基于深度学习的葡萄砧木叶片识别研究

嫁接有利于增强树体对生物及非生物胁迫的适应能力,提高葡萄产量和品质。葡萄砧木品种多样复杂,识别难度较大,深度学习能够快速提取图像的深层特征,被广泛应用于植物图像分类识别领域。本研究以30份葡萄砧木成龄叶图像作为研究对象,通过采集叶片图像,构建了一个包含13547张的葡萄砧木叶片图像的数据集。采用GoogleNet、ResNet-50、ResNet-101以及VGG-16等4个卷积神经网络对其进行自动识别。结果表明：精度最高的分类网络为ResNet-101,在最优模型参数（学习率：0.005,最小批次：32,迭代次数：50）下精度达到97.5%。ResNet-101模型检测的30个品种中,平均预测精确率为92.59%,有7个品种的预测精确率达到100%;平均召回率为91.08%,有8个品种的召回率达到100%,叶片的叶面纹理、叶脉以及叶缘部分对品种识别的影响最大。以上结果证实,深度学习网络模型可以实现对葡萄砧木的自动实时识别,为葡萄砧木品种的保护、利用、分类研究以及其他农作物的品种识别提供参考。     

DNA分子标记技术在葡萄砧木改良上的应用

葡萄砧木具有抗葡萄根瘤蚜和线虫等土传虫害、抗寒、抗旱、耐盐碱等优良特性,可调控葡萄生长和品质,利用葡萄抗逆砧木进行嫁接栽培已成为葡萄产业发展的必然趋势。因此,开展葡萄砧木改良研究具有十分重要的意义。随着生物技术的发展,DNA分子标记技术已广泛应用于葡萄砧木改良研究,本文对近10年分子标记技术在葡萄砧木品种鉴定、系谱分析、遗传图谱构建等方面的研究应用进行了综述,并指明未来葡萄砧木的研究方向。     

盐胁迫下不同葡萄砧木的渗透调节及抗氧化能力

该研究以13种葡萄砧木品种为材料,采用盆栽试验用100 mmol/L NaCl的1/2 Hoaglands营养液浇灌处理,以葡萄砧木无盐胁迫为对照,待砧木长至20片完全展开叶后测定各品种叶片的相对电导率、渗透调节物质含量、MDA含量、活性氧含量、抗氧化酶活性等指标,探究不同葡萄砧木耐盐能力及其机制。结果显示：(1)至盐胁迫处理结束时,葡萄砧木 ‘188 08’、‘3309C’、‘140R’的处理组叶片近乎完全脱落,‘贝达’、‘5BB’、‘Dogridge’有少部分叶片脱落,而‘101 14’和‘110R’叶枯现象最少。(2)盐胁迫条件下,耐盐性较差的品种‘3309C’和‘140R’叶片相对电导率均大于90%,而耐盐性较强的品种‘101 14’和‘110R’的叶片相对电导率在60%左右;随着盐胁迫处理天数的增加,‘110R’的MDA含量呈明显的上升趋势。(3)盐胁迫条件下,耐盐性较强的品种‘101 14’和‘110R’积累了较多的可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、脯氨酸等渗透调节物质,而耐盐性弱的品种‘3309C’则积累了较多的活性氧,引起明显的脂膜过氧化,严重影响砧木的正常代谢。(4)在盐胁迫条件下,耐盐品种‘101 14’的SOD、POD等抗氧化酶活性显著提高,有效清除体内过量的活性氧,从而维持细胞膜的稳定性。研究发现,葡萄砧木品种‘101 14’、‘110R’在盐胁迫下能积极积累较多渗透调节物质,增强自身抗氧化酶活性,表现出较强的渗透调节和抗氧化能力,有效抵御盐胁迫造成的伤害,可作为西北盐渍化地区葡萄栽培的砧木品种。     

无籽枇杷研究初报

利用冻害果实、生长调节剂诱导、多倍体品种等进行无籽枇杷生产试验,结果表明,生长调节剂诱导及利用多倍体品种是生产无籽枇杷果实的较佳方法。     

葡萄的嫩枝嫁接

葡萄的嫩技嫁接在生产应用上很重要,如：大粒藤检葡萄扦插苗（自报）根系弱,没主根,均是须根,长势及结果差,需要嫁接到其他根系强的品种上。嫁接还可使一树结出多个品种的葡萄。嫩枝嫁接比较省事而快;不易流伤,愈合力强,成活率可高达95％D一般从嫁接到结果约需2－3年,笔者多年经验可使其当年结果。一、选好砧木选两年生无病、强壮的巨峰等长势强盛的葡萄品种作砧木。早春及早植于向阳处肥沃的土壤里。在根部留2－3个饱满的芽,剪去芽以上的枝条。发芽长出幼苗后,每棵只留一个强芽苗生长,摘除其他芽苗及率芽。适加肥水,防止病虫…     

葡萄砧木耐盐性与丙二醛和脯氨酸关系的研究

采用水培法,对3个不同耐盐性葡萄砧木品种的1年生苗进行不同浓度的NaCl胁迫处理,研究叶片中丙二醛(MDA)和脯氨酸(Pro)含量的变化.结果表明,在NaCl胁迫下,不同耐盐性葡萄砧木品种的MDA和Pro含量变化不同.NaCl胁迫对高抗品种ZM01-1的MDA含量影响较小,MDA含量处于一个比较稳定的水平,而其它品种的MDA变化幅度大;NaCl胁迫下Pro含量呈波动式变化,在0.1%NaCl胁迫下高抗品种ZM01-1的Pro积累少,0.3%NaCl下ZM01-1的Pro积累多.研究认为可以把MDA含量的相对稳定作为葡萄耐盐性鉴定的辅助指标,而Pro不宜作为葡萄耐盐性鉴定指标.     

气候变暖对贺兰山东麓酿酒葡萄热量资源及冷冻害的影响

利用宁夏贺兰山东麓各地1981年以来气象资料,分析了气候变暖对酿酒葡萄生育关键期主要热量资源和冷冻害的影响。结果表明:1981年以来,随着气候变暖,贺兰山东麓酿酒葡萄发育期4—9月各地各月平均气温显著上升,1997年前后发生突变,突变后部分年份较常年同期偏高1℃以上,其中放条萌芽期4月平均气温上升显著,但月内波动幅度增大,酿酒葡萄遭受霜冻或强降温危害的风险增加;7—8月浆果生长和成熟期低温事件发生的可能性仍然较大;气候变暖使活动积温显著增加,中晚熟品种积温保证率达100%,4—9月3300℃(成熟度高,葡萄酒质量好的临界积温)的积温保证率明显提高;无霜期延长,晚熟品种的保证率提高,部分年份活动积温和无霜期满足极晚熟品需求;大部分地区冬季低温冻害相关要素变化趋势都不显著,其中出现持续低于-17℃(冬季受冻临界气温)日数减少,极端最低气温升高,但仍然低于-17℃,惠农、贺兰、平罗、银川20 cm深度-4℃以下日数减少;春季适宜放条期后出现霜冻的年份和日数增多,霜冻过程的最低气温明显降低,出现伴随霜冻的中等及以上强度冷空气频率和次数增加,强度增强。气候变暖对宁夏贺兰山东麓酿酒葡萄生产有利有弊,不同品种酿酒葡萄对气候的适用性不同,因此在酿酒葡萄生育各关键期,仍需加强极端天气气候事件和气象灾害的监测和防范工作,减轻或避免气候条件变化对酿酒葡萄产业发展的不利影响。     

美国酿酒葡萄品种在北京地区的生长和适应性表现

调查研究了首次引进的13个美国酿酒葡萄品种在北京地区栽培后的植物学性状、果实品质和抗寒及抗霜霉病能力,并与传统的欧亚种酿酒葡萄及砧木品种进行了比较与分析,总结了它们之间的植物学性状与抗逆性的差异。本试验选出了在抗寒及抗霜霉病方面表现优良的美国酿酒葡萄品种,为这些品种在我国的实际栽培推广提供科学依据。     

灌溉探头埋设深度对成龄葡萄生长特性的影响

为探索合理的灌溉土壤水分探头埋设深度,本文利用不同埋深的土壤水分传感器测量土壤水分含量来控制灌溉,研究其对葡萄生长发育的影响,探讨土壤水分传感器的合理埋设深度.结果表明:利用位于地表以下40 cm深处的土壤水分探头(SF40处理)控制灌溉,葡萄的生物学特性、光合作用、产量、水分利用效率高于20 cm埋深控制灌溉处理(SF20处理)和常规沟灌处理(CK);SF40的糖锤度虽然稍低于CK和SF20处理,但也接近20％;SF40处理的灌溉水可以入渗再分布到葡萄树根系的主要分布区域.利用20 cm和40 cm深度土壤水分探头控制灌溉的效果均好于对照,且使用40 cm土壤水分探头来控制研究区成龄葡萄灌溉的效果更好.     

葡萄早熟芽变品种“早生高墨”的RAPD分析

以中国野生葡萄的部分株系、河岸葡萄、砧木品种S04和欧洲葡萄部分品种的幼叶为试材,采用改良CTAB法,提取葡萄基因组DNA的完整性好、纯度高。以所提葡萄基因组DNA为模板,共筛选随机寡核苷酸引物180个,对葡萄品种高墨及其早熟芽变品种早生高墨(紫玉)进行RAPD分析,结果发现引物OPW02和OPG06在两者之间扩增出了与葡萄早熟性状相关的多态性DNA片段OPW02—590、OPG06—1300和OPG06—400。这为进一步克隆、测序并分析它们的序列构成,了解葡萄早熟芽变的分子机理乃至其它果树植物芽变的分子机理提供了分子依据。     

葡萄生长季内需水特征

为了定量评估我国鲜食葡萄主产区降水量对葡萄生长发育过程需水量的满足程度,本研究基于研究区域内(东北地区的吉林和辽宁,华北地区的山西和河北,西北地区的甘肃、宁夏和陕西,西南地区的四川、贵州和云南以及东南地区的江苏、山东、浙江、安徽、福建、河南、湖北、湖南和广西)1981—2016年429个气象站逐日气象数据,分析葡萄不同生育阶段降水量、需水量和水分亏缺量时空分布特征。结果表明: 研究期间,葡萄各生育阶段降水量整体由北向南、由西向东增加;萌芽-开花阶段的降水量最少且呈下降趋势,成熟-落叶阶段也呈下降趋势,开花-着色和着色-成熟阶段呈上升趋势。研究区各生育阶段的葡萄需水量均呈上升趋势,新疆和甘肃省北部的葡萄需水量最高。新疆、甘肃省北部、宁夏、陕西省北部、山西省北部、河北省、辽宁省西部和吉林省西部各生育阶段以及云南省北部、四川省南部萌芽-开花生育阶段的降水量无法满足葡萄需水量,其他地区,特别是我国东南和西南部部分地区水分盈余明显;萌芽-开花和成熟-落叶阶段的葡萄水分亏缺量呈上升趋势,开花-着色和着色-成熟阶段呈下降趋势。     

Effect ofin vitro storage at 4°C on survival and proliferation of two apple rootstocks

One cm long shoot explants of dwarf apple rootstocks P 2 and M.9 taken from 2 year-old cultures were stored at 4°C in the dark in three media differing in concentration of growth regulators. Every 6 weeks, some explants were transferred into proliferation medium and multiplication rate was observed during three or four consecutive passages. In a second experiment, the influence of explant type (1 cm long shoot tips, 1 cm long middle part of shoots or three-shoot tufts smaller than 1 cm) and transfer time to the cold room (immediately, 10 days, or 20 days after subculture) on explant survival and proliferation were analysed.Survival of explants was influenced by composition of the storage media. On medium without 6-benzylaminopurine, 70% of P 2 and 17% of M.9 explants became necrotic during 18 weeks of storage. P 2 rootstock proliferated better in three passages after storage than did unstored controls. Storage of M.9 rootstock reduced proliferation in the first and second passages if stored in media containing 6-benzylaminopurine in comparison with unstored controls. Explants stored as tufts and transferred to the cold room directly after subculture produced more shoots during two passages than cultures stored as single shoots.     

鱼鳞坑与覆盖组合措施对陕北旱作枣园土壤水分的影响

土壤水分是制约陕北红枣林健康生长的关键因子.通过土壤水分定位观测,研究不同鱼鳞坑与覆盖措施组合对陕北黄土丘陵区旱作枣园土壤水分的影响.结果表明: 鱼鳞坑+树枝覆盖、鱼鳞坑+秸秆覆盖、鱼鳞坑无覆盖处理下0～180 cm平均土壤含水量较裸地分别提高14.2%、9.4%、4.8%.不同处理在红枣生育期均能显著增加土壤表层(0～20 cm)和主要根系层(20～100 cm)土壤水分含量,其中,以鱼鳞坑+树枝覆盖处理效果最为显著.不同组合措施条件下,次降雨量对土壤水分的影响深度主要集中在100 cm以内,对深层土壤水分影响不显著.无覆盖鱼鳞坑措施在高、中、低水分状况下,各土层土壤水分与裸地无显著差异.在陕北旱作枣园,利用修剪枣枝进行覆盖在节省材料减少成本的同时,实现了保墒蓄水目标.     

Soil moisture ecological environment of artificial vegetation on steep slope of loess region in North Shaanxi Province, China

By means of fixed-point monitoring and comparative analysis, soil water deficient situation, soil moisture dynamic variation laws, soil aridization and soil water compensation features under condition of different artificial vegetations were studied on 35–45° steep slope of loess region in North Shaanxi Province, China. The results showed that soil water was extremely deficient under condition of perennial artificial vegetation on steep slope, soil water storage (0–10 m) was only equal to 26.2%–42.0% of the field capacity in dry years, and in rainy years it was also only equal to 27.0%–43.3% of the field capacity. The order of soil water deficit was Caragana microphylla > locust > alfalfa > Chinese arborvitae > poplar > Chinese pine > wild land > apricot > Chinese date > farm land. Annual variations of soil moisture with the same vegetation were weakened with soil depth increasing, and occurred mainly in 0–200 cm soil layers. In the same growth season, all CVs (coefficients of variation) of soil moisture under condition of different vegetations were bigger and concentrated comparatively in 0–120 cm soil layers, but difference of CVs in different vegetations was small. Below 120 cm soil layers, CVs were smaller, but difference of CVs in different vegetations was bigger. Permanent dry soil layers always occurred under condition of perennial vegetation on steep slope, but the difference of soil aridization intensity was obvious among different vegetations and growth years. Soil water compensation and recovery depths in rainy seasons were 1.0–1.4 m, but the soil water storage increment and compensation degree in different vegetations were dramatically different. Soil water compensation depth in the same vegetation in rainy years was over 60 cm more than that in dry years, while the soil water storage increment in 5 m soil layers increased over 3 times. Under natural precipitation, the soil water deficit in artificial vegetation on steep slope cannot be ameliorated, and the soil aridization also can't be relieved.     

Sucrose metabolism in grape (Vitis vinifera L.) branches under low temperature during overwintering covered with soil

The effect of low temperature on sugar content and activities of key enzymes related to sucrose metabolism in grape (Vitis vinifera L.) branches during overwintering covered with soil was investigated. We measured the contents of soluble sugar and the activities of sucrose-phosphate synthase (SPS), sucrose synthase (SS), acid invertase (AI) and neutral invertase (NI) of three grape varieties with different freezing tolerance, Beta, Vidal and Merlot, in October, 2011, January, 2012 and March, 2012. The result showed that: total soluble sugar had the significant negative correlation, ?0.988, with temperature during overwintering covered with soil. The content of hexose was about twofold content of sucrose in January, while sucrose increased and the hexose decreased to a very low level in March, the ratios between hexose and sucrose declined to 0.26, 0.15 and 0.18. Sucrose was more important than hexose in protecting grape branches from cold injury under low temperature, but non-freezing. The accumulation of sucrose was mostly due to the elevation of the SPS activity, whereas the increase of hexose was due to the enhanced AI activity. Three grape varieties responded to low temperature positively as reflected by the variations of physiological and biochemical characteristics, such as superoxide dismutase, catalase and proline. Besides, by the principal components analysis and combined with cultivation practices, among twelve characteristics, the sugar metabolism mainly contributed to the difference of the cold resistance. The results indicated that sucrose metabolism regulation played an important role during overwintering covered with soil, and it was the key factor to explain the difference of cold resistance.     

渭北旱塬矮砧密植苹果园土壤矿质氮积累与空间分布特征

随着苹果矮砧密植栽培模式的迅速发展,揭示矮砧密植苹果园土壤矿质氮的积累与分布特征对果园科学施肥具有重要意义.本研究以不同树龄(6a、9a、12a)的矮砧密植苹果园为对象,在树下、株间、行间以及树干与行间的中间点位置采集土样,分析土壤硝态氮、铵态氮和矿质氮的积累与分布特征.结果 表明:O～ 300 cm土层土壤硝态氮累积...     

Population Characteristics and Dosage Trajectory Analysis for Mesocriconema xenoplax in California Prunus Orchards

The Mesocriconema xenoplax population increased exponentially in a newly planted peach orchard. The rate of increase was greater on Nemaguard than on Lovell rootstock and was reduced by postplant nematicides. Population levels were more stable in an established almond orchard on Nemaguard rootstock. All life stages of the nematode were present year round; lower ratios of juveniles to adults in summer suggested adverse effects of temperature and dry soil. Also in summer, there was a smaller proportion of the population in the upper 30 cm of soil than at greater depths. Nematode dosage, average nematode density multiplied by accumulated degree-days (physiological time) of the sampling interval, was useful in quantifying nematode stress on trees and as an indicator of the nematode management effectiveness. The annual trajectory of the nematode dosage could be determined by two samplings, one in spring and one in fall. A nematode predator, the parasitic fungus Hirsutella rhossiliensis, did not regulate ring nematode populations in the newly planted orchard; a recovery period was necessary for increase in the prevalence of parasitism.     

黄土高原陕北丘陵沟壑区不同立地条件下刺槐水分生理生态特性研究

对黄土高原丘陵沟壑区不同立地条件下刺槐水分生理生态特性进行了初步研究.结果表明,不同立地刺槐林地0～500cm土壤平均含水量(2003年)分别为阳坡6.96%、半阳坡7.62%、半阴坡8.06%、阴坡8.87%,阴坡、半阴坡与阳坡差异达极显著,与半阳坡达显著水平,半阳坡与阳坡差异显著,而阴坡与半阴坡差异不显著.不同立地条件下刺槐叶片相对含水量和饱和亏与各立地土壤含水量关系密切,阳坡刺槐叶片相对含水量和叶水势始终维持在较低水平,而半阴坡和阴坡尤其是阴坡维持在较高水平.刺槐日蒸腾平均值大小顺序为阴坡(4.07μg·cm^-2·s^-1)＞半阴坡(3.89μg·cm^-2·s^-1)＞半阳坡(3.05 μg·cm^-2·s^-1)＞阳坡(2.70μg·cm^-2·s^-1),各立地刺槐蒸腾出现较大差异的时间在11:00和13:00.不同立地条件除阳坡外其刺槐蒸腾速率均与光照强度显著相关,各立地均与大气相对湿度显著相关,与土壤水分密切相关.阴坡生物量最高(8.50gk·株^-1),高于其他3种立地,阳坡最低(5.79kg·株^-1).