陕西及甘,宁部分地区豆科植物根瘤菌资源调查

通过对陕西全省及甘、宁部分地区豆科植物瘤菌资源进行调查,共采集到４４属１０９种豆科植物根瘤３８７份,其中蝶形花亚科中有９４．６％的植株能结瘤固氮,槐属和香槐属中的一些种及云实亚科中的云实和紫荆未见结瘤。对部分菌株的固氮酶活性进行了测定,自然瘤的固氮酶活性比回接瘤的固氮酶活性低。     

放线菌共生固氮的研究

Frankia属是能与非豆科植物共生结瘤固氮的放线菌。目前全球报道有8科24属230多个种的木本双子叶植物与Frankia菌共生结瘤固氮。这类植物统称放线菌结瘤植物。它分布广,适应性强,固氮能力强,是陆地生态系统中的重要供氮系统。70年代,在Bond[10]的倡导下,国际生物学规划IBP从1967至1976年间开展了全球性的双子叶植物结瘤资源调查。当时发现在非豆科木本植物中有8科13个属157个种有结瘤固氮作用,但因未获得内生菌的离体培养,研究进展缓慢,工作停留在资源调查阶段。1978年Callaham[11]从香蕉木中分离出内生菌,离体培养的成功,使共…     

青岛崂山的野生木本风景植物资源初探(摘要)

随着人类社会的不断发展,人们越来越注意对美的向往和追求。而野生木本风景植物是发展园林花卉的一个重要源泉。为此,笔者对青岛崂山的野生木本风景植物进行了长期、细致的研究。结果表明:崂山的野生木本风景植物有103种,隶属于30科54属。其中落叶灌木类最多,其次是落叶乔木、小乔木,林下还有少量的落叶木质藤本和蔓性灌木。在南崂太清宫附近及一些山谷避风处,混生有极少量常绿、半常绿乔木、灌木类型。本文研究了青岛崂山的部分野生木本风景植物的生物学特性、生态分布和经济用途。其中主要的野生木本风景植物有:榔榆Ｕｌｍｕｓｐａｒｖｉ…     

辽宁省豆科结瘤植物及其根瘤菌资源调查

豆科植物作为一种共生固氮植物 ,能与根瘤菌共生结瘤固定大气中的氮素 ,因此受到科学家的广泛关注 ,并对其开展了多方面的研究工作。在固氮机理 ,共生代谢及固氮菌遗传学方面都取得了重要的进展。但是 ,已经被研究的与根瘤菌具有共生关系的豆科植物还不足自然界中已知豆科植物种类的 0 5% [1 ] ,因此 ,豆科结瘤植物及其根瘤菌资源的调查研究工作更显得尤为重要。辽宁省是我国豆科植物种类较为丰富地区之一[2～6] ,而且均为我国主要的经济作物 ,如大豆、菜豆、豇豆、落花生等。多年来人们在不断地利用这些豆科植物资源造福于人类。但是 ,对…     

几种生态因素对西北干旱地区豆科植物结瘤固氮的影响

通过对西北干旱地区栽培和野生豆科植物不同环境条件固氮状况的调查表明,栽培豆科植物一般能自然结瘤,野生豆科植物种的结瘤率极低。根瘤颜色栽培植物多为粉红色,而野生植物多为白色、黄色或棕色。通过对水分、光照强度和温度等不同条件下根瘤ARA测定,表明根瘤固氮活性与生态条件关系密切,而土壤水分是限制根瘤固氮活性表达的主要因素。     

大叶相思(Acacia auriculae formis)和马占相思(Acacia mangium)固氮量的研究

木本豆科植物固氮量的研究在国外已受到重视,其固氮量为7—500公斤/公顷·年,因植物种类及其所处的环境条件而各有不同,在国内研究木本豆科植物固氮活性的报道较多,但固氮量的研究报告却少见,为此我们对大叶相思和马占相思的固氮量进行了试探性的调查研究。     

陇东子午岭林区野生有毒植物资源调查

经过三年的调查研究,首次报道了子午岭野生有毒维管植物66科127属170种.其中乔木10科 16属19种;灌木11科14属16种;木质藤本4科5属5种;多年生草本32科63属85种;一、二年生草本22科33属37科;草质藤本7科8属8种.并介绍了子午岭林区野生有毒植物的开发利用与保护建议.     

广东东部不同生活型植物热带植物区系属性的比较研究

通过对粤东种子植物生活型的调查和统计分析,将粤东2226种种子植物划分为6类生活型。各种木本生活型共有1198种,占53.8%;各种草本类型共有1028种植物,占46.2%。从各生活型的种的区系成分分析来看,该地各生活型热带性成分比例强弱的顺序是：乔木种〉木质藤本种〉灌木种〉陆生草本〉草质藤本〉水生草本。     

黑龙江省哈阿高速公路景观绿化植物种类调查与分析

对黑龙江省哈尔滨至阿城高速公路景观绿化植物组成进行了调查,该路段景观绿化植物共有27种,隶属于15科,25属。其中常绿乔木2种,落叶乔木2种,灌木12种,木质藤本1种,草本花卉6种,草坪及地被植物4种,且多数为落叶植物。对这些植物种类生长状况和物候特点所进行的调查为高速公路选择和推广绿化植物提供了理论依据。沿途野生草本植物的研究对减少经济投入和公路两旁绿化具有积极意义。     

河西走廊豆科植物结瘤固氮特性初步研究

对甘肃河西走产野生豆科植物结瘤及固氮状况进行了调查。栽培豆科植物均能自然结瘤,野生豆科植物结瘤率仅５０％。该地区豆科植物根瘤大多数圆形、棒状或指状,形状较为规则。栽培植物根瘤多为粉红色,而野生揿为白色、黄色或棕色。ＡＲＡ测定表明,２５．６％根瘤为无效根瘤。不同种不同地区根瘤固氮活性相差较大,一般活力都较低,乙炔还原活性小１μｍｏｌＣ２Ｈ４／ｇＦＷ．ｈ的占检测样品数的２９．９％,最高者信为２８．１９     

湖北星斗山地形变化对不同生活型植物叶功能性状的影响

探究地形变化对不同生活型植物叶功能性状的影响有助于深入理解森林群落物种组成的维持特征。该研究以湖北星斗山常绿落叶阔叶混交林为研究对象, 测量了50个样地中224种木本植物的叶面积、叶厚度、叶干质量、叶干物质含量和比叶面积, 运用单因素方差分析揭示了乔木、灌木和木质藤本的叶功能性状变异特征, 并采用偏曼特尔检验分别从群落水平和物种水平分析了地形变化对不同生活型木本植物叶功能性状的影响。研究发现: 不同生活型植物叶性状变异系数分布范围为23.42%-110.45%; 不同生活型之间的植物叶功能性状差异明显。群落水平上, 海拔与乔木叶干质量、灌木叶面积和木质藤本叶厚度显著正相关, 坡度仅对灌木和木质藤本比叶面积具有显著影响, 坡向与灌木叶厚度、叶干质量和比叶面积显著正相关。物种水平上, 海拔比坡度和坡向对植物叶功能性状影响更为显著, 且不同物种对地形变化的敏感度不一致; 在控制空间结构影响后, 地形因子对植物叶功能性状的影响降低。该研究结果表明, 不同生活型植物的叶功能性状对地形变化的响应格局不同, 这可能是星斗山常绿落叶阔叶混交林植物多样性的主要维持机制。     

Environmental effects on Neotropical liana species richness

Aim Lianas differ physiologically from trees, and therefore their species‐richness patterns and potential climate‐change responses might also differ. However, multivariate assessments of spatial patterns in liana species richness and their controls are lacking. Our aim in this paper is to identify the environmental factors that best explain the variation in liana species richness within tropical forests. Location Lowland and montane Neotropical forests. Methods We quantified the contributions of environmental variables and liana and tree‐and‐shrub abundance to the species richness of lianas, trees and shrubs ≥ 2.5 cm in diameter using a subset of 65 standardized (0.1 ha) plots from 57 Neotropical sites from a global dataset collected by the late Alwyn Gentry. We used both regression and structural equation modelling to account for the effects of environmental variables (climate, soil and disturbance) and liana density on liana species richness, and we compared the species‐richness patterns of lianas with those of trees and shrubs. Results We found that, after accounting for liana density, dry‐season length was the dominant predictor of liana species richness. In addition, liana species richness was also related to stand‐level wood density (a proxy for disturbance) in lowland forests, a pattern that has not hitherto been shown across such a large study region. Liana species richness had a weak association with soil properties, but the effect of soil may be obscured by the strong correlation between soil properties and climate. The diversity patterns of lianas and of trees and shrubs were congruent: wetter forests had a greater species richness of all woody plants. Main conclusions The primary association of both liana and tree‐and‐shrub species richness with water availability suggests that, if parts of the Neotropics become drier as a result of climate change, substantial declines in the species richness of woody plants at the stand level may be anticipated.     

Density‐dependent Survival in Seedlings Differs among Woody Life‐forms in Tropical Wet Forests of a Caribbean Island

Negative density dependence contributes to seedling dynamics in forested ecosystems, but the relative importance of this factor for different woody plant life‐forms is not well‐understood. We used 1 yr of seedling survivorship data for woody seedlings in 17 different plots of lower to mid‐montane rain forests on the island of Dominica to examine how seedling height, abiotic factors, and biotic factors such as negative density dependence are related to seedling survival of five different life‐forms (canopy, midstory, and understory trees; shrubs; and lianas). Across 64 species, taller seedlings in seedling plots with higher canopy openness, greater seedling density, lower relative abundance of conspecific seedlings, and lower relative abundance of conspecific adults generally had a greater probability of surviving. Height was the strongest predictor of seedling survival for all life‐forms except lianas. Greater seedling density was positively related to survival for canopy and midstory trees but negatively related to survival for the other life‐forms. For trees, the relative abundance of conspecific seedling and adult neighbors had weak and strong negative effects on survival respectively. Neither shrub nor liana seedling survival was affected by the relative abundance of conspecific neighbors. Thus, negative density dependence is confirmed as an important structuring mechanism for tree seedling communities but does not seem to be important for lianas and shrubs in Dominican rain forests. These results represent the first direct assessment of controls on seedling survival of all woody life‐forms – an important step in understanding the dynamics and structure of the entire woody plant community.     

哀牢山中山湿性常绿阔叶林木质藤本对边缘效应的响应

全球范围内森林片断化现象日益严重。与其他木本植物(乔木和灌木)相比, 木质藤本更趋向于分布在片断化森林的边缘, 因而了解木质藤本对边缘效应的响应对于进一步了解其对森林动态的影响极其必要。本文对哀牢山中山湿性常绿阔叶林林缘到林内环境梯度上木质藤本的变化进行了调查。在形成年龄分别为13年、35年和53年的3种类型的林缘, 设置从林缘向林内连续延伸的长方形样地(20 m × 50 m)各10个(总面积3 ha), 每个样地再划分为5个20 m × 10 m的样方。在每个样方内对胸径≥ 0.2 cm且长度≥ 2.0 m的木质藤本进行了每木调查。在3 ha的林缘样地中共记录到木质藤本植物2,426株, 隶属于14科19属31种。木质藤本的物种丰富度和多度均随距林缘距离的增加而降低, 边缘效应深度在35年林缘的边缘为30 m, 13和53年林缘的边缘则为20 m; 它们的胸高断面积在53年林缘的边缘效应深度为20 m, 但在13和35年林缘的不同距离上差异不显著。木质藤本对边缘效应的响应在物种水平上存在显著差异, 主要呈现正向和中性的响应格局, 包括只分布于林缘的物种, 和从林缘到林内环境梯度上密度逐渐降低的物种; 也有对边缘效应不敏感的物种。典范对应分析(CCA)表明, 林冠开度、边缘形成年龄和土壤水分是决定木质藤本在片断化森林边缘分布的重要影响因子。     

鼎湖山生物圈保护区层间植物物种多样性的研究

本文研究了鼎湖山生物圈保护区的层间植物（含藤本植物和附生、寄生维管植物）的特点及其在8个自然植被类型的分布格局。结果表明,低海拔的河岸林和沟谷雨林中的层间植物不仅物种数和个体数多,而且多样性指数高。反映了层间植物与环境湿度呈正相关。季风常绿阔叶林中的藤本植物的种类和个体数最少,而且多样性指数最低,这与其郁闭度较大导致林下光照强度弱有关。就演替系列而言,附生植物物种多样性的顺序为：季风常绿阔叶林＞针阔混交林＞针叶林＞稀树灌丛。但藤本植物多样性指数的顺序排列为：稀树灌丛＞针叶林＞针阔混交林＞季风常绿阔叶林。在没有人类干扰的条件下,随着群落演替的进行,藤本植物的物种多样性逐渐减少。因此在某些地区,可以将藤本植物物种多样性的高低作为衡量森林演替阶段的一个指标。     

Contrasting leaf characteristics of trees and lianas in secondary and mature forests in southwestern China

We compared variation in sun-canopy leaf anatomy, morphology and photosynthetic rates of coexisting woody species (trees and lianas) in an 8-year-old secondary forest (SF) and mature forest (MF) in the wet season in Xishuangbanna, SW China. Variability of leaf traits of 66 species within growth-form groups in each forest was quantified using coefficients of variation (CV). For the mean values, the woody species in the SF had significantly higher leaf thickness and stomatal density, but lower nonmesophyll/mesophyll ratios than those in the MF. The average leaf area and leaf mass area (LMA) in the studied woody species did not change greatly during the successional process, but differed significantly between the growth forms, with trees having higher values than lianas. The light-saturated photosynthetic rate per unit leaf area (A _a) of the woody species in the SF ranged from 11.2 to 34.5 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹, similarly to pioneer tree species from literature data in southeast Asia. The A _a and photosynthetic nitrogen-use efficiency (PNUE) were significantly higher than those in the MF; whereas A _a in the MF ranged between 9 to 21 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹, with similar values between lianas and trees. For all woody species in both SF and MF, there were no significant differences in the average values of the CV of all measured variables for both lianas and trees. However, considerable variation in leaf anatomy, morphology, and photosynthetic rates within both growth forms and forests existed, as well as substantial variation in leaf size and stomatal density. We concluded that the tropical woody species formed a heterogeneous functional group in terms of leaf morphology and physiology in both secondary and mature forests.     

Evolutionary history and climate conditions constrain the flower colours of woody plants in China

进化历史和气候条件共同影响中国木本植物花色的分布 本研究以中国木本植物为研究对象,主要探讨两个问题：(1)不同生活型物种花色组成的差异;(2)生物地理区、进化年龄和气候条件对不同花色地理分布格局的影响。研究使用7673种木本植物的物种分布数据和花色信息(分为白色、红色、黄色、黄绿色、绿色和蓝紫色),并结合属级系统进化树来比较不同生活型(包括灌木、乔木和藤本)物种花色组成的差异,分析不同生物地理区、进化年龄和现代气候对花色地理格局的影响。研究结果表明,与乔木和藤本植物相比,灌木具有更高比例 的由花青素着色的红色花和蓝紫色花物种。中国木本植物的花色地理格局受到区域效应和现代气候(尤其是降水和UVB辐射)的共同影响。倾向于蜂媒传粉的黄色花和蓝紫色花物种和由花青素着色、耐环境胁迫的红色花和蓝紫色花物种比例在中国西北部地区更高。绿色花物种的进化起源更早,但进化时间对花色地理格局的解释力很弱。这些结果说明中国木本植物花色的地理格局受到进化历史和现代环境的共同影响。     

Liana Abundance,Diversity, and Distribution on Barro Colorado Island,Panama

Lianas are a key component of tropical forests; however, most surveys are too small to accurately quantify liana community composition, diversity, abundance, and spatial distribution – critical components for measuring the contribution of lianas to forest processes. In 2007, we tagged, mapped, measured the diameter, and identified all lianas ≥1 cm rooted in a 50-ha plot on Barro Colorado Island, Panama (BCI). We calculated liana density, basal area, and species richness for both independently rooted lianas and all rooted liana stems (genets plus clones). We compared spatial aggregation patterns of liana and tree species, and among liana species that varied in the amount of clonal reproduction. We also tested whether liana and tree densities have increased on BCI compared to surveys conducted 30-years earlier. This study represents the most comprehensive spatially contiguous sampling of lianas ever conducted and, over the 50 ha area, we found 67,447 rooted liana stems comprising 162 species. Rooted lianas composed nearly 25% of the woody stems (trees and lianas), 35% of woody species richness, and 3% of woody basal area. Lianas were spatially aggregated within the 50-ha plot and the liana species with the highest proportion of clonal stems more spatially aggregated than the least clonal species, possibly indicating clonal stem recruitment following canopy disturbance. Over the past 30 years, liana density increased by 75% for stems ≥1 cm diameter and nearly 140% for stems ≥5 cm diameter, while tree density on BCI decreased 11.5%; a finding consistent with other neotropical forests. Our data confirm that lianas contribute substantially to tropical forest stem density and diversity, they have highly clumped distributions that appear to be driven by clonal stem recruitment into treefall gaps, and they are increasing relative to trees, thus indicating that lianas will play a greater role in the future dynamics of BCI and other neotropical forests.     

Species-area relationship at different succession stages of monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest in south subtropical area of Yunnan Province

Based on the investigation data of monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest at its different succession stages (primary, CP; 15 years of succession, CF; and 30 years of succession, CT) in Pu' er of Yunnan Province, this paper studied the species-area relationship of this forest at each succession stage. It was found that in the communities at each succession stage, the number of total species, trees, shrubs, and lianas had a significant correlation with sampling area, with the area explained over 94% of the total variation. The Z value of the total species (0.334) and trees (0.394) was the lowest at CT, whereas that of shrubs (0.437) and lianas (0.326) was the lowest at CF. No significant differences were observed in the intercepts of the species-area curve of total species, trees, shrubs, and lianas among different succession stages, but the coefficient of determination (R2) of the species-area curve of total species and lianas was the highest at CP. The richness of trees and shrubs at CF explained 99.9% of the variance of Z value, but the richness of total species, trees, shrubs, and lianas at CP and CT had no significant correlations with the Z value.     

Liana community and functional trait analysis in tropical dry evergreen forest of India

Aim Lianas are abundant and diverse throughout the world and constitute an important structural and functional component of tropical forests. This study aims to investigate liana diversity, abundance and their functional traits in Indian tropical dry evergreen forest (TDEF).Methods A total of ten 1-ha plots, one each in 10 Indian TDEF sites were demarcated. Each 1-ha plot was divided into one-hundred 10- × 10-m quadrats to facilitate woody species inventory. All lianas ≥1cm diameter measured at 130cm from the rooting point and all trees ≥10-cm girth at breast height (gbh) were recorded from the study sites to analyze the patterns of liana diversity and abundance and also to compare the contribution of lianas to the total woody species richness, density and basal area. Liana variables across the study sites were compared using one-way analysis of variance. The qualitative functional traits of inventoried lianas and trees were assessed on the field and referring to pertinent field manuals.Important findings A total of 9237 liana individuals (ranged from 408–1658 individuals ha^-1) representing 52 species, 45 genera and 28 families were encountered from the 10 study sites. Liana species richness ranged from 11–31 species ha^-1 in 10 sites, which averaged 23.4 (±5.7) species ha^-1. The total basal area of lianas in the study sites was 7. 3 m 2 (0.20–1.76 m 2 ha^-1). There was a significant variation in liana species richness, density and basal area across the studied sites. On the whole, lianas contributed 52%, 49.3% and 4.1% to the total woody species (lianas and trees) richness, density and basal area, respectively. Liana trait analysis revealed the majority (50%) of lianas belonged to brevi-deciduous type. Stem twining was the chief climbing mechanism, exhibited by 21 species (52.6% of total abundance). More than half of the liana species (34 species; 6925 individuals) had microphyllous leaves. Fleshy-fruited lianas mostly bearing berries and drupes constituted the major fruit type in the studied sites. Zoochory was the predominant dispersal mode observed in 63.4% of species. Considering the ecological and functional role of lianas in Indian TDEF, the need for conservation is emphasized.