光叶云南草蔻的植物分类学研究

作者在调查云南草蔻及光叶云南草蔻资源时发现,过去在云南、广西和广东被定为光叶云南草蔻的植物为三种不同的山姜属植物,从中分出两新种:那坡山姜Alpinia napoensis H.Dong et G.J.Xu和卵果山姜 Alpinia ovoidocarpa H.Dong et G.J.Xu,并对光叶云南草蔻作了形态特征补充描述。查清光叶云南草蔻Alpinia blepharocalyx K.Schum.var.glabrior(Hand.-Mazz.)T.L.Wu仅分布云南南部及东南部,广西、广东无分布。     

不同海拔云南黄连生物量和主要有效成分变化

研究了不同海拔(2 100～2 700 m)下,野生和人工栽培云南黄连的生物量、主要有效成分含量及产量.结果表明:野生云南黄连根茎和根生物量沿海拔梯度呈上升趋势,但无显著性差异(P>0.05);人工栽培云南黄连根茎生物量平均值在海拔2 600 m和2 700 m处分别为87.5 kg·hm^-2和97.0 kg·hm^-2,显著高于海拔2 300 m处(34.8 kg·hm^-2,P<0.05),且海拔2 300、2 600和2 700 m的人工栽培云南黄连根茎和根生物量均大于野生云南黄连,但无显著性差异(P>0.05). 野生云南黄连的根茎和根生物量均与全株生物量呈显著正相关. 野生云南黄连根茎和根小檗碱含量在海拔2 700 m处最高,分别为4.60%和1.93%; 根茎巴马汀和药根碱含量、根药根碱含量在海拔2 600～2 700 m处最高;根巴马汀含量在2 300 m处最高.人工云南黄连根茎和根小檗碱含量在海拔2 600 m处最高,分别为4.41%和1.90%; 根茎巴马汀含量,根小檗碱、巴马汀和药根碱含量在海拔2 600～2 700 m处最高;根茎药根碱含量在海拔2 300 m处最高.海拔2 600～2 700 m处野生云南黄连根茎和根中各有效成分产量显著高于海拔2 100和2 300 m处(P<0.05). 野生云南黄连分株的根茎生物量、根生物量、叶生物量、总生物量、高度和冠幅沿海拔梯度呈先升后降趋势.增大种植密度和加强人工管理可以提高云南黄连生物量和主要有效成分产量.     

云南草蔻花蜜分泌格局与访花动物行为及其对果实和种子产量的影响

依靠动物传粉的植物, 其繁殖成功 (胚珠受精与花粉散布 ) 很大程度上取决于访花动物的种类和拜访行为, 而访花动物的种类和行为又受植物提供给传粉者的回报, 主要是花蜜分泌格局的影响。通过对姜科山姜属植物云南草蔻 (Alpiniablepharocalyx) 花蜜分泌量及糖分含量的测定, 拜访动物种类、传粉昆虫拜访频率及停留时间的调查, 主要盗蜜者花松鼠 (Tamiopsswinhoei) 的盗蜜行为观察, 植物的结实率以及结籽量的分析等, 探讨花蜜分泌与传粉昆虫的关系以及盗蜜对果实及种子生产的影响。研究表明 :云南草蔻的两种花型花蜜的分泌量在一天的单花开花过程中呈现相反的格局, 花柱上举型花下午的花蜜分泌量高于上午, 而花柱下垂型花则上午略高于下午 ;两种花型花蜜的糖分浓度都随着开花时间而下降 ;共有 17种访花动物拜访云南草蔻的花, 其中 8种具有传粉作用 ;传粉昆虫的停留时间随拜访频率的不断增加而缩短 ;被盗蜜植株与未被盗蜜植株的结实率差异不显著而结籽量差异显著。     

不同海拔高度下淫羊藿的种群年龄结构

从3个海拔高度(568、643和790m)研究了淫羊藿种群年龄结构,并对各龄级根茎数量、根茎长度、根茎生物量、分株数量、分株生物量进行测定。结果表明:海拔643m淫羊藿根茎龄级最高达10龄,海拔568和790m根茎最高龄级有9龄;3个海拔分株龄级与根茎龄级一致;海拔643m各龄级根茎数量从1龄到10龄呈下降趋势;3个海拔各龄级根茎长度、根茎生物量、分株数量、分株生物量都是2龄占优势;海拔643m各龄级根茎数量、长度、生物量和分株数量、生物量最多。海拔643m的生境最适合淫羊藿克隆生长,可以对其进行适当的采集。     

海南岛黎母山四眼斑水龟种群密度与空间分布格局

2004年3～7月,采用系统抽样法在海南岛黎母山对四眼斑水龟（Sacalia quadriocellata）种群密度与空间分布进行了调查,采用Cassie指数、David＆Moore指数、Morisita指数和Lloyd指数测定了四眼斑水龟种群空间分布格局。结果表明,（1）四眼斑水龟种群分布于海拔170～470m范围内,在垂直梯度上呈现不连续的分布状态;（2）在海拔170～470m范围内种群相对密度为0．011～0．050只／笼捕日;（3）种群空间分布呈现聚集分布格局;（4）资源的空间分布特点和人为干扰可能对四眼斑水龟种群密度及空间分布格局有重要影响。     

贵州柏箐喀斯特台原森林自然保护区两栖动物研究

在柏菁保护区共采到两栖动物标本267号,经整理鉴定隶属1目、6科、6属、13种。该区两栖动物垂直分布划为3个带：（1）海拔600．1000m为低山河谷农田两栖类带,本带两栖类6种,占总种数的46．15％;（2）海拔1000．1750m为中山台地农田针叶林两栖类带,有两栖类11种,占总种数的84．62％;（3）海拔1750～2200m为中山高原森林两栖类带,仅有1种。柏箐地区在动物地理区划上属于华中区,但两栖类以华中及华南区种为主。还讨论了中华蟾蜍和华西蟾蜍的分类地位。     

具腺松蒿—中国云南新记录种

产云南中部高原,蒿明(Songming),龙潭营(Longtan Ying),生于海拔2300m的丛林中,张英伯(ZhangYing—bai)0004号,1940年10月9日,花黄色,偶见。为珍稀濒危植物,现已很难采到。印度也有。中国（云南）首次记录。松蒿属植物目前在中国现已增加到3种;东至日本,西至印度（越南不产）为中国-喜马拉雅分布型。     

云南省双团棘胸蛙的地理分布

对云南省84个县（市）双团棘胸蛙（Paa yunnanensis）地理分布进行了全面调查。基于历史记录与本次调查结果,采用地理信息系统,制作了云南双团棘胸蛙地理分布图。结果表明,双团棘胸蛙在云南广泛分布于迪庆州以外的15个州（市）71个县（市）,分布海拔为1 400～2 600 m,年平均气温为11.54～18.50℃。根据双团棘胸蛙分布受海拔和年平均气温限制的特点,采用DIVA-GIS 5.2软件,得到云南省双团棘胸蛙可能分布区图。该图可以预测双团棘胸蛙在云南的潜在地理分布,为在云南对该物种的深入研究和有效保护提供了基础数据。     

西藏紫草科1新记录属——微果草属

该文报道了西藏地区紫草科1新记录属微果草属(Microcaryum)及1新记录种微果草(Microcaryum pygmaeum (Clarke)Johnst.)。该种发现于西藏隆子县,生于海拔约5 000 m的高山草甸。研究了其外部形态、小坚果微形态及花粉形态,并与形态相近种毛果草 （Lasiocaryum densiflorum (Duthie)Johnst.） 进行了比较。凭证标本保存于北京师范大学动植物标本馆植物标本室(BNU)。     

切断根茎对根茎禾草沙鞭和赖草克隆生长的影响

为了研究半干旱内陆沙化生境中植物克隆整合对克隆植物基株扩展能力和对克隆植物分株定居逆境能力的贡献,在内蒙古鄂尔多斯高原毛乌素沙地对根茎禾草沙鞭（Rsammochloavillosa（Trin．）Bor）和赖草（Leymussecali－nus（Georgi．）Tzvel．）进行了以切断根茎为处理的野外实验。实验结果表明,切断根茎处理使根茎禾草沙鞭基株的幼小部分（观测单元）在实验期间根茎数量增量、地上技数量增量、地上枝总长度增量、主根茎节数增量、根茎节总数增量、主根茎长度增量和根茎总长度增量显著地减少。然而,切断根茎处理对另一根茎禾草赖草基株幼小部分（观测单元）的上述7个特征在实验期间的增量没有影响。这些结果指示着在克隆整合及其对克隆生长贡献方面的种间差异。沙鞭的克隆整合特性和克隆生长特性对它在水分短缺、蒸散剧烈、养分贫瘠、生境斑块化和扰动经常的沙化草地环境中的生存能力有重要贡献。     

山石榴果实挥发油的化学成分分析

采用超临界CO2提取山石榴果实挥发油,并利用GC-MS联用技术分析挥发油的化学组成。从山石榴果实挥发油中分离、鉴定出33个化合物,占挥发油总量的89.43%。挥发油主要由各种酯、脂肪酸成分组成,含量较高的成分是11,14-二十碳二烯酸甲酯(11,14-eicosadienoic acid,methyl ester,42.49%),棕榈酸(pal mitic acid,15.34%),硬脂酸(stearic acid,10.54%),肉豆蔻酸(myristic acid,6.26%),十六酸乙酯(hexa-decanoic acid,ethyl ester,5.84%)。     

藏红花花瓣和雄蕊挥发油化学成分GC-MS分析及比较

采用水蒸气蒸馏法从藏红花花瓣和雄蕊中提取挥发油,用GC-MS技术结合计算机检索对其二者化学成分进行分离和鉴定,用色谱峰面积归一化法计算各组分的相对含量.花瓣中共鉴定出16种化合物,主要成分为正二十六烷(11.60％)、正十五烷(11.31％)、棕榈酸甲酯(10.82％)、油酸甲酯(10.35％)、2,4-二叔丁基苯酚(9.63％)、亚油酸甲酯(7.18％)、藏红花醛(5.66％);雄蕊中共鉴定出20种化合物,主要成分为油酸甲酯(30.83％)、亚油酸甲酯(24.12％)、环已醇(16.80％)、硬脂酸甲酯(12.88％)、棕榈酸甲酯(8.97％)、花生酸甲酯(1.18％)、苯并噻唑(1.01％).     

Synthesis and characterization of vegetable oil derived esters: evaluation for their diesel additive properties

Trans-esterification of four vegetable oils; canola oil, greenseed canola oil from heat-damaged seeds, processed waste fryer grease and unprocessed waste fryer grease, was carried out using methanol, and KOH as catalyst. The methyl esters of the corresponding oils were separated from the crude glycerol, purified, and characterized by various methods to evaluate their densities, viscosities, iodine values, acid numbers, cloud points, pour points and gross heat of combustion, fatty acid and lipid compositions, lubricity properties, and thermal properties. The fatty acid composition suggests that 80-85% of the ester was from unsaturated acids. Substantial decrease in density and viscosity of the methyl esters compared to their corresponding oils suggested that the oils were in their mono or di glyceride form. The lubricity of the methyl esters, when blended at 1 vol% treat rate with ISOPAR M reference fuel, showed that the canola methyl ester enhanced the fuel's lubricity number. From the analyses performed, it was determined that the ester with the most potential for being an additive or a substitute for diesel fuel is the canola methyl ester, whose physical and chemical characteristics are similar to diesel fuel.     

发酵无花果香料的挥发性成分分析

利用微生物发酵无花果开发特色香料,并采用同时蒸馏萃取装置收集挥发性成分并用气相色谱一质谱仪对生物技术制备的无花果香料挥发性成分进行分离和鉴定,经毛细管色谱分离出47种组分,确认了其中的45种成分,并用面积归一化法测定了各种成分的百分含量,其主要成分为：9,12-十八碳二烯酸乙酯(27．34％)、十六酸乙酯(23．99％)、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(6．18％)、邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯(5．52％)、9,12-十八碳二烯酸甲酯(4．72％)、十六酸甲酯(4．67％)、9,12,15-十八碳三烯酸乙酯(4．48％)、9-十八碳烯酸乙酯(3．80％)、糠醛(2．53％)、9,12,15-十八碳三烯酸甲酯(1．85％)、十八酸乙酯(1．42％)、9-十八碳烯酸甲酯(1．26％)等。     

根瘤蚜对不同抗性葡萄的选择性及葡萄根系挥发性物质的鉴定

为了探讨不同抗性水平砧木及品种对根瘤蚜吸引及驱避效应以及鉴定挥发性物质组分,采用离体根段培养法测定葡萄根瘤蚜Phylloxera viticola Fitch对砧木5BB,140Ru及栽培品种巨峰的选择性,发现根瘤蚜对栽培品种巨峰的根段具有很强的选择性,至接种后3 d,67.13％的根瘤蚜优先选择巨峰;而对5BB和140Ru的选择性却很差,分别有15.29％和17.58％的根瘤蚜选择5BB及140Ru。根瘤蚜在不同品种根段上的生长发育和繁殖也存在明显差异。对砧木5BB和巨峰根系的挥发性组分进行测定,发现2个品种挥发物独有组分数量均较高,巨峰独有组分为23个,占总成分数的48.94％,5BB的独有组分为32个,占总成分数的57.14％。5BB和巨峰的共有组分为24个,主要成分均为亚油酸甲酯和反油酸甲酯,但含量有所不同,其中,5BB以倍半萜类的丁香醇及脂肪酸甲酯类的亚油酸甲酯,反油酸甲酯,棕榈油酸甲酯含量较高,高于巨峰中相应物质含量的4.23%~6.46％,而巨峰以邻苯二甲酸二丁酯及胆甾烷含量较高,分别高于5BB相应组分含量的6.81％和1.07％。结果说明葡萄根瘤蚜对不同抗性水平砧木及品种确实存在不同的选择性,并且不同抗性水平的砧木及品种的挥发性物质存在显著差异。     

Chemotaxonomic Study of Citrus,Poncirus and Fortunella Genotypes Based on Peel Oil Volatile Compounds - Deciphering the Genetic Origin of Mangshanyegan (Citrus nobilis Lauriro)

Volatile profiles yielded from gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis provide abundant information not only for metabolism-related research, but also for chemotaxonomy. To study the chemotaxonomy of Mangshanyegan, its volatile profiles of fruit and leaf and those of 29 other genotypes of Citrus, Poncirus, and Fortunella were subjected to phylogenetic analyses. Results showed that 145 identified (including 64 tentatively identified) and 15 unidentified volatile compounds were detected from their peel oils. The phylogenetic analysis of peel oils based on hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) demonstrated a good agreement with the Swingle taxonomy system, in which the three genera of Citrus, Poncirus, and Fortunella were almost completely separated. As to Citrus, HCA indicated that Citrophorum, Cephalocitrus, and Sinocitrus fell into three subgroups, respectively. Also, it revealed that Mangshanyegan contain volatile compounds similar to those from pummelo, though it is genetically believed to be a mandarin. These results were further supported by the principal component analysis of the peel oils and the HCA results of volatile profiles of leaves in the study.     

Phenolic O-methyltransferase from Lentinus lepideus (basidiomycete)

The fungus, Lentinus lepideus, produces crystalline methyl p-methoxycinnamate in stationary cultures. O-methylation and methyl ester formation of hydroxycinnamic acids were examined with enzyme preparations of the fungus. Using S-adenosylmethionine-¹⁴CH3, it was found that only the methyl esters of the hydroxycinnamic acids are substrates for O-methylation and not the free acids. Benzoic acids and their methyl esters are not substrates. The activity of the enzyme is p-specific and its specific activity decreases with increasing number of hydroxyl groups in the substrate. The same enzyme preparations catalyze the formation of the methyl ester of cinnamic acid from the free acid.     

Synthesis of mixed esters of ascorbic acid using methyl esters of palm and soybean oils

Mixed esters of ascorbic acid were synthesized using methyl esters of palm and soybean oils as acyl donors, in acetone at 50 degrees C, and catalyzed by Novozym 435. A conversion of 62% was obtained with palm oil methyl ester at an ascorbic acid to acyl donor molar ratio of 1:4; the mixed ester contained 45.89% ascorbyl palmitate, 42.59% ascorbyl oleate and 10.1% ascorbyl linoleate. Acylation with soybean oil methyl ester resulted in 17% conversion, yielding a mixed ester containing 10.08% ascorbyl palmitate, 20.68% ascorbyl oleate, and 64.96% of ascorbyl linoleate. The mixed esters of ascorbic acid can find direct use in food and cosmetics.     

光照强度对广西莪术挥发油及莪术醇含量的影响

采用水蒸气蒸馏法(XD)提取广西莪术挥发油,气相色谱法测定莪术醇的含量,并用SPSS10.0统计分析软件对数据进行分析,以探讨光照强度对主要有效成分挥发油和莪术醇生物合成途径的影响。结果表明光照强度为85%时,莪术挥发油和莪术醇含量最高,二者之间相关性显著。分析认为光照强度对莪术主要有效成分生物合成与积累影响显著,莪术挥发油和莪术醇生物合成的最适光照强度为85%。     

Chemical composition of essential oils from leaves of Helicteres guazumifolia (Sterculiaceae), Piper tuberculatum (Piperaceae), Scoparia dulcis (Arecaceae) and Solanum subinerme (Solanaceae) from Sucre, Venezuela

Essential oils, biosynthesized and accumulated in aromatic plants, have a wide range of applications in the pharmaceutical health, cosmetics, food and agricultural industry. This study aimed to analyze the secondary metabolites in some plant species in order to contribute to their chemotaxonomy. Leaves from Helicteres guazumifolia, Piper tuberculatum, Scoparia dulcis and Solanum subinerme were collected and their essential oils were obtained by means of hydro-distillation. The oil fraction was analyzed and identified by GC/MS. The extraction yields were of 0.004, 0.032, 0.016 and 0.005%, and the oil constituents of 88.00, 89.80, 87.50 and 89.47%, respectively. The principal oils found were: non-terpenoids volatile secondary metabolites (30.28%) in H. guazumifolia; sesquiterpenoids (20.82 and 26.09%) and oxigen derivated (52.19 and 25.18%) in P. tuberculatum and S. dulcis; and oxigen diterpenoids (39.67%) in S. subinerme. The diisobuthylphtalate (13.11%) in H. guazumifolia, (-)-spathulenol (11.37%) in P. tuberculatum and trans-phytol (8.29 and 36.00%) in S. dulcis and S. subinerme, were the principal constituents in their respective essential oils. The diisooctylphtalate were the essential oil common to all species, but the volatile compounds such as trans-pinane, L-linalool, beta-ionone, isophytol, neophytadiene, trans-phytol, dibutylphtalate and methyl hexadecanoate, were only detected in three of these essences. This suggests that these plants may require similar secondary metabolites for their ecological interactions, possibly due to common environmental factors.