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1.
R. K. Jansson G. L. Leibee C. A. Sanchez S. H. Lecrone 《Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata》1991,61(1):7-16
The effects of different nitrogen (N) fertilization rates (0, 45, 90, and 168 kg N/ha), plant nitrogen concentration, and plant biomass on abundance and population growth of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hübner), cabbage budworm, Hellula phidilealis (Walker), imported cabbageworm, Artogeia rapae (L.), and cross-striped cabbageworm, Evergestis rimosalis (Guenée), were investigated in Homestead and Sanford, Florida in 1987. The effects of these factors on the parasitization of P. xylostella were also examined. In Homestead, abundance of most insect pests and parasitized P. xylostella increased with an increase in the level of N applied and with an increase in plant biomass. Similar results were found in Sanford, although results were not consistently significant. Abundance of most insect pests was significantly positively correlated with plant N concentration. Multiple regression analyses indicated that foliar biomass was significantly more important than N fertilization rate and subsequent plant N concentration at predicting abundance of insect pests and parasitized P. xylostella on cabbage. 相似文献
2.
Natural enemies for the cabbage webworm,Hellula undalis (Fabr.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in Malaysia
Four species of larval parasitoids were reared from larvae of the cabbage webworm (CWW),Hellula undalis (Fabr.) (Pyralidae: Glaphyriinae) collected from various cruciferous plants and a capparidaceous weed,Cleome rutidosperma (DC). On cabbage, only two species were recorded,viz, Bassus sp. (Braconidae) andTrathala flavoorbitalis (Cam.) (Ichneumonidae). The other parasitoids were braconids,Chelonus sp. andPhanerotoma sp. Egg or pupal parasitoids were not recorded. The parasitoids were not an important mortality factor of CWW on cabbage
because they were usually present at the end of the crop season and their numbers were generally low. On the other hand, predator-exclusion
experiments indicated that predators were important in determining the density of CWW on cabbage and the within-generation
survival in the field. The major predator was the fire-ant,Solenopsis geminata (F.), which foraged on the prepupae and pupae. 相似文献
3.
Sanford D. Eigenbrode Anthony M. Shelton Wendy C. Kain Harry Leichtweis Terry D. Spittler 《Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata》1993,69(1):41-50
S-ethyldipropylthiocarbamate (EPTC) applied as a soil treatment or over-the-top spray on cabbage plants (Brassica oleracea L.) caused the leaves to turn ‘glossy’ for as long as 30 days. EPTC-induced glossy plants were damaged significantly less
than untreated plants by diamondback moth,Plutella xylostella (L.), imported cabbage worm,Pieris rapae (L.), and cabbage looper,Trichoplusia ni (Hbn.). Reductions in damage were equivalent to those obtained from treatment with permethrin. When used in combination with
permethrin, EPTC provided additive control of damage by these pests. Our calculations show EPTC-induced resistance to be cost-effective.
This use of EPTC has several limitations, however. Younger plants (<9 leaves) were killed or injured by the herbicide. The
growth of older plants was not affected, but plants did not become glossy for ca. 10 days after they were treated with EPTC.
The crop must be protected with insecticides until the plants are mature enough to treat with EPTC, and until treated plants
become glossy. In addition, since the glossy trait is only effective against first instar larvae, populations of later instars
on glossy plants must be reduced with an application of insecticide. Finally, EPTC formulations are water-soluble and can
be washed away from the plants by heavy rains and irrigation, which may make this use of EPTC impractical in some situations.
Where its use is practical, and the indicated precautions are taken, EPTC-induced resistance could reduce dependence on chemical
insecticides and reduce selection for insecticide resistance in diamondback moth. 相似文献
4.
Elena S. Kovaleva Kevin P. O’Connell Patricia Buckley Zhi Liu David C. Davis 《Biotechnology letters》2009,31(3):381-386
The expression of the fluorescent protein, DsRed, facilitates the optimization of protein production in orally-infected whole
larvae. Trichoplusia ni was shown to be a much better host for recombinant AcMNPV compared to four other noctuid Lepidopteran species achieving 100%
infectivity at the minimal tested dose. The highest density of marker protein was found in endothelial and tracheal cells,
fat body, and hemocytes. Trichoplusia ni larvae possessed visually detected color over sequential passages of oral infection until the sixth round. Western blot analysis
confirmed the progressive decrease of both tetramer and monomer forms of DsRed. The intact DsRed gene and promoter region
was present in late passages, but viral population carrying the heterologous gene had dropped more than 2-logs after the fifth
round while the amount of total viral DNA remained unchanged over sequential passages.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
5.
TwoApium graveolens var.rapaceum (L.) cultivars that differ in their suitability for the survival and growth ofSpodoptera exigua (Hübner) andTrichoplusia ni (Hübner) were used to examine the effect of genetic and seasonal environmental variation in host plant suitability on the
efficacy ofBacillus thuringiensis subsp.kurstaki (Berliner). The effects of host plant genotype andB. thuringiensis were generally independent, so thatB. thuringiensis efficacy was greatest on the resistant host plant cultivar. Host plant suitability varied within growing season for both
insect species but, while host plant suitability decreased with increasing plant age forT. ni, the response ofS. exigua to plant age was not as clear. Within season variation in host plant suitability affectedB. thuringiensis efficacy and the interaction betweenB. thuringiensis and host plant cultivar forS. exigua but not forT. ni. Soluble protein and Folin-Denis phenolic concentrations of host plant tissue were not correlated with changes in host plant
suitability to either insect species. 相似文献
6.
The impact of host age on the number of hosts killed, survival of progeny, progeny allocation, and sex allocation was examined for several Trichogrammatidae (Hymenoptera) species in laboratory choice tests. Individual female parasitoids were provided with young, medium-aged and old eggs of one of three lepidopterous host species: Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) (Noctuidae), Pieris rapae (L.) (Pieridae), or Plutella xylostella (L.) (Plutellidae). Trichogrammatid species behaved as gregarious parasitoids with the first two host species, and as solitary parasitoids with eggs of the smaller latter one. They mostly preferred young eggs of T. ni, but did not discriminate among P. rapae eggs of different ages, and often preferred young or medium-aged P. xylostella eggs over old eggs. Survival of progeny did not vary constantly with host age, although it was often very low in P. rapae eggs of any age. Clutch size frequently decreased with host age in both T. ni and P. rapae. Offspring sex ratio did not change with age of T. ni and P. rapae eggs, and rarely did so in P. xylostella eggs. In regard to host age, the results with T. ni are the ones which are the most in agreement with optimal foraging theoretical predictions, as clutch size was the highest in preferred younger eggs. 相似文献
7.
Diversification of habitat has proved to be an efficient way to reduce insect pest levels in agroecosystems. Some general theories used to explain this fact, such as the natural enemies and the resource concentration hypotheses, do not always clearly apply because, in many cases, pest individuals and population response seem controlled by more specific insect-plant interactions. In non replicated plots, we found substantially lower flea beetle densities in mixed broccoli-Vicia cropping systems compared to broccoli monoculture. These results were consistent with those from controlled experiments reported in the literature. To investigate if beetle behavior was related to such population reduction, the movement behavior of marked individuals of Phyllotreta cruciferae Goeze released in plots composed solely of broccoli plants and of broccoli mixed with Vicia faba or Vicia sativa plants, was followed and analyzed. The mean tenure time of beetles was longer in simple than in mixed cultures. Also, more beetles tended to fly out and leave mixed cultures compared to monoculture. This resulted in faster reduction of artificially introduced flea beetle populations in the mixed systems.Flea beetles landing on cover crop plants spent considerable time entangled in Vicia sativa branches or attempting to reach the upper part of the tall Vicia faba plants from which they could fly away. It is possible that the beetles characteristic movement on these two species of cover crops increased their risk of predation and the time and energy expended before they reached suitable host plants. Nevertheless, it seems that the detected flea beetle emigration rates were more than sufficient to account for the population trends observed. 相似文献
8.
Vibeke Langer 《Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata》1996,80(2):365-374
Parasitism of the cabbage root fly, Delia radicum (L.) by the staphylinid Aleochara bilineata Gyllenhal and the cynipid Trybliographa rapae Westwood was examined in a cabbage monoculture and a mixed stand of cabbage undersown with white clover. Number of overwintering cabbage root fly pupae per plant was consistently reduced in the mixed stand, and the incidence of plants attacked by cabbage root fly was either reduced or not different in the mixed stand compared to cabbage monoculture. For both parasitoids, the probability of D. radicum attacked plants having at least one parasitized pupa increased with density of cabbage root fly pupae around the plant. For A. bilineata, this positive relation between presence of parasitism and host density was consistently stronger in cabbage monoculture than in cabbage undersown with clover. Location of a host plant by T. rapae was not consistently affected by the presence of clover. D. radicum attacked plants situated in the cabbage and clover mixture were found by T. rapae as easily as in cabbage monoculture. Overall, the total risk of parasitism for a cabbage root fly pupa by A. bilineata was reduced in the mixed stand compared to the cabbage monoculture, whereas the risk of parasitism by T. rapae was not consistently affected by clover. For both parasitoids, intensity of parasitism showed a variable relationship with host density on individual plants attacked by the cabbage root fly. Overall, in spite of consistently lower total density of pupae in the mixed cabbage—clover than in cabbage monoculture, the density of unparasitized pupae was reduced by the presence of non-host plants only in two of the four experiments. The results emphasize the need to include not only herbivore and crop, but also other plant species as well as natural enemies when evaluating management methods. 相似文献
9.
This study was conducted to determine the effects of Bt cotton leaves (Bollgard II), non-Bt cotton leaves, and a mixture of
Bt+non-Bt cotton leaves on larval orientation behavior, survival and development of Trichoplusia ni in the laboratory. Results indicate that in a no-choice test, more first and fifth instars remained on Bt leaves than the
third instars. All larvae that remained on the leaves gradually moved to leaf edge. In the choice between a Bt and a non-Bt
leaf, more first instars moved to non-Bt leaves, whereas the third and fifth instars did not show significant difference in
the first 8 h, but eventually more moved to non-Bt leaves. More first instars fed non-Bt leaves than third instars and fifth
instars. When larvae fed Bt leaves, 100% of first instars, 92.7% of third instars and 51.1% of fifth instars died in 108 h.
Once larvae pupated, >90% developed to adults. First and third instars that fed Bt leaves developed slower but their pupae
developed faster than those on Bt+non-Bt leaves, whereas fifth instars developed similar on the three types of leaves. First
and third instars that fed Bt+non-Bt leaves resulted in less heavy pupae than those fed non-Bt leaves; whereas the fifth instars
that survived on Bt leaves produced lighter pupae. 相似文献
10.
Effects of enhanced UV-B radiation on a weedy forb (Plantago lanceolata) and its interactions with a generalist and specialist herbivore 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Assessments of potential impacts of global climate change often focus exclusively on plants; however, as the base of most food webs, plants generally experience abiotic stresses concomitantly with biotic stresses. Longleaf plantain, Plantago lanceolata L., is a cosmopolitan temperate perennial weed that experiences a wide range of environmental conditions throughout its range. We examined the impacts of elevated levels of exposure to shortwave (UV-B) radiation on this plant, on two herbivores associated with this plant, and on the plant-herbivore interaction. Plantains were grown at 6 and 12 kJ m–2 d–1 BE300 UV-B radiation and concentrations of iridoid glycosides (aucubin and catalpol), verbascosides, and nitrogen were measured. In terms of plant impacts, we found that iridoid glycoside concentrations were unchanged by elevated UV-B radiation, whereas, in one experiment, the concentration of verbascosides in young leaves and levels of nitrogen in old leaves increased under elevated UV-B radiation. Variation in plant chemistry due to leaf age and maternal family was greater than variation due to UV-B exposure. When caterpillars were fed excised leaves from plants grown under elevated UV-B, growth and survivorship of the specialist herbivore, Precis coenia Hbn. (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae), were unaltered and growth of the generalist herbivore, Trichoplusia ni (Hbn.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), was accelerated. When the caterpillars were reared on potted plants at high and low levels of UV-B radiation, growth and survivorship of P. coenia were unchanged while growth of T. ni was significantly depressed by elevated UV-B. Elevated UV-B altered allocation patterns of above-ground biomass in these plants; masses of crowns and reproductive tissue were reduced. UV-B levels, however, did not affect distribution of damage to foliage inflicted by either species. In two additional experiments with artificial diet, designed to test the direct effect of UV-B radiation on caterpillars, growth and survivorship of P. coenia were unaltered while survivorship of T. ni was significantly depressed when caterpillars were exposed to elevated UV-B radiation. These studies collectively demonstrate that higher trophic level impacts of UV-B-induced changes in plants depend on the identity of the herbivore and its degree of adaptation not only to variation in hostplant quality but also variation in its light environment. 相似文献
11.
Summary Genetic variation in resistance to 16 species of herbivorous insects was studied in 18 clones of Solidago altissima growing in an old field near Ithaca, New York, USA. Resistance to each insect, defined as the abundance of a species attacking a particular host genotype relative to other genotypes, was measured in both the natural stand and in two experimental gardens. The heritability of resistance was estimated by parent-offspring regression and sibcorrelation. The primary result was that clones differed in resistance to 15 of 16 insect species. The resistance of genotypes to these insect species remained relatively constant over the four years of the study. However, for only 10 of these resistances were the heritability estimates significantly different from zero. Thus the common assumption of plant-insect studies — that phenotypic variation in insect abundance is closely correlated with underlying genetic variation — is only conditionally true. There is heritable variation in resistance to many insects, but not all. The insects for which we observed heritable variation in plant resistance represent five different orders and several functional groups, including leaf chewers, phloem and xylem feeders, and gall formers. There was no apparent pattern between the degree of heritability of plant resistance and the destructiveness, feeding method, breadth of host range, or taxonomic group of the insects. The lack of marked heritable variation in resistance to some insects may be the result of (a) reduced variation caused by strong selection during prolonged or repeated insect outbreaks, and (b) genotype-environment interactions that obscure differences among genotypes. 相似文献
12.
P. C. Kulakosky M. L. Shuler H. A. Wood 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Animal》1998,34(2):101-108
Summary The capacity of two Trichoplusia ni (TN-368 and BTI-Tn-5bl-4) and a Spodoptera frugiperda (IPLB-SF-21A) cell lines to glycosylate recombinant, baculovirus-encoded, secreted, placental alkaline phosphatase was compared.
The alkaline phosphatase from serum-containing, cell culture medium was purified by phosphate affinity column chromatography.
The N-linked oligosaccharides were released from the purified protein with PNGase F and analyzed by fluorophore-assisted carbohydrate
electrophoresis. The majority of oligosaccharide structures produced by the three cell lines contained two or three mannose
residues, with and without core fucosylation, but there were structures containing up to seven mannose residues. The oligosaccharides
that were qualitatively or quantitatively different between the cell lines were sequenced with glycosidase digestions. The
S. frugiperda cells produced more fucosylated oligosaccharides than either of the T. ni cell lines. The smallest oligosaccharide produced by S. frugiperda cells was branched trimannose. In contrast, both T. ni cell lines produced predominantly dimannose and linear trimannose structures devoid of α 1–3-linked mannose. 相似文献
13.
Chang Soo Kang Seung-Yeol Son In Seok Bang 《Journal of microbiology (Seoul, Korea)》2008,46(6):656-661
The cabbage butterfly (Artogeia rapae) antimicrobial peptide hinnavinII as a member of cecropin family is synthesized as 37 residues in size with an amidated lysine
at C-terminus and shows the humoral immune response to a bacterial invasion. In this work, a synthetic gene for hinnavinII-38-Asn
(HIN) with an additional amino acid asparagine residue containing amide group at C-terminus was cloned into pET-32a(+) vector
to allow expression of HIN as a Trx fusion protein in Escherichia coli strain BL21 (DE3) pLysS. The resulting expression level of the fusion protein Trx-HIN could reach 15–20% of the total cell
proteins and more than 70% of the target proteins were in soluble form. The fusion protein could be purified successfully
by HiTrap Chelating HP column and a high yield of 15 mg purified fusion protein was obtained from 80 ml E. coli culture. Recombinant HIN was readily obtained by enterokinase cleavage of the fusion protein followed by FPLC chromatography,
and 3.18 mg pure active recombinant HIN was obtained from 80 ml culture. The molecular mass of recombinant HIN determined
by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometer is 4252.084 Da which matches the theoretical mass (4252.0 Da) of HIN. Comparing the antimicrobial
activities of the recombinant hinnavinII with C-amidated terminus to that without an amidated C-terminus, we found that the
amide of asparagine at C-terminus of hinnavinII improved its potency on certain microorganism such as E. coli, Enterobacter cloacae, Bacillus megaterium, and Staphylococcus aureus. 相似文献
14.
We investigated the role of experience with several antifeedants on the feeding behavior of a generalist herbivore, Trichoplusia ni. Second-, third-, and fifth-instar larvae of T. ni were examined for their feeding responses to plant extracts (Melia volkensii, Origanum vulgare) and individual plant allelochemicals (cymarin, digitoxin, xanthotoxin, toosendanin, and thymol), after being exposed to them continually beginning as neonates. All tested instars of T. ni were capable of showing a decreased antifeedant response following prolonged exposure to most of the antifeedants tested compared with their naive conspecifics. Cardenolides (digitoxin and cymarin) were the exceptions. The response to oregano was affected as a result of previous exposure to different concentrations of oregano, unlike M. volkensii, leading us to conclude that T. ni sensitivity varies between stimuli and cannot be generalized. To demonstrate that decreased deterrence following prolonged exposure to M. volkensii was the result of learned habituation, three aversive stimuli were used. A high concentration of the particular antifeedant, xanthotoxin, acted as a noxious stimulus and dishabituated (reversed) the decrement in the antifeedant response to M. volkensii. Cold shock or CO2 was marginally effective in dishabituating the response. The fact that the decrease in antifeedant response can be dishabituated has implications for pest management. 相似文献
15.
Role of leaf trichome density and length in Glycine max (L.) Merr. resistance to Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) was evaluated at different leaf positions on a relatively resistant soybean, plant introduction (PI) 227687, and a relatively susceptible cultivar, Davis. The uppermost (juvenile) leaf within both PI 227687 and Davis plants, which is densely covered with trichomes, was most resistant to T. ni larval feeding and survival. When these trichomes were shaven off, such leaves became as susceptible to T. ni larval feeding as unshaven TL3 and TL5 leaves (PI 227687) or all other unshaven leaves (Davis). Bioassays for antifeedants in ethyl acetate and hexane extractables from leaves at the different positions on PI 227687 and Davis plants showed that the resistance observed in the uppermost Davis leaf is attributable to trichomes (i.e., a morphological factor); whereas, in the uppermost PI 227687 leaf it involves both morphological (trichomes) and chemical factors, but the trichome parameter is dominant.
Résumé L'influence de la densité et de la longueur des trichomes de Glycine max sur la résistance à Trichoplusia ni a été évaluée suivant la position des feuilles sur une lignée résistante (PI 227687) et sur un cultivar sensible (Davis).Les feuilles apicales (juvéniles) tant de PI 227687 que de Davis, recouvertes de trichomes denses, résistèrent mieux à l'alimentation larvaire et à la survie de T. ni.Quand ces trichomes étaient éliminés, ces feuilles ne résistaient pas plus à l'alimentation des larves de T. ni que les feuilles non rasées TL3 et TL5 de PI 227687 ou toutes les autres feuilles de Davis.Les tests avec des extraits dans l'acétate d'éthyle et l'hexane de feuilles provenant de différentes positions de PI 227687 et Davis, destinés à mettre en évidence des phagodissuadants, ont montré que la résistance observée chez les feuilles apicales de Davis était attribuable aux trichomes (c'est-à-dire à un caractère morphologique), tandis que chez les mêmes feuilles de PI 227687 elle impliquait à la fois des trichomes (morphologie) et des substances chimiques, mais avec une prédominance de l'influence des trichomes.相似文献
16.
Fang XK Huang DF Wang ZX Wan CL Sun T Xu WJ Liu CY Zhou P Qiao ZD 《Cell biology and toxicology》2007,23(6):445-457
In order to reveal the metabolic reaction to the presence of fenvalerate mediated by P450 in insects, we used the trypan blue
exclusion technique and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol)-2,5-diphenyltrazolium bromide (MTT) reduction assay to assess the vitality
of Trichoplusia ni (Tn) cells treated with fenvalerate, and observed dose- and time-dependent changes in total cellular P450s. In addition,
two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS)
were used to identify the proteins involved in the fenvalerate reaction process. Finally, the cDNA of P450 fragments was cloned and real-time RT-PCR was performed. Our data showed that at the 0–15 μmol/L challenge concentration
of fenvalerate, at which the vitality of Tn cells was not affected (p > 0.05), there was a tendency toward a dose- and time-response of total cellular P450s, which peaked at the 9 h (p < 0.05) and 12 h (p < 0.01) time points following 12.5 μmol/L stimulation with fenvalerate. The 2-DE assay detected more than 1300 protein spots
in each two-dimensional gel, of which 33 spots displayed significant differences. Among the changed spots, three isoforms
of P450 were identified. One of the three P450 cDNA fragments (CYP4L4) was cloned and sequenced, and its expression in treated Tn cells increased significantly (p < 0.01). It was found that fenvalerate induced the expression of P450s in insect cells. This suggests that fenvalerate could
be metabolized by CYP4L4 through a hydroxylation reaction in insect cells. 相似文献
17.
The goal of this study was to examine the possible costs and the stability of the resistance of cabbage loopers (Trichoplusia ni) to the single (S) nucleocapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus of T. ni (TnSNPV). Resistance to the virus did not appear to incur any measurable fitness costs under laboratory conditions. When reared in the absence of the virus, there was no difference in the number of eggs produced or egg hatch of control and selected individuals. There even was a tendency for selected cabbage loopers to develop faster and to produce heavier pupae. The difference in the pupal weight and developmental time of control and selected T. ni did not covary with the number of generations of selection. Furthermore, the offspring of hybrid crosses (control × selected moths) were as fit as those of pure pairings (control × control or selected × selected adults). Finally, the resistance of cabbage loopers to TnSNPV did not decline when exposure to the virus ceased for nine generations. 相似文献
18.
Q. Wang C. H. Wang B. Zhao Z. J. Ma Y. Q. Luo J. K. Chen B. Li 《Biological invasions》2006,8(7):1547-1560
A common but often less tested explanation for the successful invasion of alien species is that invasive alien species outcompete
their co-occurring natives, which may not always be the case. In this study, we established artificial environmental gradients
in a series of pot experiments with controlled environments to investigate the effects of salinity, sediment type and waterlogging
on the performance of and interactions between Phragmites australis (native) and Spartina alterniflora (alien), which generally co-exist in the saline intertidal zones of Chinese and American coasts. Significant effects of salinity
and waterlogging were detected on biomass production and morphological characteristics of S. alterniflora and P. australis, and the competitive interactions between the two species were found to vary with all three environmental factors in our
experiments. Relative Neighbor Effect (RNE) analyses indicate that competitive dominance of S. alterniflora occurred under the conditions of high salinity, sandy sediment and full immersion, whereas P. australis showed competitive dominance under the conditions of low salinity and non-immersion. Our results suggest that S. alterniflora might outcompete P. australis under conditions present in early salt marsh succession, which support the viewpoint that the outcomes of competition between
co-occurring native and invasive alien plants depend on the growing conditions. The implication of this study is that in response
to the environmental changes expected from seawater intrusion and sea-level rise, the range of S. alterniflora is expected to expand further in the Yangtze River estuary in the future. 相似文献
19.
【目的】近年来,我国长江流域和黄河流域棉花面积锐减,种植区域向滨海盐碱地或干旱地转移。研究盐碱旱地转基因棉田与非转基因棉田昆虫群落差异,可为盐碱旱地对转基因棉田生物影响和盐碱旱地转基因棉田害虫防治提供理论指导。【方法】在山东东营和河北枣强盐碱干旱地转Bt基因棉田分别设置常规施药田和非施药田,进行了系统的田间昆虫种群消长动态的调查和统计分析。【结果】中轻度盐碱旱地种植转基因棉花对靶标害虫棉铃虫具有较好的控制作用;与非转基因棉花相比,对其他非靶标害虫棉蚜、烟粉虱和盲蝽及自然天敌龟纹瓢虫、草间小黑蛛种群数量无显著影响,草蛉种群数量在转基因棉田低于非转基因棉田;喷施化学农药对棉铃虫幼虫和棉蚜的防治作用较好,对烟粉虱和盲蝽的防治效果年度间和试验点间有差异,对龟纹瓢虫的杀伤力较大,对草间小黑蛛和草蛉未见明显影响。【结论】盐碱旱地对棉田不同的害虫和天敌影响不同,且转基因棉田与非转基因棉田昆虫群落结构与对照棉田无显著差异。 相似文献
20.
紫椴(Tilia amurensis)为国家二级重点保护野生植物。以长白山北坡阔叶红松林内的紫椴种群为研究对象,通过建立种群静态生命表、绘制存活曲线、计算数量动态指数并引入生存函数和时间序列预测模型定量描绘其结构与动态特征。结果表明:1)种群年龄结构呈不规则金字塔形,幼龄阶段(Ⅰ-Ⅳ龄级)个体数之和占个体总数的67.26%。2)种群存活曲线接近Deevey-Ⅲ型,表明植株在幼龄阶段死亡率高。3)总体数量动态变化指数Vpi>V''pi>0,表明紫椴种群为增长型,但V''pi趋近于0,结合死亡率(qx)和消失率(Kx)曲线呈现出连续性先增后降的复杂动态变化趋势,可知该种群不稳定且在干扰情况下增长趋势不明显。4)生存函数分析显示,种群在Ⅲ-Ⅳ龄级间达到平衡状态,尔后进入衰退期且从第Ⅷ龄级开始进入生理衰退。5)时间序列预测分析表明,在未来2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10龄级时间后,紫椴幼龄个体数逐渐减小,而中、成和老龄个体数量将逐渐增加,说明未来紫椴种群的增长主要依靠后者。生物学特性和生境是限制紫椴种群增长的主要原因。建议加强幼苗抚育工作,提高幼苗和小树的存活率,保护和改善生存环境,从而促进紫椴种群的自然更新和恢复。 相似文献