates might change when further research is able to make into account a number of additional factors affecting the relationship between mortality and climate. 相似文献
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土壤深层供水对冬小麦干物质生产的影响 总被引:22,自引:3,他引:22
采用根系研究装置研究了土壤深层供水对冬小麦干物质生产的影响 .结果表明 ,上层低湿度下层高湿度的处理在小麦灌浆期仍然保持了较高的土壤和叶片含水量 ,具有发达的根系 ,特别是 1m以下的根量在 4个处理中为最高 ,旗叶和穗的干重也最大 ,具有最大的产量潜力 .本研究表明 ,上层土壤较干下层土壤湿润有利于发挥小麦根信号的积极作用 ,平衡水分利用 ,同时通过对土壤水分的合理调节可以促进深层根的发育 ,有利于提高产量和水分利用效率 . 相似文献
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Ailiang Jiang 《International journal of biometeorology》1988,32(4):280-282
According to the author's and his collaborators' investigations, the climate influences the growth of rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis) in Xishuangbanna, the southern part of Yunnan Province, China, in at least four aspects: (1) The yield of latex per tapping and the final yield of dry rubber per tree per year or per unit area per year; (2) the growth rate, as expressed by increment of girth in cm; (3) the survival during the over-wintering period; (4) the initiation or suppression of certain diseases; In this paper the author would like to describe the influence of climatic elements on yield of latex and on survival during the over-wintering period. As for the other two aspects, only general comments are given. 相似文献
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玉米赤霉烯酮(Zearalenone,简称ZEN)是八十年代初从高等植物中鉴定出的一种微量生理活性物质,已证明它在植物成花过程中起重要作用。为了阐明玉米赤霉烯酮的作用机制,我们用放射配体竞争结合分析法研究了春化冬小麦的ZEN特异结合蛋白。结果表明在春化冬小麦胚芽中存在着可溶性的ZEN特异结合蛋白(ZBP)。结合反应的pH范围在6-8,加热、蛋白酶和尿素处理破坏结合活性。玉米赤霉烯酮的同系物α-玉米赤霉醇和β-玉米赤霉醇,以及动物雌性激素雌二醇可与ZEN竞争结合ZBP。其它植物激素不能与ZBP发生竞争结合。蔗糖密度梯度离心分析表明ZBP沉降于4-5S区。 相似文献
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R. C. Jain Ranjana Agrawal K. N. Singh 《Biometrical journal. Biometrische Zeitschrift》1992,34(7):789-799
Logistic growth model can be used to forcast total dry matter at maturity about one month before harvest in wheat and rice whereas forecast of head/panicle weight can be made about 15 days advance of harvest. Total dry matter as well as head weight at maturity were over estimated in general when partial data were used. Modified growth model worked well to adjust for over estimation in total dry matter and head weight at maturity. 相似文献
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Observed meteorological data demonstrates that temperature has increased by 0.74 °C in the last hundred years with the bulk of the warming occurring in the last 50 years. This paper examines the impact of climate change on five major crops in the former state of Andhra Pradesh using district level panel data for the period 1981–2010. Analysis of data shows that crop yields are significantly impacted by climate for rice, tobacco and groundnut. Crops grown in rabi are more susceptible to changes in climate than those in kharif, while drought crops like jowar are found to withstand changes in climate better than others. 相似文献
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Summary The effects of winter waterlogging and a subsequent drought on the growth of winter barley and winter wheat have been examined. We used lysimeters containing soil monoliths with facilities to control the water table and a mobile shelter to control rainfall. Winter wheat was grown on a clay and on a sandy loam, but winter barley only on the clay soil. Lysimeters were either freely-drained during the winter or waterlogged with the water table 10 cm below the soil surface from 2 December until 31 March (that could occur by rainfall with a return period of 2 to 3 years). The lysimeters then were either irrigated so that the soil moisture deficit did not exceed 84 mm, or subjected to drought by limiting rainfall (equivalent to a 1 in 10 dry year in the driest area of England) so that the deficits reached maximum values of 150 mm in the clay and 159 mm in the sandy loam by harvest.Winter waterlogging restricted tillering and restricted the number of ears for all crops; grain yield of the winter barley was decreased by 219 g/m2 (30%), and that of winter wheat by 170 g/m2 (24%) and 153 g/m2 (21% on the clay and sandy loam respectively.The drought treatment reduced the straw weight of winter barley by 75 g/m2 (12%) but did not significantly depress the grain yield. For winter wheat on the clay, where the soil was freely-drained during the winter, drought depressed total shoot weight by 344 g/m2 (17%) and grain weight by 137 g/m2 (17%), but after winter waterlogging, drought did not further depress total or grain weight. In contrast, the winter wheat on the sandy loam was not significantly affected by drought.From these results, which are discussed in relation to other experiments in the United Kingdom, it seems that winter waterlogging is likely to cause more variation in the yield of winter barley and winter wheat than drought. 相似文献
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Mediterranean climates are prone to a great variation in yearly precipitation. The effects on ecosystem will depend on the severity and timing of droughts. In this study we questioned how an extreme dry winter affects the carbon flux in the understorey of a cork oak woodland? What is the seasonal contribution of understorey vegetation to ecosystem productivity?We used closed-system portable chambers to measure CO2 exchange of the dominant shrub species (Cistus salviifolius, Cistus crispus and Ulex airensis), of the herbaceous layer and on bare soil in a cork oak woodland in central Portugal during the dry winter year of 2012. Shoot growth, leaf shedding, flower and fruit setting, above and belowground plant biomass were measured as well as seasonal leaf water potential. Eddy-covariance and micrometeorological data together with CO2 exchange measurements were used to access the understorey species contribution to ecosystem gross primary productivity (GPP).The herbaceous layer productivity was severely affected by the dry winter, with half of the yearly maximum aboveground biomass in comparison with the 6 years site average. The semi-deciduous and evergreen shrubs showed desynchronized phenophases and lagged carbon uptake maxima. Whereas shallow-root shrubs exhibited opportunistic characteristics in exploiting the understorey light and water resources, deep rooted shrubs showed better water status but considerably lower assimilation rates. The contribution of understorey vegetation to ecosystem GPP was lower during summer with 14% and maximum during late spring, concomitantly with the lowest tree productivity due to tree canopy renewal. The herbaceous vegetation contribution to ecosystem GPP never exceeded 6% during this dry year stressing its sensitivity to winter and spring precipitation.Although shrubs are more resilient to precipitation variability when compared with the herbaceous vegetation, the contribution of the understorey vegetation to ecosystem GPP can be quite variable and will ultimately depend of tree density and canopy cover. 相似文献