科尔沁沙地蒙古族和汉族庭园植物群落垂直结构与种类组成比较?--以内蒙古科尔沁左翼后旗为例

在内蒙古通辽市科尔沁左翼后旗蒙古族居住地区采用随机抽样和农户推荐选择30个农户,同时在邻近地区的汉族选择了10个农户作为对比分析。庭园样方取样为整个庭园面积,设立40个样方进行调查。结果表明,内蒙古通辽市科尔沁左翼后旗蒙古族庭园和邻近地区汉族庭园植物垂直结构主要有0~1m、1~2m、2~5m、5~10m、>10m等五类,其中不论是小规模庭园还是大规模庭园,5m以下的阶层占优势;两个民族庭园植物种植模式研究结果阐明科尔沁左翼后旗蒙古族与邻近汉族相比,目前很少栽培观赏植物,仍停留在与日常生活相关的蔬菜植物栽培的水平上,而邻近的汉族已开始注重栽培美化环境的庭园植物。此外,本研究运用MVSP统计软件分析庭园类型表明科尔沁左翼后旗蒙古族庭园主要有4种类型,邻近的汉族庭园有3种类型,并且当地蒙古族与邻近的汉族庭园有所差异,这些差异是由两个民族间农耕文化传统以及畜牧业植物文化差异、庭园面积、庭园历史及庭园管理水平、传统植物利用知识的差异所造成。     

科尔沁沙地蒙古族和汉族庭园植物群落垂直结构与种类组成比较——以内蒙古科尔沁左翼后旗为例

在内蒙古通辽市科尔沁左翼后旗蒙古族居住地区采用随机抽样和农户推荐选择30个农户,同时在邻近地区的汉族选择了10个农户作为对比分析。庭园样方取样为整个庭园面积,设立40个样方进行调查。结果表明,内蒙古通辽市科尔沁左翼后旗蒙古族庭园和邻近地区汉族庭园植物垂直结构主要有0~1 m、1~2 m、2~5 m、5~10 m、10 m等五类,其中不论是小规模庭园还是大规模庭园,5 m以下的阶层占优势;两个民族庭园植物种植模式研究结果阐明科尔沁左翼后旗蒙古族与邻近汉族相比,目前很少栽培观赏植物,仍停留在与日常生活相关的蔬菜植物栽培的水平上,而邻近的汉族已开始注重栽培美化环境的庭园植物。此外,本研究运用MVSP统计软件分析庭园类型表明科尔沁左翼后旗蒙古族庭园主要有4种类型,邻近的汉族庭园有3种类型,并且当地蒙古族与邻近的汉族庭园有所差异,这些差异是由两个民族间农耕文化传统以及畜牧业植物文化差异、庭园面积、庭园历史及庭园管理水平、传统植物利用知识的差异所造成。     

科尔沁沙地蒙古族户级水平庭园植物多样性分析——以内蒙古通辽市科尔沁左翼后旗的研究为例

为了表明农户庭园在户级水平上对农业生物多样性保护的作用,在内蒙古通辽市科尔沁左翼后旗采用随机抽样和农户推荐选择20个农户,同时在邻近地区的汉族地区选择10个农户作为对比分析。在此基础上对其家庭庭园采用典型取样法设立30个样方进行调查。结果表明：巴首嘎查庭园植物有100种、哈日乌苏种畜场共有84种、公济号村有87种,包括栽培及野生蔬菜、水果、观赏、药用、饲用等植物。三个村庄庭园植物物种丰富度分析比较发现巴首嘎查的物种丰富度相对最高,而哈日乌苏种畜场的相对最低,反映巴首村对庭园物种多样性保护的贡献相对最大。这些差异是由于自然条件、庭园面积、庭园历史、庭园管理条件及庭园管理者、当地农牧民对庭园植物的传统知识和文化的认识的差异所造成。文末还对调查的三个村庄的庭园植物进行了初步编目。     

床位管理中的异动及纠正

床位是医院管理的细胞,其运行状况将直接影响医院的整体发展。因此,健全床位管理体系,对创新医院管理之路,保障医院安全意义重大。然而,临床过程中难免会出现一些异动,如床位失察、失时、失真、失范、失信、失灵等。针对当前床位管理过程中可能出现的六大异动,深入分析原因,并逐一提出纠正措施,促使医院床位管理落到实处,安全质量不断提高。     

基于归一分析法的黑龙江省医院床位工作效率研究

目的 分析黑龙江省的医院床位工作效率,为黑龙江省的医院床位配置与有效利用提供依据。方法 采用归一分析法的效率指数模型,将病床使用率和病床周转次数综合起来作一项数学处理。结果 2013年黑龙江省的不同类型医院的床位工作效率除专科医院处于高效率运行外,其他类型医院都处于低效运行;不同级别医院中三级医院的床位工作效率处于高效率运行状态,一级、二级医院处于低效率运行状态;不同经济类型医院均处于低效率运行状态。结论 黑龙江省的三级医院、专科医院床位工作效率高,基层医院效率低是目前普遍存在的问题,建议黑龙江省的卫生行政部门在规划卫生资源配置时,采取相应的政策措施改善医院床位工作效率分配不合理的现象,进而缓解城乡卫生资源配置上的矛盾。     

以单床工作效率为核心的医院床位效能评价模型研究

目的 探讨单床工作效率指标在评价医院床位利用效率的应用及可行性,建立床位效能评价模型,为科学、有效的床位利用与评估提供依据。方法 提出单床工作效率概念,建立新的床位效能评价模型,分析2015年某院床位利用情况。结果 单床工作效率在评价床位利用效能方面优于其他指标,新的医院床位效能评价模型评价更为客观、准确。结论 单床工作效率为核心的医院床位效能评价模型具有更好的可比性和操作性,可在医院精细化管理中推广使用。     

内蒙古通辽市库伦旗蒙古族庭园植物农业生物多样性分析——以芒汗苏木毛敦塔拉嘎查为例

庭园是形成和保存农业生物多样性的基本单位,也是野生植物和栽培植物聚集的场所。在农村,庭园的主要作用是提供日常生活所需,还可产生收入。庭园中不仅存在较高的生物多样性,而且庭园也有很多社会、文化、生态方面等功能。该研究针对通辽市库伦旗芒汗苏木毛敦塔拉嘎查蒙古族,采用随机抽样和农户推荐的方式选择了11个农户,以农户的整个庭园面积为样方,设立11个样方进行农业生物多样性分析,并用漫谈式访谈和半结构调查方法进行庭园植物及其经济效益调查。结果表明:毛敦塔拉嘎查蒙古族庭园植物物种丰富度较高,庭园植物共有96种,包括栽培及野生的植物蔬菜类33种、水果用19种、观赏用20种、饲料用8种、药食兼用5种、其它用途类16种,其中有些种类具有多种用途;毛敦塔拉嘎查各农户庭园植物的多样性随着庭园类型及庭园管理者的特征而不同;庭园面积大且种植大量经济作物的庭园经济效益高;据调查当地庭园的经营模式具有生态种植型、综合经营型、庭园养殖型三种类型。这些庭园植物不仅对当地农牧民的生活具有广泛作用而且对农业生物多样性保护具有深远意义。     

关于全院统筹收治病人制度弊端的分析

现有文献报道认为,全院统筹收治病人制度可有效利用医院床位,加快了床位周转,为医院创造更大社会经济价值的有效方法。实际上,全院统筹收治病人理论上只能提高床位使用率,而在我国大中城市三甲医院床位使用率已基本饱和,尤其随着各种疾病发病率的增高及老年化的趋势,我国医院的床位数已不能满足需要,全院统筹收治病人已无法发挥提高床位使用率的作用。全院统筹收治病人制度可导致医护患沟通缺乏,存在极大的医疗隐患等各种弊端,在我国现阶段大型医院不适宜施行该制度。

     

综合医院床位利用效率评价模型构建的初步探讨

床位利用是综合医院资源利用的重要组成部分,一直以来床位资源的利用存在着利用不足或过度的难题,合理、有效的床位利用效率评价模型是解决问题的关键。在分析大量文献的基础上,对国内外综合医院床位利用效率评价模型进行分析与总结,并提出构建科学、合理的综合医院住院床位资源利用评价模型的初步构想。     

我们生活在中国(十一)

<正>湖北、湖南分别因为地处洞庭湖以北、以南而得名,两省境内有楚文化的悠久历史、岳阳楼的诗词歌赋以及汨罗江的千古悲歌。江西地处长江中下游,既有瓷都景德镇,又有江南名楼滕王阁。历史在这三个省份留下了深深的足迹,同时,这里也有令人难以忽略的美景和野生动物。一起来看看吧!     

No Apology for Geriatrics

A geriatric department is described where turnover has more than kept pace with demand over a period of 17 years. The department provides two basic services—a hospital service to the pensionable population in the community, and support to other hospital departments that care for the elderly.Community emphasis is on a high turnover of patients, enabling early contract and treatment. Over the years a fall in the proportion of “chronic” to “acute” beds has occurred and this has been achieved by having the majority of beds in the general hospital, where it is possible to provide a comprehensive medical service. The hospital role has been to prevent overloading acute resources with potential long-stay cases, and this has been possible without compromising our community obligations.     

Community health services.

The Tomlinson report, with its emphasis on primary and community care, offers great scope to community health services, for long the poor relation of the NHS, and particularly poorly resourced in London. The aim is to create services that break down the barriers between primary, secondary, and tertiary health care and concentrate on providing high quality care tailored to individual patients'' needs. Thus a range of flexible options needs to be developed between acute hospital based care and the standard home care arrangements currently provided by district nurses. Examples, include hospital at home schemes, nursing beds, and rehabilitation beds. Together community and primary care services need to consider weekend coverage, to conduct research, and to become a setting for education. The infrastructure for primary and community care must, however, be put in place before acute facilities are shut.     

Use of hospital services by homeless families in an inner London health district.

Over the past decade the number of families in London who were considered officially to be homeless appreciably increased. In response to this many families have been given temporary accommodation, usually in bed and breakfast hotels, while awaiting permanent rehousing. About 200 of the roughly 600 hotels in London that provide such accommodation are located in the area of the former Paddington and North Kensington Health Authority, now part of Parkside Health Authority. The use made by the homeless population of hospital services was studied by finding out the numbers of inpatients admitted to hospital and the numbers presenting to the walk in paediatric clinic and the casualty department at one hospital. These figures were compared with those for local residents and the overall workload. The bed and breakfast population were high users of inpatient beds, the casualty department, and the paediatric clinic. Overall, about one tenth of the beds were used by these people. The health authority receives no additional funding for this group of patients. Further research is needed to find out if the high use of hospital services made by these patients reflects their increased morbidity or their inability to obtain primary care services.     

Intravenous antimicrobial therapy in the community: underused,inadequately resourced,or irrelevant to health care in Britain?

The NHS Executive is keen to promote "hospital at home" services in Britain, as part of its philosophy of keeping more care in the community and also to relieve the increasing demand for hospital beds. One such service is the provision of intravenous antimicrobial therapy in the community. Yet, compared with the United States, where home or outpatient intravenous antimicrobial therapy programmes are well developed, experience in Britain and Europe is limited, reflecting a difference in cultural attitudes and healthcare structures between the two continents. Only a few units in Britain currently run home intravenous antimicrobial therapy programmes, and several issues need to be addressed if more treatment is to be provided outside hospital. These include an assessment of the need for community intravenous antibiotic treatment and which patient groups many benefit. The main motive for community intravenous treatment should be better patient care and not simply a reduction in healthcare costs. At present the pace of change is being set by a few clinical enthusiasts and by commercial organisations, whereas the NHS deserves a more organised strategy for purchasing treatment with intravenous antibiotics in the community.     

Blocked beds.

In a cross-sectional survey of 325 surgical and orthopaedic beds 43 (16%) of the 265 occupied beds were filled by patients who had no medical need to be in an acute ward. They had been in hospital for a median time of 40 weeks up to the survey date. Of the 43 patients, 11 were awaiting transfer to a geriatric ward; 13 to community residential care; and seven to their homes. There was no plan for discharge or transfer for the remaining 12 (28%). Those "at risk" of becoming long-stay patients for social reasons on these wards were women, over 75, living alone or with one relative, who had been admitted to hospital in emergency with a fractured femur, head injury, or other trauma. Action necessary to reduce the number of social long-stay patients includes (a) changing attitudes to the solving of social case problems; (b) revising procedures of assessment and planning of future care; (c) improving teamwork and record keeping within the hospital and the community services; (d) providing a better balance of acute, medium and long-stay hospital beds; and (e) putting more resources into rehabilitation.     

Randomised controlled trial to evaluate early discharge scheme for patients with stroke.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the clinical effectiveness of an early discharge policy for patients with stroke by using a community based rehabilitation team. DESIGN: Randomised controlled trial to compare conventional care with an early discharge policy. SETTING: Two teaching hospitals in inner London. SUBJECTS: 331 medically stable patients with stroke (mean age 71) who lived alone and were able to transfer independently or who lived with a resident carer and were able to transfer with help. INTERVENTIONS: 167 patients received specialist community rehabilitation for up to 3 months after randomisation. 164 patients continued with conventional hospital and community care. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Barthel score at 12 months. Secondary outcomes measured impairment with motoricity index, minimental state examination, and Frenchay aphasia screening test; disability with the Rivermead activity of daily living scales, hospital anxiety and depression scale, and 5 m walk; handicap with the Nottingham health profile; carer stress with caregiver strain index and patient and carer satisfaction. The main process measure was length of stay after randomisation. RESULTS: One year after randomisation no significant differences in clinical outcomes were found apart from increased satisfaction with hospital care in the community therapy group. Length of stay after randomisation in the community therapy group was significantly reduced (12 v 18 days; P < 0.0001). Patients with impairments were more likely to receive treatment in the community therapy group. CONCLUSIONS: Early discharge with specialist community rehabilitation after stroke is feasible, as clinically effective as conventional care, and acceptable to patients. Considerable reductions in use of hospital beds are achievable.     

线虫群落对抚顺煤矸石山周边土壤可溶性盐污染的响应

于2006年5月对抚顺西露天矿西舍场煤矸石山周边的次生盐渍化样地进行可溶性盐含量和土壤线虫调查,经淘洗-过筛-离心漂浮法提取土壤线虫,应用线虫多样性指数和功能类群指数研究该区域土壤线虫群落的特征及差异。研究结果表明,抚顺西露天矿西舍场矸石山周围环境受到了煤矸石风化产生的以硫酸钠为主的可溶性盐污染, 但污染程度不高,土壤整体健康状况良好;共鉴定出线虫29属,其中Acrobeloides、Cervidellus 和Mesorhabtidis为优势属,随采样点距矸石山距离的增加线虫优势属也有所变化;研究区域中食细菌线虫和植物寄生线虫的绝对丰度高于食真菌线虫和捕食-杂食线虫的绝对丰度;土壤pH、矿化度、HCO₃^-、Cl^-、SO₄^2-、NO₃^-与线虫生态指数间存在显著相关关系。因此,通过开展线虫群落对土壤可溶性盐污染的响应研究,能为促进土壤生态系统健康发展提供科学依据。     

Demand for patient care.

A study was performed to determine the extent to which patients of all types were receiving inappropriate levels of care. The needs of patients in acute and supporting hospitals, people in residential homes, and patients cared for at home were assessed. A sixth of the hospital inpatients did not need hospital care, while 5% of those in residential homes and 5% of those at home did need hospital services. These findings indicate that a realistic provision of hospital beds would be 4 per 1000 population for all specialties except regional specialties, psychiatry, mental subnormality, obstetrics, and paediatrics. About a third of these beds need to be acute, while the rest may be in supporting or community hospitals. Thus the current provision of acute beds (2-0 to 2-5 per 1000 population) exceeds actual need.     

黄土区农业景观空间格局分析

景观空间格局分析是景观生态学研究的核心问题之一。本文用地理信息系统,分维分析和统计分析相结合,以１∶１万土地利用现状图为基础,选取斑块大小、分维数、斑块伸长指数、多样性、优势度、相对丰富度、破碎度等指标,陕北米脂县泉家沟流域农业景观的空间格局。结果显示,乔木林地、坡耕地、果园、草地和梯田农地的分维数较低,坝地、水库、灌溉农田、居信用地和灌木林地的人维数较高,斑块形状较为复杂。随着斑块面积的增加,农     

Diabetic Clinics Today and Tomorrow: Mini-clinics in General Practice

In the belief that there was need for diabetic clinics in general practice, 14 of them have been started in the Wolverhampton area. Provided that patients with diabetes that is difficult to control, or who need extra care, remain the responsibility of the hospital diabetic department, this system is an advantage for the hospital department, general practice, and the patient. We believe that many patients are now getting better care in general-practice clinics than they were in the hospital department.