受体相互作用蛋白3——细胞凋亡与坏死的调节阀

综述了受体相互作用蛋白(RIPs)蛋白结构和RIP3调控细胞凋亡与坏死机制的研究进展．受体相互作用蛋白3(receptor-interacting protein 3, RIP3)是丝/苏氨酸蛋白激酶家族成员之一,该蛋白质家族包含一类高度保守的丝/苏氨酸激酶结构域．RIP家族激酶作为细胞应激传感分子,在调控细胞凋亡、细胞坏死和存活通路中发挥重要作用．近年发现,RIP3参与肿瘤坏死因子TNFα诱导的细胞程序化坏死的生物学过程．认识RIP3调控TNFα诱导的细胞凋亡与坏死不同死亡途径转换的分子机制,有助于发现肿瘤治疗的新策略．     

氧化修饰在调控细胞凋亡信号转导中的作用

氧化修饰是细胞内的活性氧诱导生物大分子发生氧化反应引起的结构及构象改变,发挥调控信号转导和对应激作出反应的功能。氧化修饰发生在凋亡信号转导中的多个生物大分子,包括凋亡相关蛋白质的氧化,如caspase-9、线粒体通透性转变孔及电压依赖的阴离子通道(voltagedependent anion channel,VDAC),同时也包括膜磷脂的氧化修饰,如磷脂酰丝氨酸及线粒体特异的心磷脂。氧化修饰作用也涉及凋亡诱导因子、促凋亡的凋亡信号调控激酶1(apoptosis signalregulatin gkinasel,ASK1)信号转导途径及抗凋亡的转录因子NF—kB的激活和活性。所以氧化修饰可能是调控凋亡信号转导机制中除磷酸化、泛素化外的另一个新的分子机制。     

凋亡信号调节激酶1信号通路在肾脏疾病中的作用

凋亡信号调节激酶1(apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1, ASK1)是丝裂原激活蛋白激酶激酶激酶(mitogen-activated proteinkinase kinases kinase, MAP3K)的家族成员之一,可以响应氧化应激、内质网(endoplasmic reticulum, ER)应激等多种应激刺激,从而激活下游丝裂原激活蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase, MAPK)中的c-Jun N末端激酶(c-Jun N-terminal kinase, JNK)和p38丝裂原激活蛋白激酶(p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, p38 MAPK)信号通路,调节细胞凋亡、炎症和纤维化,介导急性肾损伤(acute kidney injury, AKI)、糖尿病肾病(diabetic kidney disease, DKD)、心肾综合征(cardiorenal syndrome, CRS)等多种肾脏疾病的进展。本文讨论了ASK1主要的激活和失活机制及其在多种肾脏疾病进展...     

热休克蛋白对细胞凋亡信号转导途径的调节

细胞凋亡信号转导目前已迅速成为揭示细胞凋亡分子机制的前沿课题. 由于热休克蛋白(HSPs)在细胞生长调控和凋亡中发挥的重要作用, 人们进行了大量关于热休克蛋白与细胞凋亡信号转导途径调节机制的研究. 研究发现, 热休克蛋白家族的多个成员, 如HSP90, HSP70, HSP60, HSP27等能够在Fas死亡受体途径、JNK/SAPK途径、caspase途径等多个水平发挥调节作用, 并且部分依赖于热休克蛋白的“分子伴侣”作用, 控制着细胞生命进程.     

神经酰胺诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡的机制研究进展

神经酰胺(ceramide,Cer)作为一种神经鞘磷脂分子,不仅是细胞膜的组成成分,而且可以作为各种信号转导途径的第二信使,参与细胞增殖、分化、衰老和凋亡等生命活动的调节。Cer的合成、代谢及信号转导在肿瘤发生发展甚至耐药和抵抗放射治疗中有着密切的关系。Cer可以被诸如肿瘤坏死因子α(Tumor necrosis factorα,TNF-α)、激素、电离辐射和化疗药物等细胞外信号和受体激活,其主要可以通过内源性凋亡途径和外源性凋亡途径诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡的发生。在肿瘤细胞凋亡发生过程中,Cer通过激活Jun氨基末端激酶(JNKs)、有丝分裂原活化蛋白激酶/细胞外信号调节蛋白激酶(MAPK/ERK)和P38等信号通路以及蛋白激酶、组织蛋白酶D、蛋白磷酸酶1(Protein phosphatase1,PP1)和蛋白磷酸酶2A(Protein phosphatase2A,PP2A)等效应分子介导肿瘤细胞凋亡。本文综述近年来有关Cer在应激反应级联以及肿瘤细胞凋亡中的作用的研究进展。     

ASK1激活的分子机制与相关疾病

凋亡信号调节激酶1(Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1,ASK1)是细胞丝裂原活化蛋白激酶激酶激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase,MAP3Ks)家族成员之一,在调节细胞凋亡过程中起到非常重要的作用.在正常细胞中,ASK1的活化受到严格的控制,如苏氨酸/丝氨酸磷酸化和去磷酸化、蛋白-蛋白相互作用等.多种应激和促炎因子能激活ASK1,因此在多种生理和病理过程中都有活化的ASK1的参与.     

唯BH3域蛋白与神经细胞凋亡

细胞凋亡在神经细胞的生理性和病理性死亡中起着重要作用。唯BH3域蛋白是Bcl-2家族中的一类仅含有BH3同源结构域的促凋亡分子,它们通过抑制Bcl-2抗凋亡成员的活性或激活Bax/Bak样促凋亡成员的活性来调节细胞凋亡。最近研究表明,唯BH3域蛋白在凋亡的启动及凋亡通路的沟通中发挥着极其重要的作用。     

Fas与FasL的分子生物学研究进展

Fas是细胞表面诱导凋亡的分子,是I型膜蛋白,属TNF受体家族成员。而Fas配体（FasL)是Ⅱ型膜蛋白,属TNF家族成员。Fas与FasL结合,可向细胞传递死亡信号,引发细胞凋亡。Fas在人体中表达及功能正常与否,对人体免疫调控起重要作用。     

Bcl—2家族蛋白与细胞凋亡

Bcl 2家族蛋白是在细胞凋亡过程中起关键性作用的一类蛋白质。在线粒体上 ,Bcl 2家族蛋白通过与其他凋亡蛋白的协同作用 ,调控线粒体结构与功能的稳定性 ,发挥着细胞凋亡“主开关”的作用。Bcl 2家族包括两类蛋白质 :一类是抗凋亡蛋白 ,另一类是促凋亡蛋白。在细胞凋亡时 ,Bcl 2家族中的促凋亡蛋白成员发生蛋白质的加工修饰 ,易位到线粒体的外膜上 ,引起细胞色素c、凋亡诱导因子等其他促凋亡因子的释放 ,导致细胞凋亡 ;而平时被隔离在线粒体等细胞器内的该家族的抗凋亡蛋白成员则抑制细胞色素c和凋亡诱导因子等促凋亡因子的释放 ,具有抑制细胞凋亡的功能。但一旦这类抗凋亡蛋白成员与激活的促凋亡蛋白发生相互作用后 ,便丧失了对细胞凋亡的抑制作用 ,造成线粒体等细胞器的功能丧失和细胞器内促凋亡因子的释放 ,导致细胞凋亡。现以Bcl 2家族调控细胞凋亡的最新研究进展为基础 ,对Bcl 2家族成员及其蛋白质结构、分布和调控细胞凋亡的分子机制进行综述。     

唯BH3域蛋白与细胞凋亡

唯BH3域蛋白是Bcl-2蛋白家族中的一类仅含有BH3同源区域的促凋亡分子。不同的凋亡刺激可以通过不同的途径活化不同的唯BH3域蛋白,且表现细胞类型特异性。唯BH3域蛋白通过与同一家族的其它抗凋亡或促凋亡蛋白相互作用,在启动线粒体通路中起重要作用。有些唯BH3域蛋白在内质网通路和死亡受体通路中也起到一定作用。对该类蛋白的研究将有助于深化对凋亡的认识,并为疾病治疗提供新的方法和思路。     

Apoptosis regulators

Over the last decade, a great deal of attention has been directed at elucidating the role of apoptosis regulators in governing survival decisions in neoplastic cells, particularly those of hematopoietic origin. A major focus of this work has involved investigation of the function of pro- and anti-apoptotic members of the BCL-2 family, and the relationship between these proteins and mitochondrial integrity. Currently, these proteins can be classified into two broad categories: those that modulate mitochondrial function and those that regulate the activation of caspases responsible for activation and execution of the apoptotic cascade. Within the first category, certain proteins (e.g., BCL-2, BCL-xL) act to preserve mitochondrial integrity by preventing loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and/or release of pro-apoptotic proteins such as cytochrome C into the cytosol. Other proapoptotic proteins (e.g., BAX, BAK, BIM) promote release of cytochrome C. These proteins are therefore primarily involved in regulation of the intrinsic, mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. Within the second category, proteins such as the inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (e.g., XIAP) or FLIP block the activation of caspases, particularly those involved in engagement of the receptor-related, extrinsic apoptotic pathway. Cross-talk between the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways exists. For example, the BH3-domain only protein BID is cleaved by the activation of pro-caspase-8 through the extrinsic pathway, and translocates to the mitochondrion to promote cytochrome C release. Apoptosis is also regulated by various signal transduction pathways, possibly through post-translational modifications in BCL-2 family proteins. For example, phosphorylation of BCL-2 through a JNK-dependent mechanism has been postulated to contribute to apoptosis induced by the taxane class of cytotoxic agents. Finally, attempts to modulate apoptotic pathways with small molecules have recently received much attention. For example, small molecule inhibitors of BCL-2 or mimetics of SMAC/DIABLO, which opposes the actions of XIAP, have recently been shown to promote the antineoplastic activity of conventional cytotoxic agents. It is likely that an improved understanding of apoptosis regulation will lead to new insights into neoplastic transformation, and may also provide important leads for the development of novel antileukemic strategies.     

Apoptosis in Plants

Apoptosis is a feature of animal cells that explains some aspects of programmed cell death in plants. Differences between plant and animal cell development require that concepts be reexamined to signify how plant cells have evolved the need for cell elimination in the meristematic growth habit, life cycle, and alternation of generations. Central to this theme is the regulation of divisional cycles for mitosis, meiosis, apomeiosis, and their related sexual and asexual reproductive processes. Apoptosis depends on the coordinated expression of genes regulating divisional cycles and apoptotic pathways so that irreversible nuclear and cytoplasmic elimination occurs. Cellular degradation products are salvaged to sustain adaptation, viability, structural function, and ontogeny. The cell wall is usually retained and further differentiated or eliminated. A model of factors predisposing apoptosis and comprising checkpoints in cell divisional cycles is presented for comparisons among plant and animal cells.     

Apoptosis in oncology

INTroDUCTIONApoptosis, also known as programmed celldeath, is a highly orchestrated form of cell deathin which cells neatly commit suicide by choppingthemselves into membrane-packaged bits. It is critical not ohly to the development but also to thehomeostasis and normal functioning of the adultfor a multiple cellular organism. The malfunctioning of apoptosis during the development willlead to abortion or abnormalities, while failure ofDNA-damaged cells to kill themselves via apoptosismay …     

Caspase蛋白酶与细胞凋亡

自从发现线虫死亡基因ced-3编码产物与哺乳动物白细胞介素-1β-转化酶(ICE)结构、功能上的相似性以来,一系列半胱氨酸蛋白酶基因相继被克隆,并显示出在细胞凋亡执行阶段中的重要功能.激活的ICE/CED-3家族蛋白酶（因其为Asp特异的半胱氨酸蛋白酶,又被称为caspase）能降解细胞中多个底物,进而引发随后的细胞学事件.     

Apoptosis and inflammation

During the last few decades it has been recognized that cell death is not the consequence of accidental injury, but is the expression of a cell suicide programme. Kerr et al. (1972) introduced the term apoptosis. This form of cell death is under the influence of hormones, growth factors and cytokines, which depending upon the receptors present on the target cells, may activate a genetically controlled cell elimination process. During apoptosis the cell membrane remains intact and the cell breaks into apoptotic bodies, which are phagocytosed. Apoptosis, in contrast to necrosis, is not harmful to the host and does not induce any inflammatory reaction. The principal event that leads to inflammatory disease is cell damage, induced by chemical/physical injury, anoxia or starvation. Cell damage means leakage of cell contents into the adjacent tissues, resulting in the capillary transmigration of granulocytes to the injured tissue. The accumulation of neutrophils and release of enzymes and oxygen radicals enhances the inflammatory reaction. Until now there has been little research into the factors controlling the accumulation and the tissue load of granulocytes and their histotoxic products in inflammatory processes. Neutrophil apoptosis may represent an important event in the control of intlamtnation. It has been assumed that granulocytes disintegrate to apoptotic bodies before their fragments are removed by local macrophages. Removal of neutrophils from the inflammatory site without release of granule contents is of paramount importance for cessation of inflammation. In conclusion, apoptotic cell death plays an important role in inflammatory processes and in the resolution of inflammatory reactions. The facts known at present should stimulate further research into the role of neutrophil, eosinophil and macrophage apoptosis in inflammatory diseases.     

细胞凋亡（Apoptosis）与癌基因

细胞凋亡是细胞衰老、死亡过程的主要形式.最近研究发现有多种癌基因与抑癌基因参与细胞凋亡过程.因此目前认为癌基因与抑癌基因不仅控制细胞增殖、分化,而且调节细胞凋亡.细胞凋亡受阻或缺陷可能是肿瘤发生的基础之一.