增强UV-B辐射对小麦根尖分裂期细胞肌动蛋白的影响

以增强UV-B（10．08kJ·m^-2·d^-1）辐射后的小麦根尖细胞为材料,异硫氰酸荧光素标记的鬼笔环肽（FITC-Ph）为探针,利用激光共聚焦扫描显微镜,观察分析小麦根尖分裂期细胞肌动蛋白在分裂周期的分布及形态变化。结果表明：uV-B辐射处理后,问期细胞肌动蛋白纤丝排列紊乱;前期细胞周质中肌动蛋白纤丝变为短的片段,点状荧光随机分布在周质;中期细胞荧光强度明显减弱,明亮的肌动蛋白片段消失,点状荧光消失;有丝分裂后期到末期,成膜体区域肌动蛋白纤丝或成弥散状或完全消失,且出现落后染色体、染色体桥、不均等分裂及三束分裂等染色体畸变类型和异常分裂现象。     

增强紫外线B辐射对小麦根尖细胞微管骨架的影响

以小麦幼苗根尖为材料,采用间接免疫荧光标记技术并结合激光共聚焦扫描显微系统,研究了增强紫外线B(ultraviolet-B,UV-B)辐射(10.08 kJ·m~(-2)·d~(-1))对小麦根尖细胞微管骨架的影响,为进一步研究微管骨架与"分束分裂"的关系打下基础。研究表明,小麦根尖分裂过程中微管骨架排列呈现一定的周期性,对照组中微管周期结构明显清晰,荧光较强。而增强UV-B辐射处理的小麦根尖细胞中,其微管结构紊乱,周质微管骨架定向发生改变,或解聚呈片段和点状分布;出现两条早前期带的异常结构,纺锤体微管聚集,末期成膜体弥散或缺失。     

增强UV—B辐射对小麦细胞有丝分裂影响机制的探讨

采用10.08 kJ/m2.d辐射剂量的UV-B辐照处理＂晋麦8号＂冬小麦种子,待根尖生长至1 cm～2cm长时,对小麦根尖细胞的有丝分裂率以及各类异常分裂现象进行了研究,并进一步探讨了产生异常分裂的细胞生物学机理.结果表明：增强的UV-B辐照能抑制小麦细胞有丝分裂的发生频率,并可诱导小麦根尖细胞产生游离染色体、落后染色体、染色体桥（包括单桥、双桥和三桥染色体）、不均等分裂以及微核染色体等畸变现象.另外,在增强UV-B辐射处理后的细胞中还深入研究了新型的异常分裂现象-分束分裂,表现为染色体在细胞有丝分裂后期产生三束、四束、六束和七束等染色体束,且均具有一定的发生频率,分别为0.073%、0.153%、0.053%和0.060%.而在对照组小麦细胞中没有发现分束分裂现象的发生.同时,通过聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳检测和激光共聚焦扫描显微镜观察发现,与CK组相比,分束分裂细胞中.微管蛋白的组成和微管骨架的形态结构均发生了变化.因此,推测分束分裂现象的发生可能与增强UV-B辐射导致细胞骨架微管系统损伤有关.     

增强UV-B辐射和He-Ne激光对小麦原生质体微管骨架的影响

以小麦叶片原生质体为材料,采用间接免疫荧光定位法标记其微管系统,并利用激光共聚焦扫描显微系统进行观察。研究了低剂量He-Ne激光(5mW.mm-2)、增强UV-B辐射(10.08kJ.m-2.d-1)及二者的复合处理对小麦幼苗叶肉细胞中微管骨架的影响。结果表明,增强UV-B辐射后,小麦叶片细胞中微管骨架发生解聚,呈短棒状或点状分布,微管束弥散且荧光强度减弱;而增强UV-B辐射后再施以He-Ne激光处理,小麦叶肉细胞微管骨架有部分断裂,但较单独UV-B处理组的损伤程度轻,说明低剂量的He-Ne激光可以部分修复增强UV-B辐射对微管骨架的损伤,且对微管的聚合有促进作用。     

增强UV-B辐射对小麦根尖细胞游离钙离子分布的影响

以小麦根尖为材料,利用低温装载法在根尖细胞中成功地装载了酯化形式的钙离子荧光指示剂fluo-3/AM,利用激光共聚焦显微技术检测了增强UV-B辐射后小麦根尖细胞内游离钙离子荧光强度的分布,并对胞质内游离钙离子浓度进行了测定.结果表明:(1)对照组小麦根尖细胞内钙离子荧光主要分布于细胞胞质周缘;而经UV-B辐射处理后,细胞内钙离子荧光不仅分布在胞质周缘,且在细胞壁与胞间隙可观察到大量钙离子荧光.(2)对单个细胞内钙离子荧光强度进行测定,发现UV-B处理使细胞胞质内游离钙离子浓度明显升高.     

增强UV-B辐照对小麦幼苗叶肉细胞内Ca2＋水平的研究

以小麦（Triticum aestivum）幼苗叶片为材料,利用提取原生质体方法在小麦幼苗叶肉细胞中成功地装载了钙离子荧光指示剂fluo-3/AM,采用激光共聚焦显微技术检测了增强UV-B辐射后小麦幼苗叶肉细胞内游离钙离子荧光强度的分布,并对[Ca2＋];进行了测定.结果显示,对照组细胞内钙离子荧光分布较均匀,主要分布于紧贴质膜处和核周围,UV-B辐射组钙离子荧光与对照组分布相似,但其原生质体表面不如对照组平滑;同时发现增强UV-B辐射组细胞内钙离子荧光强度值较对照组高,说明增强UV-B辐射组小麦幼苗叶肉细胞维持较高浓度的钙离子水平.这些变化表明Ca2＋信号有可能以一定的方式参与了小麦响应UV-B辐射胁迫的过程.     

Ran及其结合与调控蛋白在核膜装配过程中的调控作用

核膜在细胞周期中呈现高度的动态性：在细胞分裂的前中期,核膜崩解并分散到细胞质中;在细胞分裂的后期,核膜开始在染色体的表面重新装配,最终形成完整的核膜结构。近期的研究发现,Ran GTP酶、物质转运蛋白importinβ、内层核膜蛋白LBR（lamin B receptor）以及核孔复合体蛋白nucleoporins在核膜重建的过程中起关键性调控作用,并受到细胞周期调控因子p34cdc2激酶的调节。LBR是一个八次跨膜的膜蛋白,主要定位于内层核膜。在细胞分裂的早期,随着核膜崩解,LBR与核膜崩解而生成的小膜泡一起分散到细胞质中;在细胞分裂的后期,通过LBR与importinβ相互结合,含有LBR的膜泡被importinβ携带至染色质的表面参与核膜重建。目前已知p34cdc2激酶对LBR与importinβ介导的核膜重建起重要调控作用。Nucleoporins是核孔复合体主要组分。随核膜崩解,核孔复合体解聚成nucleoporins,分散到细胞质中,或结合到其他亚细胞成分上。细胞分裂后期,核孔复合体伴随核膜装配而组装。     

嗜热四膜虫Ran结合蛋白1的表达对大小核分裂的影响

Ran是细胞内的一种具有GTP酶活性的功能蛋白,可以调节染色体稳定性、细胞核组建以及核质运输等多种细胞进程．Ran结合蛋白1（Ran-binding protein 1, Rbp1p ）是Ran的必要调控因子,促进Ran-GTP水解为Ran-GDP．本研究从嗜热四膜虫大核基因组中鉴定出1个保守的Ran结合蛋白基因RBP1(TTHERM_00158040, http://www.ciliate.org)．实时荧光定量PCR表明,RBP1在四膜虫营养生长和有性生殖过程中都有表达,且在有性生殖过程中表达水平提高．免疫荧光定位表明,在营养 生长期Rbp1p定位于细胞质中．过表达RBP1或敲减RBP1后,细胞生长速率下降,大核的无丝分裂异常,细胞分裂末期产生了无大核的异常细胞,同时过表达RBP1导致了多小核的产生．结果表明,Rbp1p影响四膜虫细胞核的分裂进程,它的正常表达对细胞增殖过程起到重要的调节作用．     

增强UV-B辐射对小麦体细胞分裂的影响

采用增强紫外线B(UV B)辐射处理 ,对冬小麦细胞染色体畸变及分裂的影响进行了研究。结果表明 :10 0 8kJ·m-2 ·d-1增强的UV B能抑制小麦细胞的有丝分裂频率 ,产生落后染色体、染色体桥、游离染色体、核变形等畸变。其中落后染色体和游离染色体较普遍 ,分别占总畸变率的 32 8%和 2 6 6 %。并在UV B诱导的小麦根尖细胞中发现染色体在有丝分裂的后期到末期分成 3束、4束和 6束等异常分裂现象 ,将之称为体细胞染色体的“多束分裂”(Multi bundledivision)或“分束分裂”(Partition bundledivision)。它们大体分布在两极 ,但两极上染色体“束”数有可能不同 ,同一“束”上染色体的数量也不完全相等。“束”之间未见有细胞壁的形成 ,因而导致产生“多束体”。     

增强UV-B及He-Ne激光对小麦幼苗"翘根"现象的诱导与修复机制

采用He-Ne激光(5 mW.mm-2)辐照方法,对增强UV-B(10.08 kJ.m-2.d-1)辐射小麦‘93-4736’幼苗损伤进行修复研究。结果表明:增强UV-B辐射导致小麦根细胞有丝分裂减弱,降低根尖吲哚乙酸氧化酶活性,增加根弯曲部位H 外流,引起小麦“翘根”现象。而He-Ne激光辐照处理增强UV-B辐射后的小麦,可增加根尖吲哚乙酸氧化酶活性,减少根弯曲部位H 外流,减轻“翘根”现象的发生。说明增强UV-B辐射对小麦根尖生长素的影响是造成小麦“翘根”现象形成的重要原因之一,He-Ne激光对增强UV-B辐射造成的小麦“翘根”损伤有一定程度的修复作用。     

Ectogenesis and the case against the right to the death of the foetus

Ectogenesis, or the use of an artificial womb to allow a foetus to develop, will likely become a reality within a few decades, and could significantly affect the abortion debate. We first examine the implications for Judith Jarvis Thomson’s violinist analogy, which argues for a woman’s right to withdraw life support from the foetus and so terminate her pregnancy, even if the foetus is granted full moral status. We show that on Thomson’s reasoning, there is no right to the death of the foetus, and abortion is not permissible if ectogenesis is available, provided it is safe and inexpensive. This raises the question of whether there are persuasive reasons for the right to the death of the foetus that could be exercised in the context of ectogenesis. Eric Mathison and Jeremy Davis have examined several arguments for this right, doubting that it exists, while Joona Räsänen has recently criticized their reasoning. We respond to Räsänen’s analysis, concluding that his arguments are unsuccessful, and that there is no right to the death of the foetus in these circumstances.     

On the diversity of the Cladocera in the tropics

The mythical concept of an impoverished tropical cladoceran fauna is refuted. On a planetary scale, around half of the cladoceran species presently known occur exclusively in the tropics-subtropics, often with considerable restriction to particular geographical subzones. On a regional (political) scale, the situation is often unclear because of the continued fragmentary nature of studies, and because political units are not a good basis for biogeographical comparisons. At the finest level of resolution (lake-perlake comparisons), there appears to be an upper limit of c. 50 cladoceran species per individual lake. No significant difference between lakes in the temperate zone and in the tropics could be established here. Daphnia is largely absent from the tropics, but is replaced by more Sidids, Moinids, and Bosminids, such that the average cladoceran community in the limnetic zone of a tropical lake is not characterized by less species but rather by lower population densities. This, in turn, is considered a consequence of higher prevalent predation levels in the tropics.     

Tubular networks in the terminal endings of the visual receptor cells in the human,the monkey,the cat and the dog

Summary A tubular network was found in the terminal endings of the visual receptor cells in the human, the monkey (Macaca mulatta), the cat and the dog. These tubules are arranged in close groups in the vicinity of the synaptic lamellae and the invaginated dendrites. According to the form, diameter, density of the tubules and to the consistence of the network formed by them one can distinguish at these places an initial type (type I), a transitory (type II) and a vesicular one (type III). In the the type III branching, bizarre forms are frequent. The diameter of all the tubules reaches 500–600 Å, their density and walls being the same as in the synaptic vesicles.Similar networks also occur in the axons of the visual receptor cells of the monkey.

---

Zusammenfassung In den Endigungen der Photorezeptorzellen von Mensch, Affe (Macaca mulatta), Katze und Hund kommen aus Tubuli bestehende Komplexe vor. Organellenartig in geschlossenen Gruppen angeordnet, liegen sie in Nähe der synaptischen Lamellen und der invaginierten Dendriten. An diesen Stellen kann man nach Form, Durchmesser, Dichte und Konsistenz der von den Tubuli gebildeten Komplexe drei Typen unterscheiden: 1. einen initialen (Typus I), 2. einen Übergangstypus (Typus II) und 3. einen vesiculären Typus (Typus III). In letzterem kommen häufig verzweigte, bizarre Formen vor. Der Durchmesser sämtlicher Tubuli erreicht 500–600 Å. Ihre Dichte und ihre Wand gleicht denen der synaptischen Vesikel.Ähnliche Komplexe fanden wir auch in den Axonen der Photorezeptorzellen vom Affen.

     

Assessing the Physiological State of the Fucoids from the Barents Sea Littoral by the End of the Polar Night

Methods of amperometry and potentiometric titration were used to follow dark respiration (DR) and apparent photosynthesis (AP) in the fucoids Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jol, Fucus vesiculosus L., and F. serratus L. from the Barents Sea littoral by the end of the 40-day-long polar night. The macroalgae were shown to manifest species-specific low rates of photosynthesis and respiration. However, in spite of their low photosynthetic status due to the effects of subzero temperature and prolonged low or zero illumination, the macroalgae have been able to restore DR and AP to the initial level already by the day 9; the ability to restore AP depended on the level of illumination. The study of the changes in the carbonate–bicarbonate system in the light and darkness demonstrated that the macroalgae grown in darkness, in contrast to those grown in twilight, could absorb bicarbonate in darkness; however, they lost this capacity after two-day-long illumination at an irradiance of 7 mol/(m² s). Bicarbonate uptake in darkness and the capacity to restore the systems of photosynthesis and respiration in fucoid cells are discussed in the context of algal energy metabolism under the polar night conditions.     

Arranging the elements of the potassium channel: the T1 domain occludes the cytoplasmic face of the channel

The voltage-gated potassium channel is currently one of the few membrane proteins where functional roles have been mapped onto specific segments of sequence. Although high-resolution structures of the transmembrane portions of three bacterial potassium channels, the tetramerization domain and the cytoplasmic ball are available, their relative spatial arrangement in mammalian channels remains a matter of ongoing debate. Cryo-electron microscopic images of the six transmembrane voltage-gated Kv channel have been reconstructed at up to 18 Å resolution, revealing that the T1 domain tetramerizes and is suspended below the transmembrane segments. However, the resolution of these images is insufficient to reveal the location of the third piece of the puzzle, the inactivating ball domain. We have used the aberrant interactions observed in a series of chimæric channels to establish that an assembled T1 domain restricts access to the cytoplasmic face of the channel, suggesting that the N-terminal ball and chain may be confined in the space between the T1 domain and the transmembrane portion of the channel.     

Observations on the permeability of the choriocapillaris of the eye

Summary The choriocapillaris is a fenestrated capillary bed located posterior to the retinal pigment epithelium. It serves as the main source of supply to the photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium, and other cells of the outer retina. The permeability of these capillaries to intravenously injected ferritin (MW — approx. 480,000; mol. diam. 11 nm) was examined in the mouse, rabbit, and guinea pig, each of which is characterized by a different type of retinal vascularization. In all three species, the bulk of the ferritin remained in the capillary lumina, where it appeared to be blocked at the level of the diaphragmed fenestrae. Some ferritin was present in endothelial cell vacuoles. The results confirm previous work on the rat choriocapillaris and indicate that the barrier function of the choriocapillary endothelium is present even among species in which the retinal circulation differs significantly.Supported by NIH grant EY03418     

Separation of the pineal vesicle from the wall of the third ventricle during the post-hatching development of the chicken

Summary According to light- and electron-microscopic observations the pineal organ of the 3-day-old chicken consists of a prominent end vesicle and a tapering parenchymal stalk. During this stage the pineal lumen is in open communication with the third ventricle. However, in the 40-day-old chicken, which still possesses a well-developed end vesicle, the proximal portion of the pineal stalk displays regressive changes leading to local fragmentation. At this stage the pineal stalk is reduced, and the pineal lumen is missing. In 1-year-old chickens the parenchyma of the proximal portion of the stalk is further diminished, and in 3-year-old domestic fowl is completely displaced by bundles of collagenous fibers, only some nerve fibers being present. This post-hatching pineal development may reflect the sequence of changes leading from pineal sense organs to pineal glands.This work was supported by a grant-in-aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture of Japan