乙型肝炎病毒与乙型肝炎疫苗

乙型肝炎已成为严重威胁人类健康的世界性疾病之一,我国也是高流行区。现在对本病的认识与研究逐渐深入,已取得了很多研究成果。本文仅就乙型肝炎的病原(乙型肝炎病毒)和与疫苗有关的两个问题简述如下: (一)乙型肝炎病毒乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)属DNA病毒,该病毒与其相关抗原颗粒在电镜下分三种不同形态:直径为22nm小球型颗粒、直径为22nm长为200nm的管状颗粒和直径为42nm的大球型颗粒(又称Dane颗粒)。一般认为Dane颗粒是完整的病毒。这三种形态病毒颗粒的衣膜均由表面抗原(HBsAg)组成,不含核酸。Dane颗粒衣膜内为27nm的核心,核心部分包括核心抗原(HBcAg)和e抗原(HBeAg)、内源性DNA模板及相应的DNA聚合酶。据研究HBV进入肝细胞浆脱去衣膜,其环形     

以牛痘病毒为载体的乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原基因的表达

乙型肝炎是一种严重危害人类健康的疾病,对它的防治国内外均十分重视。乙型肝炎是由乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)感染所致。HBV是部分单链的DNA病毒,其基因组编码了表面抗原蛋白、核心抗原蛋白以及内源DNA聚合酶等蛋白质。乙肝表面抗原蛋白(HBsAg)是病毒的外壳蛋白,在乙肝病人的血液中能形成直径约22nm的表面抗原颗粒。用它作为抗原给动物注射,可使动物产生专一性抗体。     

乙型肝炎病毒(DANE颗粒)的特点

<正>在慢性HBsAg携带者血清里环流的乙型肝炎表面抗原(HBsAg)有几种形态;约22nm的颗粒,管形和Dane颗粒。42nm的Dane颗粒有一个复杂的形态学上的构造,包括一个HBsAg外壳和一个27nm的核心,HBcAg。以HBsAg形式表现的D-     

丁型肝炎病毒的分子生物学研究进展

丁型肝炎病毒(Hepatitis delta virus,HDV)是一种缺陷病毒,必须在嗜肝DNA病毒的辅助下才能复制并组装成有感染性的病毒颗粒。其毒粒为直径35～37nm,大小介于HBV的Dane颗粒和HBsAg颗粒之间的球形颗粒。病毒颗粒外层由脂双层和HBsAg组成,内包含由HDAg和HDV RNA基因组结合组成的核蛋白体。HDV是目前所知唯一具有     

乙型肝炎重组疫苗的临床观察

<正>一、引言 目前的乙肝疫苗是安全有效的。但是由于它是由乙肝病毒携带者的人血浆制备的,因而要提供大量有用的血浆和纯化HBsAg费用均受到限制。于是,为了适应世界广大地区对乙肝疫苗的需要,要求用新方法来制备疫苗。最近制出了携带HBsAg DNA序列的载体并在酿酒酵母中表达了抗原。酵母细胞合成的HBs Ag多肽与人血浆中发现的22nm颗粒是类似的。但是,酵母HDsAg不像人HBsAg是没有糖基化的。由酵母HB_5Ag发展的一种疫苗可刺激小鼠、狨猴,猩猩产生抗体,而当接种的猩猩用不同亚型的人乙肝病毒进行攻击时,它们完全被保护。本文仅     

一条新的柱层析纯化路径对HBsAg免疫原性的影响

摘要目的：建立一条新的毕赤酵母表达乙肝表面抗原（HepatitisBantigen,HBsAg）柱层析纯化方法,保持HBsAg结构完整性和提高免疫原性。方法：毕赤酵母发酵料液经过菌体破碎、聚乙二醇沉淀、疏水层析、超滤和凝胶分子筛精纯,收集HBsAg合格样品液适当稀释后加入铝佐荆吸附,制成乙肝疫苗半成品免疫BALB／c小鼠。结果：纯化产物经SDS-PAGE银染鉴定得单一条带,分子量在23kD左右,凝胶成像软件分析纯度超过95％;该纯化方法得到的HBsAg颗粒电镜观察得平均直径为22nm病毒样颗粒,结构较均一完整;自制疫苗免疫小鼠后,其血清抗体水平高于葛兰素史克生产的Engerix—B（安在时）,存在显著性差异（P〈0．05）。结论：通过该方法纯化的HBsAg结构完整性良好,疫苗免疫效果优于酵母表达的Engerix—B,纯化路径简单高效,易于放大用于工业化生产。     

分子杂交法检测血清中的HBV—DNA:一个更敏感的检测完整HBV颗粒的方法

<正>关于乙肝病毒感染的问题,人们发现HBsAg主要以无感染性的22nm小颗粒形式存在,但也被认为是完整病毒颗粒的42nm颗粒的一部分。42nm颗粒有一个HBsAg外膜和一个内核,内核含有HBcAg,一个     

乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原基因在昆虫体系中的表达

利用组建的苜蓿尺蠖核型多角体病毒(AcNPV)非融台蛋白基因转移载体将乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原(HBsAg)基因成功地插入粉纹夜蛾(Tn)NPV中,HBsAg基因在感染了重组病毒的草地夜蛾(Spodoptera frugiperda)离体细胞以及粉纹夜蛾和蓖麻蚕等虫体中获得了表达,免疫电镜下观察到典型的乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原22nm颗粒。感染重组病毒的蓖麻蚕预蛹每克蛹重可产HBsAg蛋白1．6μg。表达产物经DEAE－纤维素层析得到的HBsAg粗提物可作临床检测用,再经抗体亲和柱层析可得到纯的HBsAg。     

杂交瘤技术(综述)

<正>一、前言 天然抗原总是以复合物的形式存在,它包含有多种不同性质的分子。每个抗原分子上又带有若干不同的抗原决定簇。因此人体或动物体受抗原刺激后产生的抗体是由多种抗体组成的混合物,即所谓多克隆抗体(polyclonal Antibody)。抗体是从浆细胞产生的。浆细胞又是从B淋巴细胞转化出来。它只能识别一种抗原或一个抗原决定簇,即每个B细胞系只能产生一种它专有的、针对一种它能识别的特异性抗原决定簇     

乙肝病毒s基因在家蚕细胞及蚕体内高效表达

把人乙型肝炎病毒(adr)的表面抗原S基因插入到家蚕核型多角体病毒基因组中,构建了重组病毒BmNPVS。用重组病毒感染家蚕细胞,测得每毫升培养物(1×10⁶细胞)HBsAg表达量达35．5μg;感染家蚕幼虫和蛹,经检测表明HBSAg产量平均为每头蚕约750μg,每只蛹约为690μg。初步纯化的表达产物经Westefn blotting和电镜观察证实,表达产物是直径为22nm的颗粒,并主要以糖基化形式存在。表达产物的浮力密度为1．2g／ml,与病人血清的HBsAg一致。     

A 49,000-dalton polypeptide bearing all antigenic determinants and full immunogenicity of 22-nm hepatitis B surface antigen particles

Spherical 22-nm hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) particles with a subtype adr were purified from plasma of asymptomatic carriers of hepatitis B virus. When purified HBsAg preparation was treated with sodium dodecylsulfate in the absence of reducing agents, it yielded spherical particles with a diameter smaller than 22 nm, and in addition, a polypeptide with a molecular size of 49,000 daltons, which seemed to constitute the outer coat of HBsAg particles. The recovery of the polypeptide on the basis of optical density at 280 nm was 2%, starting from 22-nm HBsAg particles. The 49,000-dalton polypeptide apparently represented a structural unit of the surface of HBsAg particles, since it bore all common (a, Re) and subtypic (d, r) determinants with essentially the same antigenic titers as intact HBsAg particles. Furthermore, this polypeptide was equally immunogenic as 22-nm HBsAg particles in raising corresponding antibodies in mice. When the 49,000-dalton polypeptide was reduced in the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol, it cleaved into 22,000- and 27,000-dalton polypeptides with a drastic decrease in both antigenicity and immunogenicity. These results indicate the different molecular arrangements between outer coat and inner portion of HBsAg particles, and a potential application of the 49,000-dalton polypeptide as a component vaccine, owing to its strong antigenicity both in vitro and in vivo.     

Use of baculovector for the expression of HBsAg gene in insect cells

Based on the information of molecular biology of Autographa californica Nuclear Polyhedrosis virus (AcNPV), a recombinant transfer plasmid pAcMV was constructed by molecular procedures included using two synthetic localized probes, which provided an inserted position linked with BamHI sequences nearly at polyhedrin initiating ATG codon. Then an expression vector pAcMV-HBsAg was reconstructed, it contained HBsAg gene from subclone pYPSS-1 derived from adwserotype of HBV. The recombinant virus containing HBsAg gene was isolated and purified through 3 cycles plaques and hybridization experiment after cotransfection of Spodoptera frugiperda cells with DNA of pAcMV-HBsAg and AcNPV. The expression of HBsAg gene in S. frugiperda cells infected with recombinant virus AcRV-HBsAg was identified by ELISA as haemagglutination tests. The yield of HBsAg excreted from S. frugiperda cells (an appropriate density usually between 1-2 X 10(6) cells/ml) after 48-72 h infected with AcRV-HBsAg was 4-8 mg/L. HBsAg harvested from the infected culture medium was shown immunoelectromicroscopy to be composed of spherical particles of about 22 nm diameter. Using this purified HBsAg, Bal b/c mice was immunized, the titer of anti-HBsAg serum measured measured by RIA was similar to that of purified HBsAg from human blood. Stable recombinant virus was isolated and could be shown to replicate in corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis) larvae. All of these results can be expected that this expression vector system will be commercially developed to its fullest potential for diagnosis and vaccine HBsAg.     

Structural relationships between the surface antigens of ground squirrel hepatitis virus and human hepatitis B virus.

Several physical, chemical, and serological properties of surface antigen particles from ground squirrel hepatitis virus (GSHsAg) and human hepatitis B virus (HBsAg) were compared. GSHsAg and HBsAg particles were purified from positive sera by gel chromatography and isopycnic centrifugation. Both antigens consisted mainly of spherical particles with an average diameter of approximately 20 nm and a buoyant density in CsCl of approximately 1.19 g/ml. Their UV absorption spectra indicated the presence of more tryptophane than tyrosine and the absence of detectable nucleic acid. GSHsAg was found to contain two major polypeptides of approximately 23,000 and 27,000 daltons, with electrophoretic migration rates distinctly faster than those of the two major polypeptides of HBsAg particles. After radiolabeling of purified antigen preparations with Bolton-Hunter reagent, the two major polypeptides of GSHsAg showed almost identical tryptic peptide maps. The tryptic peptide map of the major polypeptide from GSHsAg contained 13 of 37 spots also present in the map of the major HBsAg polypeptide, and 13 of 27 spots in the map of the major HBsAg polypeptide were also present in the map of the major GSHsAg polypeptide. This suggests considerable sequence homology between the major surface antigen polypeptides of the two viruses. However, there was only a weak serological cross-reactivity between antigens of the two viruses. Using an anti-HBs-containing serum with a relatively strong cross-reactivity, GSHsAg was found to consist of at least two antigenically different subspecies. The more strongly cross-reacting from had a slightly higher buoyant density than the other antigenic form.     

Characteristics of hepatitis B surface antigen produced in yeast

We have constructed an expression plasmid for regulated expression of the hepatitis B surface antigen gene in yeast using promoter of the yeast Pho5 gene. In the yeast transformants, the monomeric HBsAg (22K dalton) was estimated to constitute approximately 3% of the total proteins. On extraction, the HBsAg was found to have a buoyant density of 1.18 g/ml and an Sw.20 value of 54. Electron microscopy revealed particles of heterogeneous size ranging from 18-28 nm. When the yeast HBsAg was used to immunize guinea pigs, the anti-HBsAg antibodies produced could react with human serum HBsAg.     

Localization of glycosylated kappa-casein on thin sections of casein micelles by lectin-labelled gold markers

The location of the glycosylated part of kappa-casein in bovine casein micelles was investigated using gold particles (6 nm in diameter) labelled with Ricinus communis lectin and Limulus polyphemus lectin. The pattern of marking of thin sections of micelles was similar with both lectins. Glycosylated kappa-casein was distributed uniformly throughout most micelles of all sizes. Peripheral location of glycosylated kappa-casein was observed only occasionally in some of the largest micelles. Quantitative data indicated that the concentration of the glycosylated protein was constant in micelles of increasing sizes. As larger micelles contain less total kappa-casein than smaller ones, these data indicated that a greater proportion of their kappa-casein is glycosylated. These results support models for casein micelle structure where kappa-casein is distributed throughout the micelles. They do not agree with "coat-core" structures.     

Human lymphedema fluid lipoproteins: particle size, cholesterol and apolipoprotein distributions, and electron microscopic structure

The concentration of cholesterol, apolipoproteins A-I, B, and E has been determined in lymphedema fluid from nine patients with chronic primary lymphedema. The concentrations were: 38.14 +/- 21.06 mg/dl for cholesterol, 15.6 +/- 6.17 mg/dl for apolipoprotein A-I, 7.5 +/- 2.8 mg/dl for apolipoprotein B, and 1.87 +/- 0.50 mg/dl for apolipoprotein E. These values represent 23%, 12%, 6%, and 38% of plasma concentrations, respectively. The ratio of esterified to unesterified cholesterol in lymphedema fluid was 1.46 +/- 0.45. Lipoproteins of lymphedema fluid were fractionated according to particle size by gradient gel electrophoresis and by exclusion chromatography. Gradient gel electrophoresis showed that a majority of high density lipoproteins (HDL) of lymphedema fluid were larger than ferritin (mol wt 440,000) and smaller than low density lipoproteins (LDL); several discrete subpopulations could be seen with the large HDL region. Fractionation by exclusion chromatography showed that more than 25% of apolipoprotein A-I and all of apolipoprotein E in lymphedema fluid was associated with particles larger than plasma HDL2. Apolipoprotein A-I also eluted in fractions that contained particles the size of or smaller than albumin. Isolation of lipoproteins by sequential ultracentrifugation showed that less than 25% of lymphedema fluid cholesterol was associated with apolipoprotein B. The majority of apolipoprotein A-containing lipoproteins of lymphedema fluid were less dense than those in plasma. Ultracentrifugally separated fractions of lipoproteins were examined by electron microscopy. The fraction d less than 1.019 g/ml contained little material, while fraction d 1.019-1.063 g/ml contained two types of particles: round particles 17-26 nm in diameter and square-packing particles 13-17 nm on a side. Fractions d 1.063-1.085 g/ml had extensive arrays of square-packing particles 13-14 nm in size. Fractions d 1.085-1.11 g/ml and fractions d 1.11-1.21 g/ml contained round HDL, 12-13 nm diameter and 10 nm diameter, respectively. Discoidal particles were observed infrequently.     

Characterization of the physicochemical properties of micelles composed of the novel platelet activating factor receptor antagonist,E5880 in an aqueous environment

E5880, a novel platelet activating factor (PAF) receptor antagonist, was dispersed in water for use in injectable formulation and the physicochemical properties of the preparation were characterized. The critical concentration for formation of micelles was 0.12 mM. Using area per molecule data, the critical packing parameter was calculated, indicating that the structure of the micelles was spherical and that each micelle containing 49 molecules. The diameter of the micelle was 8.1 nm. Attractive interactions occurred between E5880 molecules in the micelle. The hydrocarbon region in the micelle was more rigid and less hydrated than that of other surfactants, stearyltrimethylammonium chloride (STAC) and cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC).     

How to squeeze a sponge: casein micelles under osmotic stress, a SAXS study

By combining the osmotic stress technique with small-angle x-ray scattering measurements, we followed the structural response of the casein micelle to an overall increase in concentration. When the aqueous phase that separates the micelles is extracted, they behave as polydisperse repelling spheres and their internal structure is not affected. When they are compressed, the micelles lose water and shrink to a smaller volume. Our results indicate that this compression is nonaffine, i.e., some parts of the micelle collapse, whereas other parts resist deformation. We suggest that this behavior is consistent with a spongelike casein micelle having a triple hierarchical structure. The lowest level of the structure consists of the CaP nanoclusters that serve as anchors for the casein molecules. The intermediate level consists of 10- to 40-nm hard regions that resist compression and contain the nanoclusters. Those regions are connected and/or partially merged with each other, thus forming a continuous and porous material. The third level of structure is the casein micelle itself, with an average size of 100 nm. In our view, such a structure is consistent with the observation of 10- to 20-nm casein particles in the Golgi vesicles of lactating cells: upon aggregation, those particles would rearrange, fuse, and/or swell to form the spongelike micelle.