小鼠不同泌乳期乳腺脂肪合成相关基因的mRNA表达

为了研究小鼠不同泌乳期乳脂肪合成相关基因的表达规律,文章采用荧光定量PCR检测了小鼠乳腺中与脂肪合成和分泌相关20个基因的mRNA相对表达丰度和表达差异。结果表明,在乳腺中脂蛋白脂酶(LPL)、乙酰辅酶A羧化酶(ACACA)、硬脂酰辅酶A去饱和酶(SCD)、黄嘌呤脱氢酶(XDH)、嗜乳脂蛋白(BTN)、脂肪酸分化蛋白(ADFP)基因都具有高mRNA表达丰度(表达丰度>5%),脂肪酸转运体(CD36)、脂肪酸合成酶(FASN)、1-酰基甘油磷酸酰基转移酶(AGPAT6)和甘油酰基转移酶(DGAT)基因具有中等mRNA表达丰度(5%>表达丰度>1%),与妊娠期乳腺基因的mRNA表达相比,在泌乳期这些基因的mRNA表达均有显著上调(P<0.05),并且ACACA、SCD、FASN、AGPAT6和DGAT等脂肪合成酶基因的表达在泌乳中期(12 d)最高,而在泌乳初期(6 d)和泌乳末期(18 d)较低,呈现低-高-低的表达模式。转录因子固醇调节元件结合蛋白(SREBF)基因在泌乳开始时mRNA表达增加,在泌乳中期(12 d)表达有10倍上调,其变化规律与脂肪合成酶基因的表达模式相同,说明SREBF基因在小鼠乳腺脂肪合成酶基因的表达调控中发挥重要调节作用。     

哺乳动物DGAT基因及其生物学功能研究进展

二酰基甘油酰基转移酶(DGAT, EC2.3.1.20)是一种微粒体酶, 与脂肪代谢、脂类在组织中的沉积有很大关系, 它的主要作用机制是使二酰甘油加上脂肪酸酰基形成三酰甘油。DGAT在细胞甘油代谢中起根本性的作用, 并在高等真核生物甘油三酯代谢途径如肠脂肪吸收、脂蛋白集合、脂肪形成和泌乳中发挥着重要的功能, 提示DGAT不仅是调控甘油三酯与脂肪酸之间的关键因子, 而且可能在动物脂肪沉积中起着关键的调控作用。     

二酰基甘油酰转移酶与肥胖研究新进展

甘油三酯(TG)是真核细胞中最重要的能量储存形式,尽管它是正常生理所必需,但过量堆积,就会导致肥胖.因此抑制TG的合成可能改善肥胖以及与之相关的症状.脂酰辅酶A:二酰基甘油酰转移酶(DGAT)是以甘油二酯和脂酰辅酶A为底物,催化甘油三酯合成途径的最后一步反应的关键酶.DGAT1基因敲除(Dgat1-/-)小鼠对肥胖有抵抗力,并且增加了对胰岛素和瘦素的敏感性,这种小鼠对饮食诱导的脂肪肝也有抵抗力.此外,DGAT1的缺乏影响脂肪源性因子的表达和分泌,从而调节能量和葡萄糖的代谢.这些研究提示DGAT1有望成为治疗肥胖和2-型糖尿病的新靶点.     

大鼠前体脂肪细胞分化过程中6种基因的表达时序研究

本实验分离培养SD大鼠前体脂肪细胞,以油红O染色计数法区分分化的不同阶段,采用半定量RT-PCR法检测脂肪细胞分化过程中转录因子固醇调控元件结合蛋白(sterol regulatory element binding protein,SREBP-1c)、碳水化合物反应元件结合蛋白(carbohydrate responsive element binding protein,ChREBP)以及脂肪酸合成酶(fatty acid synthase,FAS)、乙酰辅酶A羧化酶(acetyl-CoA carboxylase,ACC1)、硬酯酰辅酶A去饱和酶(stearoyl-CoA desaturase,SCD)和激素敏感脂酶(hormone sensitive lipase,HSL)基因mRNA表达水平的变化。结果表明,上述基因在前体脂肪细胞阶段均不表达,SREBP-1c、FAS在分化初期表达,SREBP-1c、ChREBP、HSL、FAS、SCD在分化中期表达,6种基因在终末分化阶段均有表达。     

植物二酰甘油酰基转移酶基因(DGAT)研究进展

三酰甘油(TAG)是油料作物最主要的储藏脂类,二酰甘油酰基转移酶(DGAT,EC2.3.1.20)是TAG合成途径的限速酶,其主要作用是催化二酰甘油加上酰基脂肪酸形成三酰甘油.在植物中已发现了3种不同类型的DGAT基因,分别为DGAT1、DGAT2和DGAT3.该文对近年来国内外有关植物DGAT相关基因及其蛋白分类、定位、结构及其在脂肪酸合成、种子发育与萌发、幼苗发育、叶片新陈代谢等过程中的作用等研究进展进行综述.为提高油料作物种子油含量以及特定脂肪酸积累提供理论参考.     

小鼠乳腺泌乳过程中葡萄糖转运载体mRNA的表达规律研究

实验采用荧光定量PCR方法研究了小鼠在妊娠和泌乳过程中葡萄糖转运载体SLC2A1、SLC2A4与SLC5A1 mRNA的表达规律.结果表明与妊娠期相比,SLC2A1在泌乳期的表达量上调,泌乳18 d是妊娠18 d表达量的11倍（P〈0.01）;SLC2A4的表达在妊娠和泌乳期无显著差异;SLCSA1的表达量从妊娠至泌乳期呈上升趋势,泌乳18 d是妊娠18 d表达量的2.5倍（P〈0.01）.SLC2A1是小鼠乳腺泌乳时主要的葡萄糖转运载体,SLCSA1在乳腺葡萄糖的转运过程中也发挥重要作用.     

山羊SREBP-1基因的超表达对脂肪酸代谢相关基因表达的影响

本研究旨在通过构建西农萨能羊固醇调节元件结合蛋白-1(SREBP-1)基因的重组腺病毒超表达载体,获得有感染性的病毒颗粒,并检测该基因过表达后对乳腺上皮细胞中脂肪酸代谢相关基因的影响,为进一步研究该基因在脂肪酸代谢及泌乳调控中的功能奠定基础。根据GenBank中收录的西农萨能羊SREBP-1基因的序列设计引物,PCR扩增后进行测序。将测序正确的目的基因连接到穿梭载体pAdTrack-CMV后并进行线性化,转化含有腺病毒骨架载体pAdEasy-1的大肠杆菌Escherichia coli BJ5183感受态细胞中进行同源重组,将重组成功的质粒进行PacⅠ酶线性化,转染HEK 293细胞进行重组腺病毒的包装、扩繁及滴度测定。病毒液感染原代乳腺上皮细胞,实时荧光定量检测SREBP-1超表达效果及对脂肪酸代谢相关基因的影响。结果表明:重组腺病毒质粒构建成功,腺病毒滴度为109U/mL。病毒液感染乳腺上皮细胞48 h后,SREBP-1基因表达量上升大约15倍,72 h后,表达量上调了30倍;对脂肪酸代谢相关基因的影响在72 h较为明显,其中,脂肪酸合酶(FASN)及酰基辅酶A羧化酶(ACC)均显著上调了大约两倍,过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体(PPARγ)上调了大约1.5倍,肝素X受体(LXRα)及甘油三酯水解酶(ATGL)表达量升高了1.2倍;其中硬脂酰辅酶A去饱和酶(SCD)表达水平无明显变化。表明在西农萨能羊乳腺上皮细胞中,SREBP-1能够促进脂肪酸合成相关基因的表达,对山羊乳腺脂肪酸代谢具有调控作用。     

新型可再生工业用油脂的代谢工程

植物种子油是一种可再生资源,亦用作生物燃油和化学工业原料. 一些野生植物能高水平合成积累羟化、环氧化和共轭脂肪酸等具有重要工业应用价值的特异脂肪酸.催化这些特异脂肪酸合成的酶主要是类脂肪酸去胞和酶2(类FAD2). 由特异脂肪酸合成到三酰基甘油脂 (TAG) 形成还需要酰基转移酶 (如DGAT) 的参与. 在油料作物种子中表达类FAD2酶及其相关基因(如DGAT),已培育出了能合成积累一定含量特异脂肪酸的工程油料品系,为基于农作物生产高附加值工业用油脂开辟了新途径. 本文论述了参与特异脂肪酸生物合成途径的关键酶基因、油料作物代谢工程策略,以及应用工程油料作物大规模生产重要工业用脂肪酸的研究进展、存在问题和应用前景等.     

脑特异脂肪酸活化酶的克隆

东北大学基因实验室助教授山本德男小组克隆了特异存在于小鼠脑内、控制脂肪酸代谢和脂质生物合成的脂肪酸活化酶的cDNA.大脑干重的48%以上由脂质构成,是弄清脑脂质合成和代谢的最关键的物质. 脂肪酸活化酶(酰基CoA合成酶)是由脂肪酸和ATP、辅酶A(CoA)合成脂肪酸CoA的酶.脂肪酸被活化,转化成脂肪酸CoA之后,才能作为脂肪酸β氧化反应的能量以及乙酰基CoA的合成反应和中性脂肪、磷脂质、胆固醇酯等合成脂质的底物.由此看来,脂肪酸活化酶是一种重要的特异性酶.     

不同泌乳期奶山羊乳腺OPN基因表达及其对MCF-7细胞生长的影响

为了研究骨桥蛋白基因(OPN)在奶山羊(Capra hircus)乳腺组织不同泌乳期的变化规律及其功能, 采用SYBR Green染料建立该基因的实时荧光定量PCR(QPCR)分析方法, 以b-actin基因为内参, 对该基因在乳腺组织泌乳28 d、60 d、100 d、190 d、270 d和330 d的mRNA表达水平进行检测; 同时将该基因片段克隆到真核表达载体pcDNA3.1, 构建重组质粒pcDNA3.1-OPN, 所获重组质粒经过酶切和测序鉴定后, 转染MCF-7细胞, 采用MTT(四唑盐, 3-(4, 5)-dimethylthiahiazo (-z-y1)-3, 5-di-phenytetrazoliumromid)法检测OPN对MCF-7细胞的增殖差异, 结果表明: OPN基因在泌乳初期(28 d)和泌乳后期(190 d)表达水平较高, 干奶期最低, 其表达水平总体呈现高-低-高-低的变化模式。MTT实验表明转染OPN基因的MCF-7细胞较未转染基因组细胞的生长具有显著差异(P<0.05), 说明OPN的表达具有促进MCF-7细胞生长的作用。     

Feeding a High Concentrate Diet Down-Regulates Expression of ACACA,LPL and SCD and Modifies Milk Composition in Lactating Goats

High concentrate diets are fed to early and mid-lactation stages dairy ruminants to meet the energy demands for high milk production in modern milk industry. The present study evaluated the effects of a high concentrate diet on milk fat and milk composition, especially, cis-9, trans-11 CLA content in milk and gene expression of lactating goats. Eight mid-lactating goats with rumen fistula were randomly assigned into a high concentrate diet (HCD) group and low concentrate diet (LCD) group. High concentrate diet feeding significantly increased lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in plasma and decreased milk fat content, vaccenic acid (VA) and cis-9, trans-11 CLA in milk of the lactating goats. The mRNA expression levels of sterol regulatory element binding protein B 1c (SREBP1c), lipoprotein lipase (LPL), fatty acid synthetase (FASN) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase α (ACACA, ACCα) involving in lipid metabolism were analyzed, and ACACA and LPL all decreased in their expression level in the mammary glands of goats fed a high concentrate diet. DNA methylation rate of stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) was elevated and decreased, and SCD mRNA and protein expression was reduced significantly in the mammary glands of goats fed a high concentrate diet. In conclusion, feeding a high concentrate diet to lactating goats decreases milk fat and reduced expression of SCD in the mammary gland, which finally induced cis-9, trans-11 CLA content in milk.     

Thyroid hormone responsive protein Spot14 enhances catalysis of fatty acid synthase in lactating mammary epithelium

Thyroid hormone responsive protein Spot 14 has been consistently associated with de novo fatty acid synthesis activity in multiple tissues, including the lactating mammary gland, which synthesizes large quantities of medium chain fatty acids (MCFAs) exclusively via FASN. However, the molecular function of Spot14 remains undefined during lactation. Spot14-null mice produce milk deficient in total triglyceride and de novo MCFA that does not sustain optimal neonatal growth. The lactation defect was rescued by provision of a high fat diet to the lactating dam. Transgenic mice overexpressing Spot14 in mammary epithelium produced total milk fat equivalent to controls, but with significantly greater MCFA. Spot14-null dams have no diminution of metabolic gene expression, enzyme protein levels, or intermediate metabolites that accounts for impaired de novo MCFA. When [¹³C] fatty acid products were quantified in vitro using crude cytosolic lysates, native FASN activity was 1.6-fold greater in control relative to Spot14-null lysates, and add back of Spot14 partially restored activity. Recombinant FASN catalysis increased 1.4-fold and C = 14:0 yield was enhanced 4-fold in vitro following addition of Spot14. These findings implicate Spot14 as a direct protein enhancer of FASN catalysis in the mammary gland during lactation when maximal MCFA production is needed.     

Dietary fat source affects metabolism of fatty acids in pigs as evaluated by altered expression of lipogenic genes in liver and adipose tissues

Little is known about pig gene expressions related to dietary fatty acids (FAs) and most work have been conducted in rodents. The aim of this study was to investigate how dietary fats regulate fat metabolism of pigs in different tissues. Fifty-six crossbred gilts (62 ± 5.2 kg BW) were fed one of seven dietary treatments (eight animals per treatment): a semi-synthetic diet containing a very low level of fat (no fat (NF)) and six fat-supplemented diets (ca. 10%) based on barley and soybean meal. The supplemental fat sources were tallow (T), high-oleic sunflower oil (HOSF), sunflower oil (SFO), linseed oil (LO), blend (FB) (55% T, 35% SFO and 10% LO) and fish oil (FO) blend (40% FO and 60% LO). Pigs were slaughtered at 100 kg BW and autopsies from liver, adipose tissue and muscle semimembranousus were collected for qPCR. The messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) abundances of genes related to lipogenesis were modified due to dietary treatments in both liver (sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 (SREBP-1), acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACACA) and stearoyl CoA desaturase (SCD)) and adipose tissue (fatty acid synthase (FASN), ACACA and SCD), but were not affected in semimembranousus muscle. In the liver, the mRNA abundances of genes encoding lipogenic enzymes were highest in pigs fed HOSF and lowest in pigs fed FO. In adipose tissue, the mRNA abundances were highest in pigs fed the NF diet and lowest in pigs fed T. The study demonstrated that dietary FAs stimulate lipogenic enzyme gene expression differently in liver, fat and muscles tissues.     

Non-coordinate expression of closely linked mouse casein genes

Expression levels of five mouse casein genes were analysed in the mammary gland of virgin, pregnant and lactating mice. We have already shown that the five murine casein genes are arranged in the order, alpha-beta-gamma-epsilon-kappa in a tandem array, very close to each other in a 250 kb DNA fragment of mouse genome. Northern blot analysis showed that, of the calcium-sensitive casein genes, the epsilon casein gene is expressed only during lactation unlike the alpha, beta and gamma casein genes which are expressed during pregnancy and lactation. Even though the alpha, beta and gamma genes exhibited a co-ordinated expression pattern from mid to the later stages of pregnancy, the mRNA levels varied considerably (60, 90 and 100% respectively) by the onset of lactation. The mRNA level of the calcium-insensitive kappa casein gene increased from mid-pregnancy but at a lower rate and reached approximately 60% by the first day of lactation. Considering the locations and closeness of the casein genes, a non-coordinate expression profile is exhibited by the mouse casein genes, particularly the epsilon casein gene.