Gender Effects on Adrenergic Receptor Expression and Lipolysis in White Adipose Tissue of Rats

Objective: To investigate the effects of short‐term (15 days) cafeteria‐diet feeding on the expression of α‐ and β‐adrenergic receptors (AR) and its association with lipolytic stimulation in isolated retroperitoneal white adipocytes. Research Methods and Procedures: Six female and 6 male Wistar rats (4 weeks old) were fed a cafeteria diet plus standard diet for 15 days. The remaining 12 age‐ and sex‐matched rats received a standard diet only. White retroperitoneal adipose tissue was isolated and used for the determination of both α₂ and β‐AR expression and for in vitro studies of lipolytic activity. Results: In female control rats, we found higher lipolytic capacities located at the postreceptor level and a lower α₂/β₃‐AR ratio than male rats. Cafeteria‐diet feeding for 15 days decreased lipolytic activity in both male and female rats and altered the α_2A‐ and β₃‐AR protein levels with an increase of α_2A‐AR in males and a β₃‐AR decrease in females. Discussion: Our results indicate that a 15‐day cafeteria‐diet feeding induced an increase in the α₂/β₃‐AR balance and impaired adipose tissue lipolytic activity, which was higher in males and may contribute to the development of increased fat mass. The higher functionality of α₂‐AR, together with the minor role developed by β₃‐AR and lower lipolytic capacities located at the postreceptor level in cafeteria‐diet‐fed male rats compared with female rats, may be responsible for the gender‐dependent differences observed in this study.     

布氏田鼠冷暴露中褐色脂肪组织的增补及解偶联蛋白基因表达

布氏田鼠 (Microtusbrandti)随机分组暴露在冷环境 [12L∶12D ,(4± 2 )℃ ]中 12h ,1d ,3d ,7d ,14d ,2 1d和 2 8d ;对照组生活在温暖环境下 [12L∶12D ,(2 5± 2 )℃ ]。与对照组相比 ,布氏田鼠的褐色脂肪组织 (BAT)重量在冷暴露 12h～ 3d时降低 ,7～ 2 1d时则增加。 7～ 2 8d冷暴露组动物的BAT总蛋白和总DNA含量均比对照组明显提高。冷环境中的布氏田鼠解偶联蛋白 (UCP)的mRNA随时间的延长而表达上调 ,在冷暴露 2 1d时达到高峰。结果表明 ,冷暴露能够诱导布氏田鼠BAT细胞增补和UCP基因表达 ,从而使适应性产热增加。     

猪胃组织中生长激素受体基因表达的发育性变化及品种特点

用相对定量RT PCR的方法研究二花脸猪 (Erhualian)和大白猪 (1argeWhite)胃组织中生长激素受体 (GHr)mR NA发育性变化并进行品种间比较。分别于出生当天、3、2 0、30、4 5、90、12 0和 180日龄随机选取纯种大白猪公猪和二花脸公猪各 4头宰杀并采样 ,同时记录胃重和体重。研究结果表明 :出生时胃组织中GHrmRNA水平较高 ,3日龄时显著下调 (P <0 0 5 ) ;二花脸猪胃组织中GHrmRNA水平在断奶时 (45日龄 )达到高峰 ,随后显著下降 (P <0 0 5 ) ,至 90日龄后维持相对稳定。大白猪公猪在 90日龄时胃组织中GHrmRNA水平达到高峰 ,并维持在较高水平 ;从出生到断奶 ,二花脸猪胃组织GHrmRNA水平高于大白猪 ,2 0日龄时差异显著 (P <0 0 5 ) ;90日龄至 180日龄期间二花脸猪胃组织GHrmRNA水平低于大白猪 ,90日龄时差异显著 (P <0 0 5 )。胃重相对于体重的变化模式和胃组织GHrmRNA水平的发育变化呈中等强度正直线相关 ,相关系数为r=0 5 4 (P <0 0 5 )。以上结果提示 :(1)猪胃组织中GHr基因表达有特定的发育模式 ,并且呈现显著的品种间差异 ;(2 )GH直接作用于胃组织并调节胃的生长 ,GH是否直接参与胃的功能性发育调节 ,尚有待于进一步的实验研究     

Microbiota Depletion Impairs Thermogenesis of Brown Adipose Tissue and Browning of White Adipose Tissue

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免疫细胞在棕色脂肪产热及白色脂肪棕色化过程中的功能研究进展

肥胖已经成为威胁人类健康的全球性问题,棕色脂肪(Brown adipose tissue,BAT)及米色脂肪因其能够通过产热作用增加能量消耗这一特性,已成为一种备受关注的潜在肥胖治疗方法。近年来的研究发现M2型巨噬细胞(Alternatively activated macrophages,M2 type)能够促进BAT产热和白色脂肪(White adipose tissue,WAT)的棕色化(即米色脂肪的形成过程),但随后的一些研究却得到了相反的结论。到目前为止,M2型巨噬细胞是否参与促进WAT的棕色化过程仍是一个备受争议的话题。主要对M2型巨噬细胞、II型固有淋巴细胞(Type 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells,ILC2s)和嗜酸性粒细胞(Eosinophils)对BAT产热和WAT的棕色化的促进作用,以及M2型巨噬细胞不参与/抑制WAT棕色化这两个方面的研究状况做一综述。     

Inflammatory Cytokine Gene Expression in Mesenteric Adipose Tissue during Acute Experimental Colitis

Background

Production of inflammatory cytokines by mesenteric adipose tissue (MAT) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Animal models of colitis have demonstrated inflammatory changes within MAT, but it is unclear if these changes occur in isolation or as part of a systemic adipose tissue response. It is also unknown what cell types are responsible for cytokine production within MAT. The present study was designed to determine whether cytokine production by MAT during experimental colitis is depot-specific, and also to identify the source of cytokine production within MAT.

Methods

Experimental colitis was induced in 6-month-old C57BL/6 mice by administration of dextran sulfate sodium (2% in drinking water) for up to 5 days. The induction of cytokine mRNA within various adipose tissues, including mesenteric, epididymal, and subcutaneous, was analyzed by qRT-PCR. These adipose tissues were also examined for histological evidence of inflammation. The level of cytokine mRNA during acute colitis was compared between mature mesenteric adipocytes, mesenteric stromal vascular fraction (SVF), and mesenteric lymph nodes.

Results

During acute colitis, MAT exhibited an increased presence of infiltrating mononuclear cells and fibrotic structures, as well as decreased adipocyte size. The mRNA levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 were significantly increased in MAT but not other adipose tissue depots. Within the MAT, induction of these cytokines was observed mainly in the SVF.

Conclusions

Acute experimental colitis causes a strong site-specific inflammatory response within MAT, which is mediated by cells of the SVF, rather than mature adipocytes or mesenteric lymph nodes.     

Decrease of the Obese Gene Expression in Bovine Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue by Fasting

The expression of mRNA of leptin, the product of the obese gene, in bovine adipose tissue was analyzed by a lysate RNase protection assay. The mRNA level was significantly decreased by food deprivation for two days and partially recovered after 3 hr of refeeding, indicating that obese gene expression in the ruminant was regulated by feeding.     

Adrenalectomy Reduces Adiposity by Decreasing Feed Efficiency,Not Direct Effects on White Adipose Tissue

EDENS, N. K., A. MOSHIRFAR, G. M. POTTER, S. K. FRIED, AND T. W. CASTONGUAY. Adrenalectomy reduces adiposity by decreasing feed efficiency, not direct effects on white adipose tissue. Obes Res. Objective: This study was conducted to establish the effects of adrenalectomy (ADX) on adipose tissue metabolism in male Sprague—Dawley rats fed a standard chow diet. Research Methods and Procedures: The effects of adrenalectomy on adipose cell size, lipoprotein lipase activity, and basal and insulin-stimulated glucose conversion to lipid and lipolysis were measured. Results: ADX decreased body weight gain during the postoperative period in the absence of changes in food intake; feed efficiency was decreased significantly. ADX decreased adipocyte size by 30%. ADX increased adipocyte response to the effect of submaximal concentrations of insulin on lipid synthesis and lipolysis. ADX decreased maximally insulin-stimulated lipid synthesis, but this effect was accounted for by decreased adipocyte size. In contrast, ADX had no effect on maximally insulin-inhibited lipolysis. ADX did not affect heparin-releasable LPL. The small effect of ADX on residual extractable adipose tissue LPL activity was accounted for by decreased fat cell size. Discussion: ADX decreased adiposity in the absence of changes in food intake, lipoprotein lipase activity, and adipocyte lipid metabolism. The effect is best attributed to decreased feed efficiency.