低钾条件下水稻的光合特性

水稻5叶期,用低钾(1ppm)处理使净光合率和气孔导度明显下降,虽然单位叶面积的叶绿素含量差异不大,但离体叶绿体的光合磷酸化和电子传递活力明显降低。外源钾可分别提高两种钾处理的水稻离体叶绿体的电子传递活力。初步认为低钾使PSⅠ、PSⅡ及其氧化还原两侧的活力下降。     

光合产物水平与光合机构运转关系的探讨

在作了增加或减少光合产物含量的处理之后测定了菠菜叶片的净光合作用速率及其离体叶绿体的希尔反应、光合磷酸化与碳固定活力和叶片的蔗糖、淀粉含量。 光合产物的短期(6小时)积累对叶片的净光合作用速率和离体叶绿体的 CO_2固定没有明显影响。但是,处理叶片离体叶绿体的光合磷酸化活力往往稍低于对照。光合产物的较长期(3～5天)积累引起叶片净光合作用速率、离休叶绿体的希尔反应、光合磷酸化和碳固定活力的明显下降,而处理叶片的呼吸速率比对照增加二倍多。由遮阴而引起光合产物亏缺后,叶片净光合作用速率和离体叶绿体希尔反应、光合磷酸化活力也下降。在遮阴时将离体叶片的叶柄插在0.1M的蔗糖溶液中,其后来的净光合作用速率比叶柄插在水中的对照提高20％之多。 叶片光合产物含量与净光合作用速率之间的关系,可以用一条钟罩形的曲线来表示。当光合产物含量远低于或高于一个最适值时,光合产物水平与净光合速率之间分别有正相关或负相关;而当光合产物含量处于这个最适值附近的一定范围内时,似乎没有仟么明显的相关。这种曲线可以解释其他作者获得的许多相互矛盾的结果。     

银杏叶片叶绿体光能转换特性的变化

要以5年生雌、雄银杏为材料,研究了自然生长条件下银杏叶绿体光能转换特性的动态变化规律。结果表明：连体叶片的净光合速率在叶片生长40d达到最大值;随着叶片的展开,叶片叶绿素含量逐渐上升;叶绿体ATP含量伴随着光合磷酸化活力变化在叶片生长初期含量逐渐上升,叶片生长65d时最大;Mg^2＋、Ca^2＋-ATPase活力在叶片生长初期逐渐下降,生长50d后开始逐渐上升。实验结果也显示雌、雄银杏叶绿体光能转换能力比较相似,没有较大差异。     

叶片预照光对光合磷酸化和电子传递偶联效率的促进作用

菠菜叶片经预照光处理后提取的叶绿体,不但光合磷酸化活力增加,而且偶联效率P/O也提高,其提高P/O的作用与多粘菌素的作用不能叠加,叶片预照光可能通过使偶联因子产生漏能减少的变构而提高p/O的。用两阶段光合磷酸化法测得叶片预照光,在促进光合磷酸化时也能促进高能态积累。用CF_1抗体,NEM和五羟黄酮等处理叶绿体的研究表明,叶片预照光引起CF_1的构象变化——γ,亚单位上的SH基内埋而α.β亚单位上的催化中心却更加暴露。活体中的P/O值也许会比一般离体的高。     

银杏叶片叶绿体光能转换特性的变化

以5年生雌、雄银杏为材料,研究了自然生长条件下银杏叶绿体光能转换特性的动态变化规律。结果表明：连体叶片的净光合速率在叶片生长40 d达到最大值;随着叶片的展开,叶片叶绿素含量逐渐上升;叶绿体ATP含量伴随着光合磷酸化活力变化在叶片生长初期含量逐渐上升,叶片生长65 d时最大;Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺ ATPase活力在叶片生长初期逐渐下降,生长50 d后开始逐渐上升。实验结果也显示雌、雄银杏叶绿体光能转换能力比较相似,没有较大差异。     

钾肥对灌浆期冬小麦群体内叶片光合特性的影响

通过在连续6年施钾与不施钾处理的试验区内,对冬小麦(Triticum aestivum)灌浆期群体内旗叶叶片光合特性的研究表明,施用钾肥时,最大净光合速率(Pmax)增加,光饱和点(LSP)和光补偿点(LCP)提高,表观量子效率(α)降低,表观暗呼吸速率(Rd)略有上升;施钾与不施钾处理的净光合速率(Pn)日变化,晴天和阴天均呈单峰曲线,晴天午前与午后及阴天各时刻的瞬间净光合速率(Pn)下降的主要原因是“气孔因素”,而晴天中午前后则更主要是由于“非气孔因素”作用.     

钾肥对灌桨期冬小麦群体内叶片光合特性的影响

通过在连续6年施钾与不施钾处理的试验区内,对冬小麦(Triticum aestivum)灌浆期群体内旗叶叶片光合特性的研究表明,施用钾肥时,最大净光合速率(Pmax)增加,光饱和点(LSP)和光补偿点(LcP)提高,表观量子效率(α)降低,表观暗呼吸速率(Rd)略有上升;施钾与不施钾处理的净光合速率(Pn)日变化,晴天和阴天均呈单峰曲线,晴天午前与午后及阴天各时刻的瞬间净光合速率(Pn)下降的主要原因是“气孔因素”,而晴天中午前后则更主要是由于“非气孔因素”作用。     

光合磷酸化偶联机制研究——Ⅷ、6-苄氨基嘌呤对光合磷酸化的促进作用

在反应介质pH 7.2条件下,观察到6-BA处理叶绿体后,能促进循环(+PMS)和非循环(+FeCy或MV)的光合磷酸化反应,提高叶绿体的偶联程度,增加P/e_2比值。此促进现象与叶片的生理状态密切有关。在对光合磷酸化有促进作用的情况下,6-BA可改善类囊体的能化状态,增加高能态的积累。对光激活的叶绿体膜上Mg~(2+)-ATP酶和偶联因子热活化的ATP酶活力均表现出促进作用。6-BA的作用部位可能与膜上的偶联因子有关。     

叶绿体atpE基因表达产物的生化特性

在细菌中表达的叶绿体ａｔｐＥ基因产物ε亚基蛋白对不同方式激活的叶绿体ＡＴ－Ｐａｓｅ均有抑制作用,而其抗血清则促进ＡＴ－Ｐａｓｅ活力。Ｅ．ｃｏｌｉ中表达的ε亚基蛋白在光合磷酸化反应中对循环和非循环光合磷酸化都有促进作用,其抗血清对循环光合磷酸化有抑制作用,而对非循环光合磷酸化则起促进作用。     

氮素水平对马铃薯全生育期光合特性及产量的影响

为了研究施氮量对马铃薯全生育期光合特性及产量的影响,在田间试验条件下,以延薯四号作为供试材料,设置4个施氮水平CK(不施氮)、N1(低氮)、N2(中氮)、N3(高氮),在马铃薯全生育期进行了叶面积指数、功能叶片的净光合速率、胞间CO_2浓度、气孔导度及SPAD等相关指标的测定。研究结果表明,本试验条件下,合理施氮有助于提高马铃薯叶片的光合性能。在一定范围内,随着施氮量的增加,叶面积指数、SPAD值、生物产量显著增加;全生育期马铃薯SPAD值与产量呈极显著正相关;马铃薯生育前期,叶面积指数与产量呈极显著正相关;块茎膨大后期,光合速率与产量呈极显著正相关。本试验条件下,施氮量为N2(纯氮150 kg/hm2)时经济产量最高。     

Influence of Potassium Deficiency on Photosynthesis,Chlorophyll Content,and Chloroplast Ultrastructure of Cotton Plants

In cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) grown in controlled-environment growth chamber the effects of K deficiency during floral bud development on leaf photosynthesis, contents of chlorophyll (Chl) and nonstructural saccharides, leaf anatomy, chloroplast ultrastructure, and plant dry matter accumulation were studied. After cotton plants received 35-d K-free nutrient solution at the early square stage, net photosynthetic rate (P _N) of the uppermost fully expanded main-stem leaves was only 23 % of the control plants receiving a full K supply. Decreased leaf P _N of K-deficient cotton was mainly associated with dramatically low Chl content, poor chloroplast ultrastructure, and restricted saccharide translocation, rather than limited stomata conductance in K-deficient leaves. Accumulation of sucrose in leaves of K-deficient plants might be associated with reduced entry of sucrose into the transport pool or decreased phloem loading. K deficiency during squaring also dramatically reduced leaf area and dry matter accumulation, and affected assimilate partitioning among plant tissues.     

不同叶色水稻叶绿体密度及基粒结构的计算机图象分析

水稻叶绿体计算机图象分析表明,随着叶片色级的提高,叶绿体表面积密度、体积密度以及两者的比值都相应增加。深色稻叶基粒堆直径与高度、类囊体垛叠数与类囊体厚度、叶绿素与类胡萝卜素含量、气孔导度与净光合率均大于浅色叶片。深色叶片基粒堆密集,有些基粒类囊体出现沿叶绿体长轴方向排列整齐现象;浅色叶片基粒堆稀疏,其中较大的基粒类囊体与长轴呈倾斜排列。     

Characteristics of photosynthesis and functions of the water-water cycle in rice (Oryza sativa) leaves in response to potassium deficiency

The mechanisms of photoprotection of photosynthesis and dissipation of excitation energy in rice leaves in response to potassium (K) deficiency were investigated. Net photosynthetic rate and the activity of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase decreased under K deficiency. Compared with the control, non-photochemical quenching of Chl fluorescence increased in K-deficient plant, whereas the efficiency of excitation transfer (F'(v)/F'(m)) and the photochemical quenching coefficient (q(P)) decreased. Thus, thermal dissipation of excitation energy increased as more excess electrons were accumulated in the photosynthetic chain. The electron transport rate through PSII (J(f)) was more sensitive to O2 concentration, and the fraction of electron transport rate required to sustain CO2 assimilation and photorespiration (J(g)/J(f)) was significantly decreased under K deficiency compared with the control. Furthermore, the alternative electron transport (J(a)/J(f)) was increased, indicating that a considerable amount of electrons had been transported to O2 during the water-water cycle in the K-deficient leaves. Although the fraction of electron transport to photorespiration (J(o)/J(f)) was also increased in the K-deficient leaves, it was less sensitive than that of the water-water cycle. With the generation of reactive oxygen species level, the activities of superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase, two of the key enzymes involved in scavenging of active oxygen species in the water-water cycle, also increased in K-deficient rice. Therefore, it is likely that a series of photoprotective mechanisms were initiated in rice plants in response to K deficiency and the water-water cycle might be critical for protecting photosynthetic apparatus under K deficiency in rice.     

Effects of Long-Term Fertilization on Leaf Photosynthetic Characteristics and Grain Yield in Winter Wheat

Based on a 20-year fertilization experiment with wheat-maize double cropping system, the effects of different long-term fertilization treatments on leaf photosynthetic characteristics and grain yield in different winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars were studied in the growing seasons of 2000–2001 and 2001–2002. A total of nine fertilization treatments were implemented, i.e. no fertilizer (CK), N fertilizer (N), N and P fertilizers (NP), N and K fertilizers (NK), N, P, and K fertilizers (NPK), only organic manure (M), organic manure and N fertilizer (MN), organic manure and N and P fertilizers (MNP), and organic manure and N, P, and K fertilizers (MNPK). With the treatments of combined organic manure and inorganic fertilizers (TMI), net photosynthetic rate (P _N), maximal activity of photosystem 2, PS2 (F_v/F_m), and chlorophyll content (SPAD value) of flag leaves and leaf area index (LAI) were much higher at the mid grain filling stage (20 or 23 d post anthesis, DPA), and exhibited slower declines at the late grain filling stage (30 DPA), compared with the treatments of only inorganic fertilizers (TI). The maximal canopy photosynthetic traits expressed as P _N×LAI and SPAD×LAI at the mid grain filling stage were also higher in TMI than those in TI, which resulted in different grain yields in TMI and TI. Among the treatments of TMI or among the treatments of TI, both flag leaf and canopy photosynthetic abilities and yield levels increased with the supplement of inorganic nutrients (N, P, and K fertilizers), except for the treatment of NK. Under NK, soil contents of N and K increased while that of P decreased. Hence the unbalanced nutrients in soil from the improper input of nutrients in NK treatment were probably responsible for the reduced flag leaf and canopy photosynthetic characteristics and LAI, and for the fast declining of flag leaf photosynthetic traits during grain filling, resulting in the reduced yield of NK similar to the level of CK.     

硅素分期施用对镉污染水稻光合特性及物质积累的影响

硅(Si)可有效提高水稻对镉(Cd)的抗性,但关于优化硅肥管理对水稻耐Cd性、光合及物质积累等响应机制尚不明晰。采用受污染的农田土壤,通过盆栽试验研究移栽期施Si(T)、拔节期施Si(J)、移栽和拔节期等量分期施Si(TJ)对Cd污染水稻光合作用及物质积累的影响,以不施Si(CK)为对照。结果表明：施Si可明显提高Cd污染下水稻净光合速率,延长叶片光合功能,促进叶片Si沉积,增加Cd在叶中的固定,减少其向籽粒转移。与CK相比,TJ处理在全生育期具有较高的光合速率,产量显著高于其他处理。T、TJ、J处理叶片细胞壁Cd的固持量分别增加11.45%、24.16%和30.15%,且叶片Cd更多以惰性形态(包括果胶和蛋白质结合态Cd、不溶解性磷酸Cd和残渣态Cd)存在,导致叶片Cd转移系数降低,T、TJ、J较CK分别降低33.91%、56.67%和52.16%。此外,主成分分析结果表明,3种Si处理对水稻耐Cd性和光合特性的综合影响大小为TJ>J>T。综合考虑Si调控光合作用、产量、叶片和籽粒Cd浓度的效应,推荐Si素于移栽期与拔节期分期施用。     

长期施肥对水稻光合特性及水分利用效率的影响

在实施了27年的长期田间定位试验区,研究了长期不同施肥对红壤区水稻光合特性及水分利用效率的影响.结果表明:在不施肥(CK)、无机肥(N、NP、NPK)、有机肥(猪粪+紫云英绿肥,M)和无机肥与有机肥配施(NPKM)处理中,长期施用肥料,特别是有机肥与无机肥配施提高水稻各生育期剑叶叶绿素含量、净光合作用速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、水分利用效率和水稻产量,降低水稻剑叶胞间CO_2浓度;水稻剑叶叶绿素含量、净光合作用速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率随发育阶段演进而减小,孕穗期>齐穗期>乳熟期,而胞间CO_2浓度相反;水分利用效率以齐穗期为最大;水稻发育阶段叶绿素含量、净光合速率和水稻产量之间均呈显著正相关;长期施用肥料,特别是有机肥与无机肥配施更有利于红壤区水稻的生长发育、产量和水分利用效率的提高.

Abstract：

A field experiment has being conducted for 27 years in Jinxian County, Institute of Red Soil in Jiangxi Province (116°20'24" E, 28°15'30" N) to study the effects of fertilization on the rice photosynthetic traits and water use efficiency. Four treatments were installed,i. e., no fertilization (CK), chemical fertilization (N, NP, NPK), organic fertilization (M), and chemi-cal and organic fertilization (NPKM). Long-term fertilization, especially treatment NPKM, in- creased the flag leaf chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpi-ration rate, and water use efficiency of rice at its all growth stages and the rice yield, and de-creased the flag leaf intercellular CO_2 concentration. With the growth of rice, the chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate decreased, but the intercellular CO_2 concentration increased. The water use efficiency was the greatest at full-head-ing stage. There were significant positive correlations between the chlorophyll content and net photosynthetic rate at various growth stages and the rice yield, Long-term fertilization, especially the combined chemical and organic fertilization, was favorable to the rice growth and develop-ment, water use efficiency, and yield production in red soil region.     

短期干旱对水稻叶水势、光合作用及干物质分配的影响

采用盆栽水分试验,研究了不同生育期短期干旱处理对水稻叶水势、光合作用和干物质分配的影响．结果表明,干旱胁迫后,水稻叶水势低于对照,午后叶水势回升缓慢。凌晨叶水势随土壤含水量的降低而降低,表现为阈值反应。叶片净光合速率与凌晨叶水势密切相关,低于凌晨叶水势临界值,水稻叶片净光合速率急剧下降在水稻抽穗期和灌浆期叶片净光合速率显著下降的凌晨叶水势临界值为-1.04和-1．13MPa,对应的土壤含水量阈值分别为饱和含水量的61.0％和50．9％,土壤水势分别为-0．133和-0．240MPa干旱胁迫下单叶净光合速率的日变化规律表现为：胁迫较轻时,单叶净光合速率在正午附近出现低谷;胁迫严重时,净光合速率全天低于对照,且不及对照的一半。短期干旱后,水稻叶、根、穗的分配指数均降低,茎鞘的分配指数升高。本研究可为水稻节水灌溉管理和水分限制下水稻的生长模拟提供生理基础和理论依据。     

水稻叶色突变体叶绿体发育规律研究

从温敏核不育系水稻'810S'中筛选出一个生长发育正常的淡黄绿叶色自然突变株'标810S',其叶绿素含量约为'810S'的50%,光合速率比野生型高.以'810S'为对照,对'标810S'进行叶片形态、叶肉细胞和叶绿体超微结构以及叶绿体蛋白研究.结果显示,'标810S'的叶长、宽和面积与'810S'相似;叶肉细胞和叶绿体发育稍迟缓,片层结构减少;叶绿体蛋白约为对照的55%,并初步鉴定出与光合作用相关的差异蛋白点13个,其中4个缺失蛋白,包括1个RuBP大亚基缺失.推测该水稻突变体叶色变浅与叶绿体基粒片层减少有关.     

不同施磷水平对冷浸田水稻磷含量、光合特性及产量的影响

为探讨施磷对冷浸田水稻(Oryza sativa)生长的作用,研究不同施磷水平对水稻植株的磷含量、光合特性及产量的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,分蘖期增施磷肥使根、茎叶的磷含量和叶片净光合速率增加10.53%~36.84%、18.52%~37.03%和15.17%~29.88%;抽穗期使根、茎叶和稻穗的磷含量增加11.76%~23.53%、24.13%~41.38%和9.68%~22.58%,叶片净光合速率和可溶性糖含量提高13.41%~27.10%和6.03%~22.38%,而淀粉含量则降低12.05%~41.77%;成熟期的稻穗磷含量和产量增加0.71%~28.57%和4.65%~10.32%。施磷量(X)与稻谷产量(Y)满足方程:Y=-0.0835X~2+14.224X+6530.9(r=0.94*),抽穗期茎叶磷含量、叶片净光合速率与稻谷产量的相关系数分别为0.57*和0.77*。因此,冷浸田增施磷肥可提高水稻植株的磷含量、叶片净光合速率和可溶性糖含量,并降低叶片淀粉累积,从而提高稻谷产量。抽穗期是磷肥影响冷浸田水稻产量的关键时期,0.38%的茎叶磷含量可作为磷素养分丰缺的诊断指标,冷浸田水稻磷肥(P2O5)的推荐用量为85.17 kg hm–2。     

吊丝单竹笋期叶片特性研究

对3种不同年龄的吊丝单竹株在不同发笋时期、不同竹冠部位的叶片比叶重、光合、呼吸性状及N、P、K含量等进行测定,结果表明:吊丝单竹在不同发笋时期、不同竹冠部位各项指标均有较大差异。比叶重发笋盛期高于初期和末期,随着竹株年龄增大而减小,随着竹冠的升高而增大;净光合速率盛期高于初期,光呼吸速率和暗呼吸速率则初期高于盛期,并且不同竹龄、不同竹冠部位之间均表现出较大的差异;N、P、K含量由发笋初期至盛期逐渐减小,N含量以1a>2a>3a,以竹冠中部最高,P、K含量则随着竹冠的升高而减小,随着竹株年龄的增大而增大。这为经营管理吊丝单竹林提供科学依据。