降解硫氰酸和丙烯腈的一种新型混合细菌培养物

从腈纶废水生物粘膜中选育到能降解硫氰酸钠、丙烯腈、异丙醇和丙酮的新型混合细菌培养物。SAT13,其降解硫氰酸钠和丙烯腈的能力分别为1800mg／l和120 mg／l。该培养物由自养菌和异养菌组成,包括排硫杆菌(Thiobacillus thioparus)、中间硫杆菌(Thiobacillus interm-edius)、假单胞杆菌(Ptldomonas sp-)、节杆菌Arthrobacter sp和固氯菌(Az。Tobacter sp．)。这些细菌是净化腈纶废水中污染物的主要微生物,其中降解硫氰酸钠的主要细菌为排硫杆菌、中间硫杆菌和假单胞杆菌。降解丙烯腈的主要细菌是中间硫杆菌和节细菌。固氮菌对这两种污染物无降解作用。     

多能硫杆菌RubisCO基因同源性分析

以氧化亚铁硫杆菌1,5—二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶/加氧酶(RubisCO)基因为探针,与氧化硫硫杆菌和多能硫杆菌的染色体DNA杂交。结果表明,氧化硫硫杆菌的染色体DNA能够与氧化亚铁硫杆菌RubisCO基因探针杂交。而多能硫杆菌不能与其杂交,然而却能够与球形红杆菌RubisCO基因探针杂交,同源性高。由于RubisCO在进化上的高度保守性,因此认为它们在RubisCO进化关系上应属于不同的类群。     

多能硫杆菌基因文库的构建以及Rubis CO基因的筛选

以pUC9质粒DNA作为载体,用PstⅠ酶切、碱性磷酸酯酶处理后,与PstⅠ部分酶切的多能硫杆菌染色体DNA3－10kbDNA片段连接,转化大肠杆菌JM83,在MacConkey培养基上筛选重组于,所得的重组子为6.5×10³,达到建库要求的理论值。进一步用光合细菌Rhodobactersphaeroides类型Ⅱ磷酸核酮糖羧化酶／加氧酶基因（rbcL－rbcS）为探针,从该库中筛选到了含有多能硫杆菌的1,5－二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶／加氧酶（RubisCO）基因片段的重组子     

脱氮硫杆菌生长特性及其对SRB生长的影响*

由土壤中分离得到一株自养型的脱氮硫杆菌 (Thiobacillusdenitrificans,硫杆菌属 ,硫杆菌科 ,革兰氏阴性化能自养细菌 ) ,该菌株的最佳生长 pH为 7 0。将此菌株与硫酸盐还原菌 (SulfateReducingBacteria ,SRB ,脱硫弧菌属 ,革兰氏阴性厌氧细菌 )混合培养 ,测定SRB的菌量变化 ,结果表明 ,脱氮硫杆菌的生长抑制了硫酸盐还原菌的生长 ,降低了SRB的腐蚀性的代谢产物硫化物的浓度 ,腐蚀速率降低 ,有利于防治SRB引起的微生物腐蚀。     

大肠杆菌粘端质粒pJRD215在兼性自养多能硫杆菌中的带动转移

通过接合将广泛寄主范围的转移性IncP质粒RP_4、R68.45、RP_1::Tn501和pUB307从大肠杆菌转移到了兼性自养多能硫杆菌中,质粒上的Ap、Tc和Km抗性基因在多能硫杆菌中均得到表达。IncQ类群的粘端质粒pJRD215在转移性IncP质粒的带动下,从大肠杆菌转移到了多能硫杆菌,转移频率为8.9×10~(-5)——801×10~(-4),并对pJRD215在多能硫杆菌中的稳定性进行了测定。本文首次将非转移性质粒载体引入到兼性自养多能硫杆菌中。     

大肠杆菌粘端质粒pJRD215在兼性自养多能硫杆菌中的带动转移*

通过接合将广泛寄主范围的转移性IncP质粒RP_4、R68.45、RP_1::Tn501和pUB307从大肠杆菌转移到了兼性自养多能硫杆菌中,质粒上的Ap、Tc和Km抗性基因在多能硫杆菌中均得到表达。IncQ类群的粘端质粒pJRD215在转移性IncP质粒的带动下,从大肠杆菌转移到了多能硫杆菌,转移频率为8.9×10^-5——801×10^-4,并对pJRD215在多能硫杆菌中的稳定性进行了测定。本文首次将非转移性质粒载体引入到兼性自养多能硫杆菌中。     

多能硫杆菌RuhisCO墓因在大肠杆菌中表达产物分析

通过对多能硫杆菌RubiSCO的基因表达分析表明该基因能够在pBR322的P1启动子、pUC19的lac启动子以及pKK223-3的tac启动子的启动下,在大肠杆菌中表达,RubisCO基因片段在pUC19和pKK223-3载体上的表达活性较高。进一步对RubisCO基因表达产物进行了非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳,检测到了RubisCO蛋白质带。     

一种快速提取大质粒的方法

本文介绍一种快速提取大质粒的方法。应用该方法,对含有pTA1,R68.45,RP(?)Tn501,pUB307,RP_4,pJRD215和pTr30质粒的多能硫杆菌(Thiabacillus versius)、氧化硫硫杆菌(Thiobacillus thiooxidans)和大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)进行了质粒提取。结果表明,该方法提取的质粒条带清晰,分辨率高,而且重复性好。     

一个嗜热嗜酸细菌的新属——硫球菌属

本文报道从酸性热泉地区分离出一株比较少见的无机化能自养型嗜热酸细菌,经鉴定是一新属新种,命名为硫球菌属(Sulfosphaerellus gen. Nov.),模式种为嗜酸热硫球菌(Sulfosphae-rellus thcrmoacidophilum sp. Nov.)。细胞球形,直径0.8一1.2μm,有类似纤毛的结构,革兰氏阴性,需气,在无机盐培养条件下,氧化元素硫至硫酸获得能量进行自营生长。生长最适温度70℃,范尉55—80℃。生长最适pH2．5,范围1．0—5．5。DNA中G+C含量为33—39mol％。并将该菌与国外近十多年来分离的硫叶菌(Sulfolobus)等7种高温嗜酸细菌作了比较,并对其命名和分类位置作了讨论。     

脱氮硫杆菌生长特性及其对SRB生长的影响

由土壤中分离得到一株自养型的脱氮硫杆菌(Thiobacillus denitrigioans,硫杆菌属,硫杆菌科,革兰氏阴性化能自养细菌),该菌株的最佳生长pH为7．0。将此菌株与硫酸盐还原菌(Sulfate Reducing Bacteria,SRB,脱硫弧菌属,革兰氏阴性厌氧细菌)混合培养,测定SRB的菌量变化,结果表明,脱氮硫杆菌的生长抑制了硫酸盐还原菌的生长,降低了SRB的腐蚀性的代谢产物硫化物的浓度,腐蚀速率降低,有利于防治SRB引起的微生物腐蚀。     

Expression of endogenous and foreign ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase (RubisCO) genes in a RubisCO deletion mutant of Rhodobacter sphaeroides.

A Rhodobacter sphaeroides ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase (RubisCO) deletion strain was constructed that was complemented by plasmids containing either the form I or form II CO2 fixation gene cluster. This strain was also complemented by genes encoding foreign RubisCO enzymes expressed from a Rhodospirillum rubrum RubisCO promoter. In R. sphaeroides, the R. rubrum promoter was regulated, resulting in variable levels of disparate RubisCO molecules under different growth conditions. Photosynthetic growth of the R. sphaeroides deletion strain complemented with cyanobacterial RubisCO revealed physiological properties reflective of the unique cellular environment of the cyanobacterial enzyme. The R. sphaeroides RubisCO deletion strain and R. rubrum promoter system may be used to assess the properties of mutagenized proteins in vivo, as well as provide a potential means to select for altered RubisCO molecules after random mutagenesis of entire genes or gene regions encoding RubisCO enzymes.     

Expression and regulation of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and Xanthobacter flavus CO2 fixation genes in a photosynthetic bacterial host.

Calvin cycle carbon dioxide fixation genes encoded on DNA fragments from two nonphotosynthetic, chemolithoautotrophic bacteria, Bradyrhizobium japonicum and Xanthobacter flavus, were found to complement and support photosynthetic growth of a ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase (RubisCO) deletion mutant of the purple nonsulfur bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides. The regulation of RubisCO expression was analyzed in the complemented R. sphaeroides RubisCO deletion mutant. Distinct differences in the regulation of RubisCO synthesis were revealed when the complemented R. sphaeroides strains were cultured under photolithoautotrophic and photoheterotrophic growth conditions, e.g., a reversal in the normal pattern of RubisCO gene expression. These studies suggest that sequences and molecular signals which regulate the expression of diverse RubisCO genes may be probed by using the R. sphaeroides complementation system.     

"Green-like" and "red-like" RubisCO cbbL genes in Rhodobacter azotoformans

We found that Rhodobacter azotoformans IFO 16436T contains two different cbbL genes coding form I ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RubisCO) large subunits. One gene is located within a "green-like" group of the RubisCO phylogenetic tree, and the other is located within a "red-like" group. This is the first report that one organism contains both green-like and red-like RubisCO genes. Moreover, by PCR using primers which amplify two green-like and red-like cbbL genes alternatively and dot blot hybridization, we demonstrated that Rhodobacter blasticus, Rhodobacter capsulatus, and Rhodobacter veldkampii possess only green-like cbbL genes, and Rhodobacter sphaeroides possesses only a red-like cbbL gene. In the cbbL phylogenic analysis, R. spaeroides and R. azotoformans 1 (red-like) formed a cluster within the red-like group, and R. capsulatus, R. azotoformans 2 (green-like), R. blasticus, and R. veldkampii formed a cluster within the green-like group. This suggests that red-like cbbL genes of Rhodobacter species were derived from one ancestor, and green-like cbbL genes were derived from another ancestor. On the other hand, molecular phylogeny of the bacteria indicates that R. veldkampii, which has only a green-like cbbL gene, is the earliest evolved Rhodobacter species and that R. azotoformans and R. sphaeroides, which have red-like cbbL genes, are the latest evolved. Consequently, the following hypothesis is proposed: the common ancestor of Rhodobacter had a green-like cbbL gene, the common ancestor of R. azotoformans and R. sphaeroides subsequently obtained a red-like cbbL gene by a horizontal gene transfer, and the ancestor of R. sphaeroides later lost the green-like cbbL gene.     

Cloning and expression of Thiobacillus versutus aspartate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase gene in Escherichia coli

The Thiobacillus versutus asd gene coding for aspartate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase was cloned in Escherichia coli cells using pBR322 as a vector. The gene was expressed independently of its orientation, suggesting that E. coli RNA polymerase recognized T. versutus promoter sequence. The T. versutus DNA coded protein, of the molecular weight 44,000, was identified by the analysis of the proteins produced by minicells.     

Reversible inactivation and characterization of purified inactivated form I ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase of Rhodobacter sphaeroides.

Form I ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RubisCO) from Rhodobacter sphaeroides is inactivated upon the addition of organic acids to photolithoautotrophically grown cultures. Activity recovers after the dissipation of the organic acid from the culture. The inactivation process depends on both the concentration of the organic compound and the nitrogen status of the cells. The inactivated RubisCO has been purified and was shown to exhibit mobility on both nondenaturing and sodium dodecyl sulfate gels different from that of the active enzyme prepared from cells not treated with organic acids. However, the Michaelis constants for ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate and CO2 or O2 were not dramatically altered. Purified inactivated RubisCO could be activated in vitro by increasing the temperature or the levels of Mg(II), and this activation was accompanied by changes in the electrophoretic mobility of the protein. When foreign bacterial RubisCO genes were expressed in an R. sphaeroides host strain lacking the ability to synthesize endogenous RubisCO, only slight inactivation of RubisCO activity was attained.     

The “Green” Form I Ribulose 1,5-Bisphosphate Carboxylase/Oxygenase from the Nonsulfur Purple Bacterium Rhodobacter capsulatus

Form I ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RubisCO) of the Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle may be divided into two broad phylogenetic groups, referred to as red-like and green-like, based on deduced large subunit amino acid sequences. Unlike the form I enzyme from the closely related organism Rhodobacter sphaeroides, the form I RubisCO from R. capsulatus is a member of the green-like group and closely resembles the enzyme from certain chemoautotrophic proteobacteria and cyanobacteria. As the enzymatic properties of this type of RubisCO have not been well studied in a system that offers facile genetic manipulation, we purified the R. capsulatus form I enzyme and determined its basic kinetic properties. The enzyme exhibited an extremely low substrate specificity factor, which is congruent with its previously determined sequence similarity to form I enzymes from chemoautotrophs and cyanobacteria. The enzymological results reported here are thus strongly supportive of the previously suggested horizontal gene transfer that most likely occurred between a green-like RubisCO-containing bacterium and a predecessor to R. capsulatus. Expression results from hybrid and chimeric enzyme plasmid constructs, made with large and small subunit genes from R. capsulatus and R. sphaeroides, also supported the unrelatedness of these two enzymes and were consistent with the recently proposed phylogenetic placement of R. capsulatus form I RubisCO. The R. capsulatus form I enzyme was found to be subject to a time-dependent fallover in activity and possessed a high affinity for CO2, unlike the closely similar cyanobacterial RubisCO, which does not exhibit fallover and possesses an extremely low affinity for CO2. These latter results suggest definite approaches to elucidate the molecular basis for fallover and CO2 affinity.     

Intergeneric conjugation in Thiobacillus versutus.

In plate matings with Escherichia coli HB101/pUW965::Tn5 (KmR) Thiobacillus versutus reacted as an efficient recipient, producing 10(-2) to 10(-3) kanamycin resistant (KmR) T. versutus exconjugants per donor cell. Analysis of agarose gels of plasmid DNA extracted from the exconjugants confirmed that the suicide vector pUW964 did not persist in the recipient, implying that the kanamycin resistance of the exconjugants is based on effective transposition of Tn5 in T. versutus as well as function of the E. coli kanamycin gene. Transfer was equally efficient when a nalidixate-resistant T. versutus mutant was used as recipient. Hybridization evidence for the presence of Tn5 was consistently negative. The significance of this anomalous result is discussed.     

Synthesis of catalytically active form III ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase in archaea

Ribulose 1,5 bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RubisCO) catalyzes the biological reduction and assimilation of carbon dioxide gas to organic carbon; it is the key enzyme responsible for the bulk of organic matter found on earth. Until recently it was believed that there are only two forms of RubisCO, form I and form II. However, the recent completion of several genome-sequencing projects uncovered open reading frames resembling RubisCO in the third domain of life, the archaea. Previous work and homology comparisons suggest that these enzymes represent a third form of RubisCO, form III. While earlier work indicated that two structurally distinct recombinant archaeal RubisCO proteins catalyzed bona fide RubisCO reactions, it was not established that the rbcL genes of anaerobic archaea can be transcribed and translated to an active enzyme in the native organisms. In this report, it is shown not only that Methanococcus jannaschii, Archaeoglobus fulgidus, Methanosarcina acetivorans, and Methanosarcina barkeri possess open reading frames with the residues required for catalysis but also that the RubisCO protein from these archaea accumulates in an active form under normal growth conditions. In addition, the form III RubisCO gene (rbcL) from M. acetivorans was shown to complement RubisCO deletion strains of Rhodobacter capsulatus and Rhodobacter sphaeroides under both photoheterotrophic and photoautotrophic growth conditions. These studies thus indicate for the first time that archaeal form III RubisCO functions in a physiologically significant fashion to fix CO(2). Furthermore, recombinant M. jannaschii, M. acetivorans, and A. fulgidus RubisCO possess unique properties with respect to quaternary structure, temperature optima, and activity in the presence of molecular oxygen compared to the previously described Thermococcus kodakaraensis and halophile proteins.