植物抗真菌和细菌病害基因工程的策略及其进展

本文从（1）在植物与病原物相互识别水平上调控而激活其保卫反应机制;（2）导入植物保卫反应相关基因;（）导人降解或抑制病原菌致病因子基因等方面讨论了植物抗真菌和细菌病害基因工程的策略,介绍了目前的主要进展,并对有关策略作了简要的评价。     

转基因改良植物抗真菌病害的策略及其进展

随着近几年来生物技术的迅猛发展,一系列新的广谱持久性抗病基因已经被鉴定、克隆并应用于转基因改良抗病性的实践。概述目前植物抗真菌病害的基因工程策略及其研究进展：（1）基于寄主－病原菌相互识别和信号传导体系的基因工程策略;（2）基于抗真菌蛋白的基因工程策略。     

植物抗病基因工程的研究进展

对植物抗病基因工程的原理、抗病基因、转化方法等方面的进展进行了综述,并对抗病基因工程的应用前景做了展望。     

植物基因工程进展

70年代末,科学家通过分子生物学的研究证实,根癌农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)侵染了双子叶植物之后,能把它的质粒(Tumor inducing plasmid,简称Ti质粒)上的一段DNA(Transfer DNA,简称 T-DNA)插入到植物染色体中,使植物产生冠瘿瘤(crown gall),T-DNA在冠瘿瘤细胞内能稳定     

植物广谱抗病基因工程策略与研究进展

系统获得性抗性（SAP）是植物防御病原微生物侵染的一条有效途径。利用基因工程技术改造其表达特性可以提高植物的抗病性,从活性氧的代谢,抗病基因的利用、过敏反应的诱导和SAR的组成性表达等方面论述了植物广谱抗病基因工程的研究策略。已取得的成就及今后的研究方向。     

植物抗真菌病害基因工程的研究进展

简述了转基因植物提高真菌性病害抗性方面的研究进展。     

植物抗病基因工程的研究进展及前景展望

近年来,随着植物抗病基因(尤其是抗病毒基因)的分离,植物抗病机制的分子生物学和植物抗病基因工程的研究轰轰烈烈地展开并取得重大突破。本文针对植物抗病基因工程的原理、抗病基因、转化方法等方面的进展进行了综述,并对抗病基因工程的应用前景做了展望。     

植物抗真菌病害基因工程研究概述

真菌病害是作物损失的主要原因之一。作物病害的80％由病原真菌所引起。真菌病的危害性极大,如19世纪中期,爱尔兰曾因晚疫病严重爆发而导致马铃薯绝产,致使100万人挨饿、200万人被迫背井离乡远迁北美。过去,人们对作物真菌病害的控制有三条途径:(1)选育并采用抗病品种,育种方法为通过有性杂交利用作物本身或近缘种中的抗性基因;(2)施用化学杀菌剂;(3)采取预防措施,如轮作、     

植物激素的基因工程

植物激素的研究,从Went分离生长素开始已有近70年的历史。在这期间,人们相继发现并鉴定出5大类植物激素,对它们的生理作用进行了大量的研究。植物激素所参与的调节过程,包括细胞的伸长和分裂、细胞的分化、器官发育、种子休眠、果实的生长发育、性别分化和衰老等许多方面,几乎包括了植物生长发育的各个生理过程,     

抗虫植物基因工程研究进展

虫害是造成农业减产的主要原因之一。据不完全统计,全世界每年因虫害引起的作物减产达总产量的15％,损失高达数千亿美元。在我国,因虫害水稻减产在lO％以上;小麦减产近20％;棉花减产在     

植物种子中脂肪酸代谢途径的遗传调控与基因工程

本文介绍了植物种子中脂肪酸代谢的基本途径,并从工业用和食用两方面对近年来植物脂肪酸代谢的遗传调控与基因工程研究的进展进行了较为详细的总结。植物种子中的脂肪酸成分可通过人为遗传调控发生改变。阐明利用基因工程技术调控植物种子脂肪酸代谢途径是一个新兴的、具有巨大潜力的研究领域,并将在人们生活的各方面发挥巨大作用。     

壳聚糖抑制植物病害的研究进展

壳聚糖是一种用途十分广泛的具有生物活性的高分子化合物,本文论述了壳聚糖在抑制作物病害方面的作用。壳聚糖和为土壤改良防治土传病害、用作种衣制防治种传丰、用于果蔬保鲜控制收获后病害,还可作为植物生长调节剂、病害剂促进植物生长、诱导提高植物的广谱抗生。壳聚糖抑制植物病害具有多重机制。文章对壳聚糖等甲壳糖素衍生物在农业上的应用剪影进行了讨论。     

天然植物抗氧化剂的研究进展

综述了具有抗氧化作用的天然植物种类及其抗氧化成分和抗氧化机理,指出了今后天然植物抗氧化剂的研究方向。     

ENVIRONMENTAL AND GENETIC DETERMINANTS OF PLANT SIZE IN VIOLA SORORIA

Survivorship and fecundity in the forest herb, Viola sororia, are size-dependent. The basis of size variation among individuals of Viola sororia was investigated with a uniform environment experiment. Plants collected from natural populations were vegetatively reproduced and grown under two light regimes in a greenhouse. Analysis of quantitative variation showed: 1) significant differences between light treatments for characters related to plant shape and relative growth rate; 2) significant among-genet variation for plant size, plant shape and relative growth rate but none for physiological characters; and 3) a size threshold for cleistogamous seed production and rhizome production. Heritability estimates for the characters associated with plant size and shape ranged from 0.09 to 0.39, indicating significant genetic determination for these traits. In addition, among-genet differences in relative growth rate were substantial. The results of this study suggest that the size variation found in natural populations is not solely a function of environmental heterogeneity but is significantly influenced by the genotypes composing the population.     

植物细胞培养—分离耦合过程研究进展

本文评述了近10年来植物细胞培养-分离耦合过程的研究及应用,就如何深入开展植物细胞培养-分离耦合过程的研究提出了几点建议。     

GENETIC CONSTRAINTS ON THE INDEPENDENT EVOLUTION OF MALE AND FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE CHARACTERS IN THE TRISTYLOUS PLANT LYTHRUM SALICARIA

Here we test whether the potential exists for the independent evolution of allocation to male, female, and attractive functions within a flower. We employed half-sib and parent-offspring regression methods in the tristylous plant Lythrum salicaria to determine whether there is additive genetic variation for characters important to male and female reproductive success and whether genetic correlations could constrain the independent evolution of male and female function. Although significance levels were not consistent among morph types or between populations, there were significant narrow-sense heritabilities for several traits including stamen mass, pistil mass, perianth mass, petal length, and calyx length. Traits that might be under strong stabilizing selection to promote specific pollen transfer, such as stamen and style lengths, had little heritable variation. In the majority of cases in which heritable variation was present, there were positive genetic correlations among floral traits. A strong positive genetic correlation appeared between stamen and pistil mass in the short-styled morph from one of the populations studied. This suggests that selection might not be able to act independently on biomass allocation to male and female flower parts. No evidence of negative genetic correlations appeared that would suggest trade-offs and that could augment a selection response towards sexual specialization. The observed positive correlations could be explained if we consider the “functional architecture” that underlies the covariance structure. If there is more covariance generated by pleiotropic loci controlling overall flower size than at loci controlling male versus female allocation, it could result in the observed positive covariance. At the phenotypic level, we did find significant negative partial correlations between male and female traits when flower size was controlled, but these trade-offs were among rather than within morphs.     

C3植物中C4途径的研究进展

综述了Ｃ３植物中Ｃ４途径的发现及研究现状：阐述了Ｃ３植物中Ｃ４途径的几种作用机理;根据Ｃ３植物中Ｃ４途径的存在,探讨了改造Ｃ３植物的遗传特性;并展望了这一领域的研究前景。     

华东地区青冈种群的遗传多样性及遗传分化

采用垂直板型聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳测定了华东地区6个青冈(Cyclobalanopsis glauca(Thunb.)Oerst.)种群的遗传多样性和遗传分化程度以及基因流。青冈种和种群水平都维持有较高的遗传多样性,期望杂合度分别为0.2252和0.2126,观察杂合度分别为0.1661和0.1771。种群间的遗传分化程度较低,分化度仅为5.6％,种群间的遗传一致度和遗传距离的均值分别为0.9729和0.0276。种群间的分化时间为1.4～27万年。基因流分别为4.21和20.49。