高速公路边坡植被恢复研究进展

我国高速公路边坡植被恢复研究严重滞后于高速公路建设，极大地制约了高速公路生态型绿色通道建设的发展。通过回顾国内外公路边坡植被恢复的主要研究内容，即植被恢复技术研究、植物选择与配置的研究、养护与管理的研究、植被群落的研究和路域生态环境的研究，并比较分析，明确了我国植被恢复研究落后的现状，指出了我国在各个研究领域的不足之处，和导致公路植被恢复失败的主导因素，为未来边坡植被恢复的研究提供了明确的研究方向。     

上海市浦江郊野公园的探索实践

2012年在上海郊区选址了21个郊野公园,并在2013年先期启动5个公园作为实践试点。本文以其中的闵行浦江郊野公园为研究对象,提出浦江郊野公园在政策落地、设计施工和后期管理中的实践探索。浦江郊野公园作为近郊开放的郊野空间,其用地属性多元化,设计通过林地管护设施和设施农用地的途径,解决了公园必需的日常配套服务设施的落地问题。浦江郊野公园原先为苗圃林的生态基地,现作为郊野公园后,将大面积“苗圃林”转化为最大程度发挥生态效益和游憩功能的“林苑”,旨在探索公园在后期如何自我完善和持续升级的途径和模式,以期完成浦江郊野公园的初步研究和实践,对今后上海郊野公园的建设有所助益。     

郊野公园植物多样性的生态恢复与重建——以上海滨江森林公园为例

植物作为自然界生态系统的重要组成部分,其多样性的保护与发展是人类可持续发展的物质基础之一,对维护生态环境的平衡与稳定具有重要意义,也是当今中国生态园林城市建设的重要内容。以上海滨江森林公园一期工程为例,通过总结建设过程中自然生境的恢复与重建、现状植物保护和开发的经验,探索郊野公园设计建造中植物多样性保护的有效措施,为今后城市郊野公园的建设和原有绿地的绿化改造等提供参考借鉴。     

塞尔福斯交通枢纽及屋顶公园

塞尔福斯屋顶公园坐落于旧金山市中心的一处发展迅猛却几乎没有公共开放空间的区域，其设计定位既是一个交通目的地，同时也是社区公园。作为一个多功能公园，它能够提供休息、活动和教育等空间，同时它与建筑实行一体化设计，从而可以拥有大面积的土壤区域来支撑种植大型的健康乔木和灌木。     

泌桐高速公路生态护坡不同草灌混播10a后的植被群落特征

稳定的边坡群落是公路边坡生态防护的目标,为探究高速公路生态护坡工程10 a演替后群落特征,该研究以泌桐高速公路为依托,布设自然恢复、单一狗牙根播种和5个不同播种密度的草灌混播生态防护措施,分析不同恢复方式对边坡群落组成、生活型和物种多样性的影响。结果表明:(1)调查样方内共有52种植物,分属于17科49属。禾本科、菊科和豆科植物共26属29种,占种总数的55.77%,表明这三大科植物在边坡群落演替过程中起着重要作用。(2) 10 a演替后不同恢复方式下群落中多年生植物比例高于一年生草本植物。(3)在草灌混播样地中,群落物种多样性指数随着播种密度的增加呈先增加后降低的单峰变化趋势,在播种密度为每平方米500株时达到最大。(4)草灌混播的生态恢复效果优于纯草本种植和自然恢复方式。(5)播种密度对草灌混播群落类型,地上生物量和物种多样性指数没有显著影响。从植物的生长效果及成本方面考虑,初播密度每平方米为500~600株的草灌混播可构建较为稳定的边坡植物群落,实现最佳的边坡恢复效果,可应用于类似区域边坡生态恢复工程。     

城市生态公园初探

随着城市化的发展 ,城市原有的自然生境和自然景观逐渐消失 ,原生植被几乎消亡 ,人们很少有机会享受与野生动物相处的乐趣。公园是市民休闲、娱乐和身心再生的重要场所 ,不仅要满足市民游憩的需求 ,也要更好地发挥健全城市生态和恢复生物多样性的功能。而我国目前多数公园过于强调美化和造景 ,将公园等同于花园或旅游点 ,自然景观多被人工景观取代[2 ] 。因此 ,如何将更多的野生动植物引回城区 ,恢复和重建乡土动植物种群 ,满足住区居民与大自然接触的需求 ,建造生态公园是重要途径[8] 。1　生态公园的兴起与发展2 0世纪 2 0年代 ,面对迅猛…     

《广州市龙头山生态公园总体规划》说明

一、龙头山生态公园的规划原则１．最大限度地保护原有的生态保护区，不在区内搞大型建筑（仅建几个路边草亭和在最高峰建一个览江亭），不在区内开挖汽车路。对于原有植被，８０％以上要封山育林，促使尽快向南亚热带季风阔叶林演进，仅在必要的地方进行适当的植被改造。要特别注意森林防火。２．用地范围以生态保护区（山地）为主，在山南补充一些坡地和少量平地以利开展活动。３．公园特色是广州市区少有的次生原始林和花岗岩石蛋的自然景观。公园的建筑应是岭南传统民族风格。公园的植物应以本地植物为主，仅在重点地段适当点缀一些外来…     

美国西部的几个公园

与我们理解的那种湖光水色、亭台楼阁的公园不同,美国的公园或纪念公园是自然保护区,是引人入胜的地质博物馆或化石展览馆。位于怀俄明州的黄石公园是举世闻名的地质博物馆。这里有世界上最大的间歇喷泉群,其中的汽船喷泉自1962年以来每隔五天至十月喷发一次,水柱高达80—115米,巨人喷泉则测到过每小时3700多吨的涌水量。除其它各种地质现象外这里还生存有各种野生动物,化石则以尚保持直立状态的化石森林而著称。无独有偶,在亚利桑那州有一硅化木森林公园,     

不同恢复措施对南滇池湿地冬季水禽多样性的影响

恢复受损湿地生态功能是国家湿地公园建设中的重要内容,修复措施的选用会对恢复效果产生重要影响。滇池是国内重要候鸟越冬区,受长期围垦以及城市扩张的影响,湖滨区域破坏严重,近年来湿地公园建设为滇池湖滨带恢复带来了契机,但各种恢复措施的效果仍有待明确。2017年冬季以昆明南滇池国家湿地公园及临近湿地为研究区域,设置了人工重建湿地、人工恢复湿地、自然恢复湿地以及自然湖泊湿地4个对照样区,基于冬季水禽多样性进行了湿地恢复效果评价,并从景观生态学角度对结果进行了分析。结果表明：自然湖泊湿地具有最高物种丰富度,其次为自然恢复湿地、人工恢复湿地和人工重建湿地。以Simpson多样性指数评价,自然恢复湿地的水禽多样性最高（0.60±0.03）,其次为自然湖泊湿地（0.46±0.04）和人工恢复湿地（0.34±0.04）,人工重建湿地水禽多样性最低（0.17±0.03）,由此可见自然恢复措施效果优于人工恢复和人工重建。从景观格局上分析,水禽多样性与道路面积（r=-0.735,P<0.01）、景观形状指数（r=-0.461,P<0.01）和景观分离度指数（r=-0.661,P<0.01）负相关,这也表明人为干扰程度、景观形状以及破碎化程度均会对水禽造成重要影响。建议在国家湿地公园规划和建设中,降低非湿地类景观尤其是道路对整体湿地景观的分割作用,提高湿地斑块的连接性和完整性以满足水禽的空间需求,对于湖泊型的湿地公园应加强对湖滨带沼泽生境的营造,以满足涉禽的生存需求,从而增加区域的鸟类多样性。     

海峡两岸昆虫学研讨会

<正> 海峡两岸昆虫学研讨会由福建省科协、福建省昆虫学会和福建农学院联合主办,于1991年8月11日至15日在福州市圆满召开。参加大会的有台湾文化大学、台湾东海大学和台湾玉山公园管理处等8位代表和福建、北京、江苏、陕西、吉林、辽宁、山东、浙江、江西等85位代表。 中国科学院动物研究所刘友樵研究员代表中国昆虫学会向台湾同仁赠送学会徽章以示纪念。会上作报告的有:台湾文化大学陶家驹教授的“台湾农林害虫研究与防治概况”。台湾玉山公园     

Bird community composition patterns in urban parks of Madrid: The role of age, size and isolation

This study intends to assess the influence of fragment age, size and isolation (from the regional species pool) on bird community composition patterns in urban parks in Madrid, and the role of local and regional factors on community structure. Park age was a good indicator of habitat complexity. Park age and area accounted for 62% of the variability in species richness, but two measures of isolation from the regional species pool were not included as significant factors. Species composition in urban parks showed a high degree of nestedness, which was associated with park age and area, but not with two measures of isolation from the regional species pool. The degree of nestedness increased with park age; the distribution of species varying from nested in old and mature parks to random in young parks. The incidence (% of species occurrence in parks) in young parks was correlated with regional densities, whereas in mature and old parks the incidence was correlated with local densities. In this urban landscape, species composition appears to be regulated by local factors (particularly in mature and old parks), such that species accumulate in an orderly (not random) fashion in relation to park age and area. Regional influences seem to be more pronounced only in young parks, which are mainly colonized by species from the regional species pool.     

The other side of the border: Austrian local residents’ attitudes towards the neighbouring Czech Šumava National Park

Attitudes towards protected areas are seen as a key factor in influencing their success. While the majority of park–people relation research has addressed local residents’ attitudes towards protected areas in their own country, analyses on their attitudes towards a neighbouring national park on the other side of the border have rarely been carried out. This study investigated the attitudes of local residents in Upper Austria towards the Czech ?umava National Park. In 2008, residents (N = 468) of four rural communities bordering the ?umava National Park answered a mailed questionnaire. Compared to national parks in general, the ?umava National Park was perceived as not providing as many ecological, social, and economic benefits as others. Psychological reactance, past visits to the ?umava National Park, and attitudes towards landscape change and national parks in general predicted attitudes towards the ?umava National Park, while group membership, except for that of being a farmer, was not significant. Variables that have been previously identified as influencing the attitudes of local residents towards protected areas also seem to be relevant for protected areas on the other side of the border, while items addressing local trans-border issues and group membership appear to be less important. Management implications are discussed.     

北京市奥林匹克森林公园植物组成分析

奥林匹克森林公园是目前北京市最大的城市公园,自建成以来,奥林匹克森林公园的植物种类组成与来源尚无报道。论文在实地调查数据的基础上,对北京市奥林匹克森林公园的植物组成与分布进行了研究,调查发现园内共有维管束植物295种,隶属于75科,203属,其中乔木种60种,灌木种57种,草本植物170种,藤本8种。按照植物种的自然分布情况统计,发现在园内295种维管束植物中,有北京地区乡土种179种,外来种116种,其中包括外来入侵种4种。按照植物种的来源统计,发现有人工栽种种183种,野生种112种。通过比较分析:发现公园内栽培的本地灌木种占全部栽培灌木种数比例(50.00%)高于整个北京市建成区的比例(27.00%);公园内物种多是国内引进。最后提出了丰富园内野生灌木植物种类;保持乡土种利用;减少对外来种使用等的建议。     

Integrating Indigenous Resource Management with Wildlife Conservation: A Case Study of Batang Ai National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia

This paper examines the indigenous land and forest management systems of the community of seven Iban longhouses whose territories comprise the area of Batang Ai National Park in Sarawak, Malaysia. It also discusses the integrated conservation and development program (ICDP) at the park. This project is attempting to work within the existing system of customary law to build on traditional legislative infrastructure and management practices, in order to enlist the cooperation of local people and their leaders in implementing a new conservation strategy. In addition to reinforcing local authority, park planners recognize the need for local people to be given strong incentives to participate in co-management of the protected area. This paper argues that, despite a history of conflict with indigenous peoples, State officials have in this instance demonstrated a willingness to work with local people and community leaders. At the same time, they are encouraging community development, helping people to find alternatives to activities that threaten the park's wildlife.     

Evaluation of park management based on "Installation-Management Permission" in TEN-SHIBA,Tennoji Park,Osaka City: focus on park users and financial effects

The park management (PM) that evolved from the park-renewal project based on Installation-Management Permission (IMP) in Tennoji Park, a major urban park in Osaka City, Japan is evaluated herein. The PM of Tennoji Park is composed of 'hard' and 'soft' tasks. The process and characteristics of the hard tasks, i.e., the park-renewal project including the construction of a significant landmark, the lawn plaza (named 'TEN-SHIBA') and convenience facilities with various service functions are analyzed. The details and outcomes of the soft tasks including cleaning, security, and lawn/planting management plus events held on the TEN-SHIBA plaza are also clarified. The PM results and financial effects of the introduction of IMP in TEN-SHIBA are evaluated based on both the park users' characteristics obtained by a questionnaire, an observation survey of the park users, and a data analysis of the track record. Based on a comparison with Sumiyoshi Park, an urban park similar to TEN-SHIBA but without the introduction of IMP, it was found that young females were the predominant users of TEN-SHIBA, and the average staying time on the lawn plaza was 2 min. longer than that in Sumiyoshi park. Together these results suggest the effectiveness of IMP for PM based on the TEN-SHIBA experience. It also appears that placing a plaza in the center of a park and providing facilities and various events by private business operators can generate profits; this might be effective for future PM hard tasks, while various and continuous soft task efforts remain essential.

     

基于物种落差分析的公园鸟类多样性提升设计——以湖南常德螺湾湿地公园为例

随着城市化发展,许多公园鸟类栖息环境遭受破坏,导致当前的鸟类多样性与历史上的和周边的都存在较大差异,为此,我们从项目区域的当前-周边-历史三者间在鸟类物种及其栖息地上的落差分析入手,以此确定目标物种及其栖息地,并加以归类,从而有针对性地进行相关设计。2016年5月至2017年3月在湖南常德柳叶湖螺湾湿地公园开展的鸟类多样性提升设计中,通过实地调查并结合文献查阅,记录到项目区域16种,周边79种,历史上146种鸟类,运用三者间的物种落差分析法确定主要的21种可恢复目标物种和4种栖息地类型,结合项目区域及周边空间特点,将项目区域划分为4个区域,在各区域内设计并营建相应的栖息地,再配套采用多种鸟类招引措施。至2017年3月,项目区鸟类已可实地观察到39种,并于2017年12月吸引到超过2000只的野鸭群来此越冬。以上实际效果表明,设计有效地提升了湿地公园鸟类多样性且增加了景观要素,可充分发挥生物保护功能。     

The national park policy context in Greece: Park users’ perspectives of issues in park administration

The history of the national parks in Greece involves a succession of issues pertinent to the legal framework and nature of park authorities. To date the largely state-based administration and the restrictive management practices have failed to grant effective protection and management in the designated areas largely due to organisational and institutional weaknesses, ineffective policy coordination and insufficient park authorities. The latest revision of the system of park administration and legislation in Greece heralded some changes that can improve the management of national parks. The key question is whether the creation of park boards and a number of changes in their funding possibilities and regulatory management regime are perceived by park users to contribute to genuine park improvement. Information was collected by means of a questionnaire survey in three outstanding parks in Greece. Research findings suggest that the perspectives of park users are increasingly aligned to the interests of park authorities as regards park management purposes. Park authorities’ achievements in relation to protection, management and administration were perceived as poor by the respondents in all parks. The conceptions of park users markedly reflect a situation whereby the role of the state in park administration is well anticipated and valued but visitors’ funding options are contrary to the spirit of the new law. Park users tend to reject the transfer of park administration to local authorities or private companies, recognising a continued need for both autonomy and government intervention away from direct state control. While the participants strongly recognised the importance of regulatory management in parks, the weak executive powers of park boards constitute a major administrative deficiency likely to threaten the ecological integrity of parks in the future. It is imperative that park boards acknowledge the current interaction between park users and park authorities. Otherwise, park administrators may find their task an increasingly difficult one.     

北京城市公园湿地的休憩吸引力评价

以北京地区20个城市公园湿地为研究对象,从公园湿地的景观质量、区位条件、可达性3方面构建了城市公园湿地休憩吸引力评价指标体系,并基于层次分析法赋权的综合指数评价方法,对公园湿地的休憩吸引力进行评价,最后通过实地问卷调查数据对休憩吸引力评价结果进行验证,结果表明:具有高休憩吸引力的公园湿地依次为颐和园、奥林匹克公园、青龙湖公园、北海公园、圆明园、玉渊潭公园、十渡、金海湖风景区、陶然亭公园、野鸭湖湿地,稻香湖湿地和珍珠湖风景区的休憩吸引力最低,其余8个公园湿地休憩吸引力一般.休憩吸引力评价结果与实际调查数据相符,说明所建立的评价指标体系与评价方法是可行的.20个公园湿地按照其休憩吸引力可聚为4类,据此可制定不同的管理对策.通过城市公园湿地休憩吸引力评价,分析城市公园湿地景观在休闲游憩方面所发挥的作用,可以为城市湿地公园的优化与配置、提高人居环境质量、改善城市景观布局提供依据.     

人为活动对地表节肢动物多样性的影响——以沈阳市北陵公园地表蜘蛛为例

为了解人为活动对地表节肢动物多样性的影响,2010年9月至10月,采用陷阱法对沈阳市北陵公园地表蜘蛛多样性进行了调查.共采集蜘蛛标本737头,经鉴定隶属于9科15属23种.调查发现,沈阳市北陵公园地表蜘蛛物种多样性较低,狼蛛和密蛛是该地区的优势类群,其中类奇异獾蛛Trochosa ruricoloides和拟吉小密蛛Mysmenella pseudojobi为优势种.从公园的边缘到内部,蜘蛛群落组成及多样性相似,各多样性指数间均无统计学差异.研究结果表明,由于北陵公园开放程度较高,公园内锻炼、游憩的人数众多,频繁的人为干扰对地表蜘蛛造成较大影响,地表蜘蛛物种组成单一、群落结构简单以及物种多样性从边缘到内部无明显差异,这说明人为活动是影响市区开放式公园内节肢动物多样性的重要因素.     

Vegetation analysis and tree population structure of tropical wet evergreen forests in and around Namdapha National Park,northeast India

Species composition, diversity and tree population structure were studied in three stands of the tropical wet evergreen forest in and around Namdapha National Park, Arunachal Pradesh, India. Three study stands exposed to different intensities of disturbances were identified, viz., undisturbed (2.4 ha) in the core zone of the park, moderately disturbed (2.1 ha) in the periphery of the park and highly disturbed (2.7 ha) outside the park area. In total 200 plant species belonging to 73 families were recorded in three stands. Tree density and basal area showed a declining trend with the increase in disturbance intensity. The densities of tree saplings and seedlings were lower in the disturbed stands than in the undisturbed stand. Species like Altingia excelsa, Olea dioica, Terminalia chebula, Mesua ferrea and Shorea assamica in the undisturbed stand and Albizia procera alone in the moderately disturbed stand contributed more than 50% of the total tree density in respective stands. The undisturbed stand contained young tree population. In the highly disturbed stand, the tree density was scarce, but had uncut trees of higher girth class (>210 cm GBH). Low shrub density was recorded in both disturbed stands due to frequent human disturbances; the broken canopy and direct sunlight enhanced the abundance of herbs in these stands. With a species rarity (species having <2 individuals) of ca. 50%, the tropical wet evergreenforests of the Namdapha National Park and its adjacent areas warrant more protection from human intervention and also eco-development to meet the livelihood requirements of the local inhabitants in the peripheral areas of the Namdapha National Park in order to reduce the anthropogenic pressure on the natural resources of the park.