原发性肝癌合并下腔静脉癌栓的手术治疗

目的：探讨原发性肝癌合并下腔静脉癌栓的手术治疗方法。方法：采用肝切除加下腔静脉取栓治疗2例肝癌合并下腔静脉癌栓患者,取栓方法包括经荷栓肝静脉取栓（1例）和下腔静脉切开取栓（1例）,又分在全肝血流阻断下取栓和在萨氏钳局部血管阻断下取栓。结果：2例肝癌及下腔静脉癌栓均得到成功切除,术中无明显并发症发生;术后无死亡;随访中一例存活11月;另1例已生存8个月。结论：肝癌合并下腔静脉癌栓的手术治疗安全可行,其基本术式为肝切除加下腔静脉切开取栓。     

1例右肾癌伴下腔静脉癌栓取出的手术配合

肾癌患者中有5%~10%的病人癌栓侵入下腔静脉,其中40%以上的癌栓可侵入右心房[1,2]。因此,对癌细胞没有转移的患者,手术切除肾脏和清除癌栓是延长生命的最佳方法。我院于2005年8月在普通插管全麻下行下腔静脉切开癌栓取出和右肾癌切除术1例,手术成功。现将手术配合介绍如下。1临     

不同方案治疗直径小于10cm肝细胞癌合并门静脉癌栓患者影响生存率的观察

目的：探讨两种不同方案治疗直径小于10cm肝细胞癌合并门静脉癌栓患者影响生存率。方法：将我院100例直径小于10cm肝细胞癌合并门静脉癌栓患者按照抽签法随机地均分为A、B两组,A组行单纯肝动脉插管化疗栓撒（TACE）治疗,B组肝癌手术切除联合癌栓切除＋TACE术,比较两组患者治疗前后DLIA蛋白与VEGF蛋白阳性表达率、五年生存率以及影响患者生存率的因素。结果：（1）A组治疗前后DLL4蛋白与VEGF蛋白阳性表达率差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,B组治疗前后上述蛋白阳性表达率差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）;（2）根据Kaplan—Meir计算方法,B组五年生存率均明显大于A组（P〈0．001）;（3）经Pearson单因素与COX多因素分析,影响患者预后的危险独立因素为肿瘤大小与手术方式。结论：综合治疗方案用于治疗直径小于10cm肝细胞癌合并门静脉癌栓患者之中,疗效显著,患者五年生存率明显提高。     

复杂胸壁肿瘤的外科治疗

目的:总结复杂胸壁肿瘤的临床特点与外科治疗经验。方法:回顾性分析上海交通大学医学院附属新华医院心胸外科2011年1月至2015年12月期间行复杂胸壁肿瘤切除重建手术患者的临床病理学资料,对患者临床特点、诊治方法及随访结果进行分析研究。结果:共入组25例患者,其中男16例,女9例。对25例患者均行完整肿瘤切除、胸壁重建术。4例上腔静脉或头臂静脉受侵者行人工血管置换术,2例胸骨受侵者行部分或完全胸骨切除术,1例因上腔静脉内癌栓形成行体外循环辅助胸壁肿瘤切除。术后病理诊断:恶性19例,良性6例;骨肉瘤6例(其中1例体外循环下行肿瘤切除),胸腺癌3例(均行人工血管置换术),浆细胞瘤2例,孤立性胸膜纤维瘤2例,横纹肌肉瘤2例,神经母细胞瘤2例,神经纤维瘤2例,梭形细胞癌2例,纵膈恶性间皮瘤1例(血管置换),纵膈脉管瘤1例,纵膈慢性炎性病变1例(侵犯胸骨),胸骨去分化软骨肉瘤1例(侵犯胸骨)。结论:完整切除肿瘤、一期胸壁重建是复杂胸壁肿瘤治疗的主要治疗方法。对大血管侵犯患者行新辅助放化疗后行血管置管术,对癌栓形成者行体外循环辅助取栓,对巨大胸壁肿瘤患者行肿瘤切除后钛板胸壁重建,必要时辅以手术前后放化疗,有助于提高肿瘤切除率并改善患者预后。     

半肝阻断联合肝静脉阻断在复杂肝癌精准肝切除中的应用

目的:探讨半肝血流阻断联合肝静脉阻断技术在精准肝切除中的应用价值。方法:回顾性分析我科2013年1月至2014年12月共120例行半肝血流阻断联合肝静脉阻断的精准肝切除病例,作为治疗组。另选单用第一肝门阻断的复杂肝癌半肝切除患者318例为对照。结果:治疗组在控制术中出血和输血量方面优于单用半肝血流阻断的对照组,治疗组术中平均出血量为650±46 m L,平均输血量为410±76 m L,差别有统计学意义(P0.05);治疗组在平均手术时间和平均住院时间方面均少于对照组,但两组差别无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:半肝血流阻断联合肝静脉阻断技术在复杂肝癌的精准肝切除术中合理使用能有效的减少术中出血,提高了手术安全,降低了术中输血量,最大限度保留剩余肝细胞体积,减少了缺血再灌注的损失。     

不同方式治疗原发性肝癌合并门静脉癌栓的治疗效果比较

目的:对不同方式治疗原发性肝癌(HCC)合并门静脉癌栓(PVTT)的治疗效果进行比较。方法:收取我院2010年2月至2013年3月收治的HCC合并PVTT患者83例进行回顾性分析,按照治疗方法的不同分为A组(手术+经导管动脉化疗栓塞TACE)26例、B组(手术+门静脉化疗PVC)25例以及C组(手术+TACE+PVC)32例。对三组患者不良反应发生情况、生存率、生存质量进行考察与比较,并对可能影响生存率的因素进行分析。结果:三组患者均行手术切除,切除率为100%。三组患者化疗后不良反应发生率方面比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。C组患者生存质量提高总有效率及改善率分别为78.13%和50.00%,均显著高于其他两组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。C组患者中位生存时间及半年、1年、2年、3年生存率均显著高于A组和B组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。影响HCC合并PVTT患者的主要因素包括肿瘤大小、肿瘤数目、病理分级及癌栓类型(P0.05)。结论:HCC合并PVTT患者术后使用TACE+PVC联合治疗可有效提高患者生存率,改善生活质量。     

TACE 联合其他介入手段治疗肝癌伴门静脉癌栓

肝癌是世界范围内恶性程度最高的恶性肿瘤之一。门静脉癌栓的出现加速了肝功衰竭以及门静脉高压的发生概率,严重影响了肝癌患者的预后,临床上对于肝癌合并门静脉癌栓的诊疗尤为棘手。传统的治疗手段对于肝癌合并门静脉癌栓的疗效欠佳,且创伤大、住院时间长、并发症多。介入治疗因其创伤小、住院时间短、并发症少,疗效确切等优势逐渐被人们认可。以往单独应用经导管肝动脉化疗栓塞术(Transcatheter Arterial Chemoembolization,TACE)治疗肝癌取得了可喜的成果,随着介入治疗的发展,TACE联合其他介入手段治疗肝癌伴门静脉癌栓引起了越来越多的学者重视。本文回顾了近几年来国内外的相关文献,对TACE联合其他介入手段治疗肝癌合并门静脉癌栓的方式及疗效做一综述,以期对肝癌的临床诊疗工作提供一些帮助。     

半肝及肝三叶切除25 例临床分析

目的:探讨半肝及肝三叶切除术在临床应用的安全性和可行性。方法:2005年6月至2008年6月,我们实施半肝切除19例,肝三叶切除6例。其中左半肝切除8例,右半肝切除11例,巨大肝癌20例,巨大肝血管瘤4例,肝包虫病1例。结果:全组术中无死亡,术后发生明显并发症6例,其中腹水3例,胸腔积液2例,胆瘘1例。肝癌患者中术后生存超过12个月19例(95%),24个月13例(65%),36个月7例(35%)。结论:掌握手术指征和手术技巧,并作好围手术期处理,半肝及肝三叶切除术是安全、有效的。     

经皮微波固化对肝内大血管旁复发性肝癌的疗效及安全性

目的:研究经皮微波固化治疗肝内大血管旁复发性肝癌的疗效和安全性。方法:选择2011年2月~2015年12月在我院进行诊治的不能进行手术切除的肝内大血管(肝静脉、肝后下腔静脉、肝动脉或门静脉)旁复发性肝癌患者80例,随机分为观察组和对照组,观察组进行经皮微波固化治疗,对照组进行手术再切除,于治疗前后检查甲胎蛋白、B超,观察术后并发症的发生情况。结果:观察组治疗后甲胎蛋白转阴16例,降低21例,总有效率为92.5%,明显高于对照组的85.9%(P0.05);治疗后3个月经超声检测肿瘤大小,观察组有15例肿瘤停止生长,21例肿瘤缩小,无效的4例中肿瘤合并肝内转移或出现范围扩大,对照组有14例肿瘤停止生长,19例肿瘤缩小,7例无效,观察组控制肿瘤大小有效率明显大于对照组(P0.05);观察组并发症发生率为22.5%(9/40),明显低于对照组的35.0%(14/40)(P0.05)。结论:经皮微波固化治疗肝静脉、肝后下腔静脉、肝动脉或门静脉旁复发性肝癌疗效确切,术后并发症少,可用于临床肝内大血管旁复发性肝癌患者的治疗。     

高龄食管下段癌患者两种不同手术路径治疗的临床效果观察

目的:比较高龄食管下段癌患者采用二切口和三切口两种不同手术路径手术治疗的临床效果。方法:回顾性分析高龄食管下段癌患者135例,其中73例患者采用二切口术式,分为A组;62例患者采用三切口术式,分为B组,比较两组患者术中出血量、手术时间、食管切除长度、淋巴结清扫数目及术后并发症、术后死亡率和1年后生存率、生活质量。结果:A组术中出血量、手术时间优于B组;B组食管切除长度、淋巴结清扫数目优于A组;A组术后并发症及死亡率低于B组、术后生活质量优于B组;术后1年生存率两组无显著性差异。结论:高龄食管下段癌患者手术治疗时,应首选二切口术式,可减少术后并发症的发生,并提高术后生活质量。     

Primary leiomyosarcoma of the inferior vena cava presenting as a renal mass

Leiomyosarcoma of the inferior vena cava (IVC) is an extremely rare entity. We present the case of a 62-year-old woman who was found to have a large right upper quadrant mass upon examination by her primary care physician in evaluation for diffuse abdominal pain accompanied by anorexia and weight loss. A computed tomographic scan and magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated a 13-cm retroperitoneal lesion that appeared to stem from the right kidney and yielded a tumor thrombus up to the level of the hepatic venous confluence. The patient underwent a right radical nephrectomy and IVC thrombectomy for treatment of a presumed renal cell carcinoma. Instead, pathology revealed the tumor to be a leiomyosarcoma of the IVC. We document this unusual presentation of an extremely rare tumor entity.     

Leiomyosarcoma of the inferior vena cava level II involvement: curative resection and reconstruction of renal veins

ABSTRACT: Leiomyosarcoma of the inferior vena cava (IVCL) is a rare retroperitoneal tumor. We report two cases of level II (middle level, renal veins to hepatic veins) IVC Leiomyosarcoma, who underwent en bloc resection with reconstruction of bilateral or left renal venous return using prosthetic grafts. In our cases, IVC is documented to be occluded preoperatively, therefore, radical resection of tumor and/or right kidney was performed and the distal end of inferior vena cava was resected and without caval reconstruction. None of the patients developed edema or acute renal failure post-operatively. After surgical resection, adjuvant radiation therapy was administrated. The patients have been free of recurrence 2 years and 3 months, 9 months after surgery, respectively, indicating the complete surgical resection and radiatiotherapy contribute to the better survival. The reconstruction of inferior vena cava was not considered mandatory in level II IVC leiomyosarcoma, if the retroperitoneal venous collateral pathways have been established. In addition to the curative resection of IVC leiomyosarcoma, the renal vascular reconstruction minimized the risks of procedure-related acute renal failure, and was more physiologically preferable. This concept was reflected in the treatment of the two patients reported on.     

Applicability of different endovascular methods for treatment of refractory Budd-Chiari syndrome

The study’s objective was to evaluate the applicability of different endovascular methods for treatment of refractory type of Budd–Chiari syndrome (BCS) under specific scenarios frequently encountered in patients. The treatment methods were evaluated in 197 patients with the following four types of refractory BCS: lesions of the inferior vena cava (IVC) including a special shape diaphragm (e.g., a knife- or a vertically shaped diaphragm, etc.), occlusion of the long segment of IVC, IVC obstruction combined with thrombosis, and occlusion of the hepatic vein. The choice of endovascular treatment depended on the degree of difficulty to puncture the membrane after spatial orientation. There was a need to adjust the curvature of the device to fit the natural angle of IVC. When IVC lesions were combined with thrombosis, the treatment was adjusted depending on the freshness of the thrombus. Different routes were used to rupture the membrane and expand the lesion. The majority of patients recovered without complications. The few complications observed were the following: 1 case of death due to a postoperative stress ulcer, 1 case of a successfully treated pericardial tamponade, 1 case of stent migration, and 3 cases of failure to stent and re-occlusion that occurred in the follow-up period. To conclude, BCS is preferably treated via endovascular intervention; however, the particular choice depends on individual circumstances.     

Impact of miR-21, miR-126 and miR-221 as Prognostic Factors of Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma with Tumor Thrombus of the Inferior Vena Cava

Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) characterized by a tumor thrombus (TT) extending into the inferior vena cava (IVC) generally indicates poor prognosis. Nevertheless, the risk for tumor recurrence after nephrectomy and thrombectomy varies. An applicable and accurate prediction system to select ccRCC patients with TT of the IVC (ccRCC/TT) at high risk after nephrectomy is urgently needed, but has not been established up to now. To our knowledge, a possible role of microRNAs (miRs) for the development of ccRCC/TT or their impact as prognostic markers in ccRCC/TT has not been explored yet. Therefore, we analyzed the expression of the previously described onco-miRs miR-200c, miR-210, miR-126, miR-221, let-7b, miR-21, miR-143 and miR-141 in a study collective of 74 ccRCC patients. Using the expression profiles of these eight miRs we developed classification systems that accurately differentiate ccRCC from non-cancerous renal tissue and ccRCC/TT from tumors without TT. In the subgroup of 37 ccRCC/TT cases we found that miR-21, miR-126, and miR-221 predicted cancer related death (CRD) accurately and independently from other clinico-pathological features. Furthermore, a combined risk score based on the expression of miR-21, miR-126 and miR-221 was developed and showed high sensitivity and specificity to predict cancer specific survival (CSS) in ccRCC/TT. Using the combined risk score we were able to classify ccRCC/TT patients correctly into high and low risk cases. The risk stratification by the combined risk score (CRS) will benefit from further cohort validation and might have potential for clinical application as a molecular prediction system to identify high- risk ccRCC/TT patients.     

Surgical Strategy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patients with Portal/Hepatic Vein Tumor Thrombosis

Background

Portal/hepatic vein tumor thrombosis (PVTT/HVTT) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a sign of advanced stage disease and is associated with poor prognosis. This study investigated the surgical outcomes of patients with HCC and PVTT/HVTT to determine the most appropriate surgical treatment strategy for these patients.

Materials and Methods

The study population included 77 HCC patients from January 2004 to June 2009 who underwent hepatectomy in our department and were diagnosed with PVTT/HVTT based on pathological examination. The patients were divided into two groups: in group 1, PVTT/HVTT was located in the hepatic resection area and removed with the tumor en bloc (38 cases); in group 2, PVTT/HVTT was beyond the resection line and removed by suction or thrombectomy (39 cases). Concerning the factor of surgical margins, the patients were further divided into four subgroups: group 1A: patients in group 1 with surgical margins ≤1 cm (28 cases); group 1B: patients in group 1 with surgical margins >1 cm (9 cases); group 2A: patients in group 2 with surgical margins ≤1 cm (28 cases); and group 2B: patients in group 2 with surgical margins >1 cm (9 cases).

Results

Most of the characteristics of groups 1 and 2 were similar. Patients in group 2 had significantly higher median blood loss (p=0.002) and higher blood transfusion rate (p=0.002) during the operation, which were not considered prognostic factors (p=0.323 and 0.571, respectively). The median overall survival (OS) duration in group 1 was significantly longer than that in group 2 (14.3 vs. 10.4 months, p=0.047). The median OS durations in groups 1A, 1B, 2A, and 2B were 14.3, 42.7, 7.5, and 18.0 months, respectively, which were significantly different(p=0.018).

Conclusions

When PVTT/HVTT is located in the hepatic resection area and removed with the tumor en bloc, the median OS duration is longer. Based on this finding, widening the surgical margins when technically possible may increase OS.     

Liver Transplantation in Man—II,a Report of two Orthotopic Liver Transplants in Adult Recipients

Two patients with primary hepatic malignancy were treated by hepatectomy and orthotopic liver transplantation. In both cases the donor liver was infused with cold solutions and kept chilled without continuous perfusion. There was immediate satisfactory hepatic function in both transplants.The first patient died after 11 weeks from overwhelming bacterial and fungal infections probably secondary to hepatic infarction due to thrombosis of the recipient hepatic artery. The thrombus occurred at the site of the arterial clamp. In an attempt to control the growth before transplantation, the patient had been treated with large doses of chlorambucil, which resulted in extreme marrow depression and septicaemia.The second patient developed cholestatic jaundice during the second and third weeks after transplantation, with histological evidence of mild rejection, which was controlled by increasing the dose of immunosuppressive agents. He is now well, having returned to work six weeks after the operation.Though the first patient showed no evidence of rejection, it is concluded that patients receiving liver allografts should receive immunosuppressive therapy.     

High volume hydrodynamic injection of plasmid DNA via the hepatic artery results in a high level of gene expression in rat hepatocellular carcinoma induced by diethylnitrosamine

BACKGROUND: Hydrodynamic injection of naked plasmid DNA (pDNA) via the tail vein is a safe and effective method of gene transfer to the liver. However, successful gene transfer has yet to be shown for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); therefore, we investigated the feasibility and efficacy of hydrodynamic injection via the tail vein and hepatic artery in a diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced HCC model in rats. METHODS: HCC was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats by 100 ppm DEN in drinking water. pCMV-SPORT-beta-galactosidase (beta-gal, 400 microg) was injected (i) via the tail vein in a volume of 0.1 ml/g in 30 s or (ii) via the hepatic artery in a volume of 5 or 10 ml at 1 ml/s, either with or without temporary occlusion of the inferior vena cava (IVC) and portal vein (PV). The liver was harvested 24 h after administration, and beta-gal expression was evaluated with X-gal staining and measurement of enzymatic activity in tissue homogenates. RESULTS: Hydrodynamic injection via the tail vein achieved transgene expression only in non-cancerous tissue (tumor: 0.16 +/- 0.04%, non-tumor: 5.07 +/- 1.66%). Hydrodynamic injection via the hepatic artery was tolerated, but failed to produce efficient transgene expression in tumor and non-tumor cells. On the other hand, concomitant use of temporary IVC/PV occlusion with hydrodynamic injection via the hepatic artery dramatically increased transgene expression in cancer cells, but tumor-selective gene transfer was not achieved with this procedure (tumor: 7.38 +/- 3.66%, non-tumor: 7.77 +/- 1.06%). CONCLUSIONS: High-volume hydrodynamic injection of a pDNA solution via the hepatic artery with IVC/PV occlusion achieved a high level of gene expression in a HCC rat model. This gene transfer technique may have potential in clinical gene therapy for HCC.     

Effect of major liver resection on hepatic ureagenesis in humans

Changes in hepatic ureagenesis following major hepatectomy are not well characterized. We studied the relation between urea synthesis and liver mass before and after major hepatectomy in humans. Fifteen patients scheduled for resection of malignancies in otherwise healthy livers were studied. Pre- and postoperative liver volume was assessed by computerized tomography-volumetry. During surgery, a primed, continuous infusion of [(13)C]urea was administered intravenously, and arterial blood samples were obtained hourly. Indocyanine green clearance was determined before and after resection. Seven patients underwent major hepatectomy, and eight patients underwent minor [<5% functional liver volume (total volume -- tumor volume)] or no resection, serving as controls. Resected functional liver volume in the major hepatectomy group averaged 60%. Urea synthesis per gram of functional liver tissue increased 2.6-fold following major hepatectomy, maintaining whole body urea synthesis. Arterial ammonia remained unchanged throughout the study, whereas following hepatectomy a hyperaminoacidemia occurred. In conclusion, immediately following major hepatectomy, urea synthesis per gram of functional liver tissue increases rapidly and proportionately to the amount of liver tissue resected, maintaining whole body urea synthesis at preoperative levels. This rapid and complete adaptation suggests that the capacity of urea synthesis is not limiting the maximum resectable volume in otherwise healthy livers.     

Preoperative Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio as a New Prognostic Marker in Hepatocellular Carcinoma after Curative Resection

BACKGROUND: Preoperative peripheral blood neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) has been proposed to predict prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the cutoff value of NLR in several studies is not consistent. This study aims to investigate the correlation of preoperative NLR with clinicopathologic features and the prognosis in patients who have undergone resection for HCC. METHODS: Clinical data of 256 patients with HCC who underwent radical hepatectomy were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were divided into the low-NLR group (NLR ≤ 2.31) and the high-NLR group (NLR > 2.31). A univariate analysis was performed to assess clinicopathologic characteristics that influenced disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) in patients. The significant variables were further analyzed by a multivariate analysis using Cox regression. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to assess the DFS and OS rate. RESULTS: The value of NLR was associated with tumor size, clinical tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stage, portal vein tumor thrombus (PVTT), distant metastasis, and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in HCC. NLR > 2.31, size of tumor > 5 cm, number of multiple tumors, III-IV of TNM stage, PVTT, distant metastasis, and AST > 40 U/l were predictors of poorer DFS and OS. NLR > 2.31, size of tumor > 5 cm, III-IV of TNM stage, and AST > 40 U/l were independent predictors of DFS and OS. CONCLUSION: Preoperative NLR > 2.31 was an adverse predictor of DFS and OS in HCC after hepatectomy. This study suggested that NLR might be a novel prognostic biomarker in HCC after curative resection.