桃园节肢动物群落相对丰盛度的季节动态研究

以合肥市杏花林果科技示范园为例,研究了桃园节肢动物群落物种的组成和数量,对植食类、捕食类、寄生类和其它类4种功能类群的相对丰盛度作了详尽的阐述。捕食类同植食类的相对丰盛度变化趋势一致,说明捕食类节肢动物是桃树生长期植食类害虫的重要天敌。     

植被类型对盐沼湿地空气生境节肢动物功能群的影响

2007年4-11月,在长江口崇明东滩盐沼湿地的芦苇带、海三棱藨草带和互花米草带设置固定样地,每月小潮期对空气生境的节肢动物进行了扫网取样调查。在此基础上,分析研究了盐沼湿地空气生境节肢动物功能群特征以及植被类型的影响,特别是对互花米草的生态效应进行了进一步讨论。调查期间共获得节肢动物标本3778头,分属2纲11目37科49种。根据不同种类的营养特征将其划分为植食性、捕食寄生性和腐食性三大功能群。其中,植食性功能群的种类、数量最为丰富,涉及1纲6目19科25种,物种数占总数的51.0%,个体数占总数的86.2%;捕食寄生性功能群次之,涉及2纲7目15科21种,物种数占总数的42.9%,个体数占总数的7.8%;腐食性功能群种类、数量最少,涉及1纲1目3科3种,物种数占总数的6.1%,个体数占总数的6.0%。不同植被带捕食寄生性功能群与植食性功能群均具有一定的"天敌跟随"特征,但主要表现在物种数上,而在个体数上的对应关系并不明显。不同植被带功能群的组成、多样性及月际变化特征存在一定差异,但是植被类型对功能群的影响并不显著。与已有研究结果不同,研究中外来种互花米草对空气生境的节肢动物并未表现出显著的负面影响,相应节肢动物功能群的物种数、个体数、多样性、月际变化等特征与其他植被带并没有显著差异。就植食性功能群而言,尽管互花米草带植食性功能群的个体数明显低于其它植被带,但是物种数并没有减少,相应的作用机理还有待进一步研究。     

转cry1Ab/cry1Ac基因籼稻对稻田节肢动物群落影响

将稻田节肢动物群落按营养关系划分为5个功能团,即植食类、寄生类、捕食类、腐食类和其它类,从功能团优势度、功能团内科组成及其优势度、群落主要参数及群落相异性等方面,经两年四点的调查就2个转cry1Ab/cry1Ac基因籼稻（Bt水稻）品系TT9.3和TT9.4对稻田节肢动物群落的影响作了较系统评价。植食类、寄生类和腐食类功能团内某些优势科的优势度在Bt水稻田与对照（IR72）田之间有时呈显著或极显著差异,如Bt水稻田中茧蜂或姬蜂科的优势度有时明显低于对照。但是,在大多情况下Bt水稻田与对照田之间功能团优势度、功能团内科组成及其优势度、群落主要参数（物种丰富度、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、均匀性指数、优势集中性指数）及其时间动态基本无明显差异;Bt水稻田与对照田间植食类、寄生类、捕食类亚群落和整个节肢动物群落的相异性大多较低。可见,Bt水稻对稻田节肢动物群落基本无明显的负面影响。     

转cry1 Ab基因粳稻对稻田节肢动物群落的影响

在将稻田节肢动物群落按营养关系分为植食类、寄生类、捕食类、腐食类和其他类等5个功能团的基础上,从功能团优势度、群落结构参数及群落相异性等方面,经2年3点的调查就2个转cry1Ab基因粳稻（Bt粳稻）品系KMD1和KMD2对稻田节肢动物群落结构的影响做了评价。结果表明：在大多数情况下,Bt粳稻与对照间各功能团优势度、群落结构参数[物种丰富度（S）、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数（H′）、均匀性指数（J）、优势集中性指数（C）]及其时间动态无明显差异;Bt粳稻与对照间植食类、寄生类、捕食类亚群落,及整个节肢动物群落的相似性也较高。综合分析认为,Bt粳稻对稻田节肢动物群落结构无明显的负面影响。     

群落结构特征参数对葡萄园节肢动物群落作用的比较

利用主成分分析法,对葡萄园节肢动物群落、植食类亚群落、捕食类亚群落的特征参数进行分析.结果表明,葡萄园节肢动物群落、植食类亚群落、捕食类亚群落特征向量矩阵中第1主分量综合指标贡献率依次为66.70%、73.39%和54.17%.节肢动物群落的总个体数N、Hill多样性指数N₁、Hill多样性指数N₂和McIntosh指数D_mc的标准回归系数绝对值较大,对群落贡献大;植食类亚群落的N、N₂、N₁和物种数S的标准回归系数绝对值较大,对植食类亚群落贡献大;捕食类亚群落的N₂、N₁、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数H'和丰富度R的标准回归系数绝对值较大,对捕食类亚群落贡献大.综合分析,多样性指数N₁和N₂对3种类型群落贡献较大.     

稻田周围杂草地生境节肢动物群落的物种组成

2001年5--9月,对福建省古田县中稻田边杂草地生境的节肢动物群落,开展了系统调查,共采集到节肢动物2纲14目112科343种(或类)。其中,天敌184种(包括71种捕食性蜘蛛,31种捕食性昆虫和82种寄生性天敌),害虫52种;中性昆虫107种。     

环境因子对甘南高寒草甸地表大型节肢动物多样性的影响

地表节肢动物是生态系统的重要生物指示物,研究甘南高寒草甸地表节肢动物群落多样性与环境因子的关系,有助于揭示其分布格局对高寒草甸生态环境变化的响应。2018年5至9月,采用陷阱法调查甘南高寒草甸4种典型类型生境,即沼泽湿地、沼泽化草甸、草甸和成熟草甸地表大型节肢动物群落组成与多样性。研究时段共采集地表大型节肢动物2 545头,属于3纲9目29科30属,以狼蛛属(Lycosa)、弓背蚁属(Camponotus)和蚁属(Formica)为优势类群。营养功能群以捕食类和植食类为主。研究结果显示,成熟草甸生境大型节肢动物类群数明显高于沼泽化草甸和草甸生境的类群数(P <0.05);沼泽湿地生境Pielou均匀度指数(Js)明显大于草甸和成熟草甸生境的Pielou均匀度指数(P <0.05);Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H′)差异不显著(P> 0.05);4种生境之间地表大型节肢动物群落相似性指数较低。研究时段基于物种“出现-不出现”C-score、V-ratio、SES与Pianka生态重叠指数的实测值与预测值的差异均没有规律性,显示研究区域地表大型节肢动物群落随机...     

双季稻区两类生境稻田节肢动物群落结构比较

用吸虫器采样法,对双季稻区中处于多样化生境及单一生境中的两类稻田中的节肢动物群落结构特征进行了比较研究。结果表明：在早稻生长发育初期和晚稻生长全期,多样化生境稻田中捕食性节肢动物的物种数和个体数量都显著高于单一化生境稻田。同时,多样化生境中稻田植食性昆虫的物种丰富度高于单一化生境稻田,但其个体数量较低。非稻田生境主要作为稻田捕食性节肢动物群落的种库,能促进稻田捕食性节肢动物群落的重建。     

广东双季稻区杂草地和稻田中捕食性节肢动物的群落动态

用吸虫器采样法,于1998年对广东省大沙镇双季稻区两块相邻的杂草地和稻田中捕食性节肢动物群落的结构进行了研究。在杂草地生境中共采集到73种捕食性节肢动物,其中55种为蜘蛛,18种为昆虫。3月21日,早稻田翻耕前,在杂草地中采集到33种捕食性节肢动物,密度为130头/m²。4月4日,水稻移栽1周后,在杂草地中采到29种捕食性节肢动物,密度为92头/m²;同期在稻田中采到12种捕食性节肢动物,密度为16.2头/m2。5月13日早稻成熟前期,在杂草地中只采到19种捕食性节肢动物,密度为28头/m²;而此期,在稻田中采到27种捕食性节肢动物,密度为53.2头/m²。在晚稻生长期,杂草地捕食性节肢动物与稻田捕食性节肢动物物种数和密度的变化与早稻生长期情况相似。杂草地与稻田两生境间的捕食性节肢动物群落的相似性系数大于0.5,由此可见,这两类生境中捕食性节肢动物的物种组成是非常相似的,具有较多的共有种。杂草地捕食性节肢动物群落可能是稻田捕食性节肢动物群落重建的重要种库之一。     

转cry1Ab基因粳稻对稻田节肢动物群落的影响

在将稻田节肢动物群落按营养关系分为植食类、寄生类、捕食类、腐食类和其他类等5个功能团的基础上,从功能团优势度、群落结构参数及群落相异性等方面,经2年3点的调查就2个转cry1Ab基因粳稻（Bt粳稻）品系KMD1和KMD2对稻田节肢动物群落结构的影响做了评价。结果表明：在大多数情况下,Bt粳稻与对照间各功能团优势度、群落结构参数［物种丰富度（S）、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数（H′）、均匀性指数（J）、优势集中性指数（C）］及其时间动态无明显差异;Bt粳稻与对照间植食类、寄生类、捕食类亚群落,及整个节肢动物群落的相似性也较高。综合分析认为,Bt粳稻对稻田节肢动物群落结构无明显的负面影响。     

麦田昆虫群落结构及多样性的季节动态

通过2年对麦田昆虫群落的系统调查,共查得昆虫11目、62科1、13种,其中植食类51种、捕食类23种、寄生类24种、腐食和食血类15种,种类数和个体数分别占群落总数的45.13,20.35,21.24,13.27%和92.89,2.19,3.63,1.35%。麦田昆虫群落可划分为4个营养层、6个功能团和19个类群,麦长管蚜Macrosiphum avenae(Fabricius)是绝对的优势种,其数量变动决定着总群落结构和多样性的季节动态。麦田昆虫群落多样性表现为前期和后期高、中期低的时间格局,类群多样性与物种多样性的变化趋势最为相似,可用类群多样性代替物种多样性进行群落分析。     

The invertebrate fauna on broom,Cytisus scoparius,in two native and two exotic habitats

This study quantifies the invertebrate fauna found on broom, Cytisus scoparius, L. (Link), in two countries where it grows as a native plant (France and England) and two countries where it grows as an alien plant (New Zealand and Australia). The data are used to test three hypotheses concerning the predicted differences in invertebrate community structure in native versus exotic habitats: (1) Are generalist phytophages dominant in exotic habitats and specialist phytophages dominant in native habitats? (2) Are there empty phytophage niches in exotic habitats? (3) As a plant species accumulates phytophages, do these in turn accumulate natural enemies? The broom fauna was sampled at five sites in each country by beating five broom bushes per site. The sampling efficiency of beating was quantified at one field site and it was shown to collect 87 % of invertebrate abundance, 95 % of invertebrate biomass and 100 % of phytophagous species found on the branches. Generalist phytophages were dominant on broom in exotic habitats and specialists dominant on broom in the native habitats. Thus, the two countries where broom grows as a native plant had higher numbers of total phytophage species and a higher abundance of specialist phytophages per bush. There was no significant difference in the average abundance of generalist phytophage species found per bush in native and alien habitats. Phytophages were assigned to seven feeding niches: suckers, root feeders, external chewers, flower feeders, seed feeders, miners and pollen feeders. Empty niches were found in the exotic habitats; species exploiting structurally specific parts of the host plant, such as flowers and seeds, were absent in the countries where broom grows as an alien plant. The pattern of niche occupancy was similar between native and exotic habitats when just the generalist phytophages were considered. As phytophage abundance and biomass increased, there were concomitant increases in natural enemy abundance and biomass. Thus, it appears that as plants accumulate phytophages, the phytophages in turn accumulate natural enemies and a food web develops around the plant. Moreover, in the native countries, the history of association between the natural enemies and their prey has been sufficient for specialist predators and parasitoids, feeding on the specialist phytophages, to have evolved.     

麦田昆虫群落的结构与时序动态

采用目测法和网捕法 ,通过对小麦整个生长季节内昆虫群落的系统调查 ,共查得昆虫11目 2 3科 36种 ,其中捕食性昆虫有 4目 5科 12种、寄生性昆虫有 2目 3科 4种、植食性昆虫有 5目 12科 15种、粪食性等其他类昆虫有 1目 3科 5种。在捕食性天敌昆虫中 ,瓢虫的种类和数量最多 ,其次为草蛉和食蚜蝇 ;在寄生性天敌昆虫中 ,蚜茧蜂为优势种 ,其次为寄蝇 ;在植食性昆虫中 ,麦长管蚜为绝对的优势种 ,其次为赤须盲蝽、灰飞虱和麦蓟马。天敌昆虫对害虫具有明显的跟随现象 ,不能有效地控制麦长管蚜的发生与危害。依据昆虫群落的组成与结构 ,结合小麦生育期 ,采用最优分割法将麦田昆虫群落动态划分为 5个阶段 ,并指出不同阶段昆虫群落特点及相应的害虫防治策略。     

Arthropods within the woody element of hedgerows and their distribution pattern

1 The diversity and abundance of arthropods within hedgerows was investigated using insecticide fogging. In total, 13 390 arthropods were collected from 181 m³ of hedge (2% of the total volume). The taxonomic diversity of the total sample included 51 families in 13 orders, all within the phylum Arthropoda. Five orders accounted for 90% of all arthropods: Araneae, Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera and Hymenoptera. The predators were the dominant functional group accounting for 40% of the total sample. 2 The linear distribution of hedgerow arthropod assemblages was investigated by sampling arthropods in 13 hedges at seven equidistant points along each hedge. Abundance of most arthropod taxa and the four functional groups (predators, parasitoids, herbivores and scavengers) consistently showed a clumped distribution along hedges, with high numbers at both ends and in the middle section. Hedge ends were defined either as a node, where the hedge intersected with another hedge, or as a gateway prior to an adjacent landscape feature such as a wood. Aggregation of arthropods at the nodes may reflect preferable microclimatic conditions at hedgerow junctions, whereas aggregation at a gap suggests the gap acted as a barrier to movement. The aggregation at the centre remains unexplained but may be a manifestation of the movement of individual arthropods along the hedgerow. 3 The great abundance and diversity of arthropods found in the present study emphasizes the status of hedges as one of the most important noncrop habitats on farmland. The arthropods that they contain may act as food for other farmland species, aid pest control and contribute to crop pollination.     

Records of Natural Enemies of Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) Biotype B in Brazil

Collections of natural enemies of Bemisia tabaci biotype B (Genn.) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) were made in Lavras, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. In the greenhouse, 6,495 predators and 16,628 parasitoids belonging to three families were collected. In the field, 267 predators and 344 parasitoids belonging to five families were found. For the first time in Brazil, five species of predators associated with this whitefly were reported. Because of the diversity of natural enemies of B. tabaci biotype B recorded, this study points out the importance of these data for studies on integrated pest management.     

Evaluation of Pesticide EVects on Arthropod Predator Populations in Soya Bean in Farmers' Fields

The impact of two insecticides applied at locally practised frequencies on the population fluctuations of soya bean arthropods was studied at two farmers' field sites in Indonesia. Temporal recovery was determined from observations taken consecutively at short intervals. Spatial recovery was determined from observations taken at diVerent distances from the unsprayed surroundings. Monocrotophos suppressed predaceous ants, spiders and beetles, but did not reduce all phytophages. Lambda-cyhalothrin had a large impact on generalist predators and suppressed phytophages. Multiple regression analysis showed that temporal recovery was low for generalist predators and highest for lepidopterous larvae, indicating a potential to resurge after spraying. Spatial recover was observed for spiders, beetles, crickets and lepidopterous larvae (Galerucinae and Empoasca sp.), indicating that the presence of refuge areas may encourage recovery. To reduce the dependency on insecticides, farmers require training in phytophage-predator-insecticide interactions through field exercises.     

Aphids on ornamental plants from Córdoba, Argentina (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

The quality of the ornamental plants is closely related to their phytosanitary state, that, in turn, is affected by the activity of some insect groups. Aphids are common pests of nearly all kinds of plants, ornamental plants among them. The fauna associated with aphids that colonize ornamental plants includes honey ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) that establish mutualistic relations, and some parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Aphidiinae) that contribute to the control of the aphid population. Very little is known about the aphids and their associated fauna living on ornamental plants of Cordoba, Argentina. The goal of this work was to identify the aphids that colonize ornamental plants, as well as their associated honey ants and parasitoids. Samples of sprouts, leaves and/or flowers of aphid-colonized ornamental plants of the Jardín Botánico Municipal of Cordoba city were collected weekly, from October 2003 to November 2004. Whenever found, the associated honey ants and "mummies" of aphids attacked by parasitoids were also collected. One hundred and thirty two aphid-plant associations were registered, 64.4% of which were unknown in the country. In 33.3% of these associations, the aphids were tended by honey ants whereas the presence of aphid parasitoids was registered in 16.7%. Ninety five species of ornamental plants were colonized by 41 aphid species, whereas six ant species tended 10 aphid species. Aphid parasitoids were represented by four species related to 11 aphid species.