中国链格孢属的分类研究III．生于漆树科、天南星科和五加科植物上的新种与新记录种

本文报道生于漆树科(Anacardiaceae)植物上的两个链格孢新种,-即盐肤木生链格孢(Alternaria rhoicola T.Y. Zhang et J．Z．Zhang)和陕西链格孢(A.shaanxiensis T.Y．Zhanget J.Z．Zhang);生于天南星科(Araceae)植物上的两个新种,即海芋链格孢(A．Alocasiae T.Y.Zhang et M X．Gao)和独角莲链格孢(A. typhonii T．Y．Zhang et J.Z. Zhang),及生于五加科(Araliaceae)植物上的一个中国新记录种,常春藤链格孢[A. hederae (Alm．＆ Cam.)P． Joly]。新种模式标本保藏在山东农业大学植物病理学标本室(HSAUP)。     

太湖水生植物氮磷与湖水和沉积物氮磷含量的关系

 分析了太湖沉水植物、浮叶植物组织及生长环境中的N、P含量,结果表明：太湖沉水植物组织N、P含量一般要高于浮叶植物组织,5月的N、P含量(以干重计)一般高于9月。5月以沉水植物微齿眼子菜(Potamogeton maackianus)的N(28.452 mg?g－1)、轮叶黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata)的P(4.552 mg&;#8226;g^－1)含量最高,浮叶植物荇菜(Nymphoides peltatum)的N(14.363 mg&;#8226;g^－1)、P(1.792 mg&;#8226;g^－1)含量均为最低;9月以沉水植物苦草(Vallisneria natans)的N(25.206 mg&;#8226;g^－1)、P(2.727 mg&;#8226;g^－1)含量最高,浮叶植物荇菜的N(17.245 mg&;#8226;g^－1) 、P(1.519 mg&;#8226;g^－1)含量均最低。沉水和浮叶植物的N、P含量与水体N、P浓度的相关性较为显著;与沉积物N、P的相关性不明显。此外,植物体内的N、P含量亦与植物物种的特性、生长发育阶段和生长状况等内在因素密切相关。     

柑桔碎叶病毒研究

用汁液摩擦接种方法对柑桔碎叶病毒(Citrus tatter leaf virus,CTLV)进行了进一步的生物学鉴定.结果表明,该病毒除在豇豆上引起枯斑外,还侵染克里芙兰烟(Nicotianaclevilandii)产生系统斑驳和轻花叶,侵染昆诺藜(Chenopodium quinoa)和苋色藜(C.amaranticolor)引起系统坏死和花叶,侵染鸡冠花(Celosia cristata)引起局部环斑.这些草本寄主均可作为CTLV的指示植物.在发病的柑桔叶汁液中,测得CTLV的稀释限点为10~(-5).经汁液摩擦接种,可以将CTLV从克里芙兰烟传播到木本指示植物柑桔和枳橙上.感病植物材料的组织超微结构观察结果表明:CTLV感染柑桔、枳橙、克里芙兰烟和昆诺藜均使其叶肉薄壁细胞的叶绿体出现淀粉沉积、叶绿体片层结构解体和消失;病毒在受感染的植株叶脉韧皮部细胞中紧密聚集,形成病毒结晶体;这种结构也出现在叶肉薄壁细胞中.这是关于该病毒组织病变的首次报道.用直接负染方法从感染CTLV的柑桔(枳橙)、克里芙兰烟和昆诺藜病叶中均能检查到线状病毒粒子,用改良的Deriick’s免疫电镜方法和琼脂双扩散方法测定均显示该病毒…     

福建锈菌初步名录

本文报告福建省的锈菌29属150种,它们包括无柄锈科(MeLampsoraceae)11属36种,柄锈科(Pucciniaceae)15属98种以及半知锈(Uredinales Imperfecti)3属16种;其中无柄锈科的拟夏孢锈属(Uredinopsis)、明痂锈属(Hyalopsora)、膨痂锈属(Puccini-astrum)、栅锈属(Melampsora)、赭痂锈属(Ochropsora)、两型锈属(Pucciniostele)和柱锈属(Cronartium),柄锈科的不眠多胞锈属(Kuehneola)、不休白双胞锈属(Leucotelium)、戟孢锈属(Hamaspora)、多胞锈属(Phragmidium)、伞锈属(Ravenelia)、不眠单胞锈属(Maravalia)和鞘柄锈属(Coleopuccinia)以及半知锈的夏孢锈属(Uredo)在福建首次发现。文中对每个种列出学名、寄主、采集地及标本号。某些种附加了讨论。所有标本保藏在中国科学院微生物研究所真菌标本室。     

椰毒假单胞菌的电镜观察

酵米面假单胞菌(Pseudomonas farinofermentans)系从食物中毒的变质酵米面中分离到的病原菌,它与揶毒假单胞菌(P.cocovenenans)为同种不同生物型,与洋葱假单胞菌(P.cepaia)有许多共同点。电镜观察表明,此3株假单胞菌在形态和结构上有以下共同特点：菌体呈短杆状,0．6-0．8×1．5—2．0μm。细胞壁由肽聚糖层和外膜(outer membrane)构成。有时可见丝状体(filaments) 甚至畸形细胞。无荚膜,无菌毛(pili)一端有多根鞭毛。细胞质内有电子透明的聚β-羟基丁酸盐(PHB)颗粒。核区内有电子致密体(e|ectron-densebodies)或层状体(laminar bodies)。细胞表面可见到wei7细胞(mlncells)。均能产生细胞外“丝状物质”,这一特点尚未见报道。     

苏芸金杆菌的一个新血清型

苏芸金杆菌云南变种(Bacillus thurtngtensts subsp. Yunnanensis)113菌株的H-抗原和 H-抗血清均与已知苏芸金杆菌H一血清型l到19的所有参考标准菌株的H一抗血清和H一抗原不发生交叉凝集反应。113菌株的生化反应结果与所有参考标准菌株也不相同。此外,113菌株对致倦库蚊(Culex pipiens var. quinquefaseiatces)(双翅目)(Bombyx mori) (鳞翅目)幼虫均无毒性。 因此,113菌株是一个新血清型20,即苏芸金杆菌云南变种,血清型20(Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. Yunnanensis H20)。     

中国单轴霉分类的研究*II.寄生在伞形科上的新种和已知种

本文报道在我国伞形科植物上寄生的4种单轴霉(Plasmopara)。其中寄生于鸭儿芹(Cryptotaenia japonica Hassk)上的鸭儿芹单轴霉(Plasmopara cyptotaeniae sp nov．)和寄生于水芹[Oenanthe iavanica(BI．)DC．]及卵叶水芹(O．Rosthornii Diels)上的水芹单轴霉(Pl-asmopara oenanlheae sp．nov．)是2个新种。寄生于变豆菜(Sanicttla chinensis Bunge)上的变豆菜单轴霉(Plasmopara saniculae Traian et O．Savulescu)是亚洲的新记录种。     

沼气池中产氢细菌的研究

1. 在沼气发酵污泥的富集培养物中加入薯芋粉可以旺盛地产氢。这是富集培养沼气发酵污泥中的产氢细菌的较好方法。 2. 我们采用这一方法从沼气池中分离出24株产氢细菌,其产氢置因菌株的种类和发酵基质的不同而异。根据它们的分类特征分别属肠杆菌科(Enterbacteriace)和芽孢杆菌科(Bacil-laceae)。肠杆菌科中有五个种：阴沟肠杆菌(Entcrbacter cloacae),大肠埃希氏菌(Escheriehiacoli),粘质沙雷氏菌(Serratia marcescens),弗氏柠檬酸杆菌(Citrobacter freundii)和蜂房哈夫尼菌(Hafnia alvei)(暂定)。芽孢杆菌科中仅有一个种,即丙酮丁醇梭菌(Clostridium acetobutyltcum)。 3. 各类菌的相对数量以肠秆菌占优势,占总数的58.3％。其次是粘质沙雷氏菌,占16.7％。丙酮丁酵梭菌占12．5％。其他各菌数量较少。 4. 将这些产氢菌与甲烷菌的富集培养物进行混合培养,可大大提高甲烷产量,而二氧化碳显著降低,以至检测不到。     

西双版纳勐养旱季季风常绿阔叶林的林下鸟类群落组成和特点

2008年10月—2009年3月,用网捕法对西双版纳勐养季风常绿阔叶林林下鸟类群落进行了研究。共张网15 840网·h,捕到林下鸟类90种1 423只,隶属28科7目。优势种为银胸丝冠鸟(Serilophus lunatus)、褐脸雀鹛(Alcippe poioicephala)、白喉冠鹎(Alophoixus pallidus)、金眶鹟莺(Seicercus burkii)、白尾蓝地鸲(Cinclidium leucurum)、黑胸鸫(Turdus dissimilis)、棕头幽鹛(Pellorneum ruficeps)、棕胸雅鹛(Trichastoma tickelli)等8种。留鸟为林下鸟类主要成分,其捕获数量,占总数量的89.3%。平均网捕率9.0只/(100网·h),月份变化极显著(x²_{5, 282}=, P=0.000);2008年12月平均网捕率最高,为（12.5±1.3）只/(100网·h);2009年2月最低,为（5.2±0.6）只/(100网·h)。林下鸟类群落呈现多物种而低密度特征。画眉科鸟类优势地位不明显。国家二级保护鸟类银胸丝冠鸟是本地区捕获数量最多的鸟,其栖息地需重点保护。     

长白山地区真菌降解木质素的研究

采用Bavendamn氏反应,漆酶(Laccase)和α-酪氨酸酶反应(α-tyrosinase reacrion)呼吸率,紫外分光光度法和扫描电镜等方法,对来自长白山地区的五株真菌进行了定性、定量测定。结果表明,长白山地区存在木质素分解菌,它们分属于曲霉属(Aspergillus)、木霉属(Trtchoderma)及毛霉属(Mucor)。它们均能不同程度地降解小叶杨(Populus simonti)、龙爪柳(Salix matsydana F. fortuosa)、家榆(Ulmus pumila)、山毛桃(Persian davidiana)的碱性水溶木质素,游离木质素及细胞回复木质素。降解主要发生在第8天以后,在第12-14天时趋于稳定,其木质素的剩余量在44—74％,它们参与木质素降解的酶不同于已报道过的白腐菌的酶。     

利用小RNA深度测序技术鉴定半夏病毒病病原

RNA沉默是真核生物体内由病毒来源的干扰小RNA（virus derived small interfering RNA, vsiRNA）沉默复合物介导目标RNA特异降解的一种保守机制,通过对vsiRNA分析可进行植物病毒病原鉴定。本文利用小RNA深度测序技术对感病半夏叶片进行鉴定,结果发现,表现典型花叶症状的半夏叶片受到大豆花叶病毒（Soybean mosaic virus, SMV）、黄瓜花叶病毒（Cucumber mosaic virus, CMV）、芋花叶病毒（Dasheen mosaic virus, DsMV）、魔芋花叶病毒（Konjac mosaic virus, KoMV）、烟草花叶病毒（Tobacco mosaic virus, TMV）等多种病毒的复合侵染。为明确SMV山西半夏分离物（SMV-SXBX）的进化关系,进行SMV-SXBX全基因组克隆与分析,获得SMV-SXBX全长为9 735 nt,编码一个由3 105个氨基酸组成的多聚蛋白质。通过核苷酸与氨基酸序列比对发现,SMV-SXBX与半夏分离物P同源性最高,分别为91.1%和94.1%,且系统发育分析表明,SMV-SXBX与半夏SMV分离物P聚为一簇。同时,也对vsiRNA进行了系统分析,研究结果有望为半夏SMV的有效防治提供一定科学依据。     

Ultrastructure of Inclusions Formed by Ribgrass Mosaic Virus in Leaf Cells

Diffrent types of cytoplasmic inclusions were observed in ultrathin sections of plants systemically infected with three different strains of ribgrass mosaic virus (RMV) (tobamovirus group). Tissue from uninoculated plants did not contain such inclusions. Most common were “rounded plates” consisting of layers of aligned virus particles 300 nm long. RMV also induced angled layer aggregates in Capsicum annuum plants. A novel type of inclusion for the tobamovirus group were the abundant spiral aggregates found in Digitalis purpurea, systemically infected with strain D of RMV. In these aggregates the virions become circularly arranged around a center. The orientation of the particles changes in such a way that virions being 300 nm apartare cut in the longitudinal and in the transverse direction respectively.     

马铃薯Y病毒组病毒高产量提取方法的建立

本文报道了高产量提取芜菁花叶病毒（ＴｕＭＶ）、莴苣花叶病毒（ＬＭＶ）、芋花叶病毒（ＤＭＶ）和大豆花叶病毒（ＳＭＶ）的提取方法。本方法通过使用高盐浓度的磷酸盐缓冲液以及在缓冲液中加入氯化镁和脲,并用ＴｒｉｔｏｎＸ－１００作为澄清剂,替代常规使用的氯仿和正丁醇,成功的提取到了大量病毒粒子,上述四种病毒提取的得率分别是ＴｕＭＶ为１７３．３ｍｇ／ｋｇ病叶,ＬＭＶ为９６ｍｇ／ｋｇ病叶,ＳＭＶ为１９９．２ｍｇ／ｋｇ病叶,ＤＭＶ为１７６．６ｍｇ／ｋｇ病叶。     

小麦黄花叶病毒的分离提纯及其血清学等特性

应用梯度离心和超速离心浓缩获得部分提纯的病毒制剂,产量约为7.45g/kg病叶提纯的病毒制剂的紫外吸收曲线呈典型的核蛋白吸收曲线,OD260/OD242和OD260/OD280的比值分别为1.24和1.38。病毒粒子呈线状,宽13—14nm,长度主要分布于250—300nm和550—700nm之间,1000nm以上的粒子也有检到。病毒外壳蛋白仅由一个分子量约为30Kd的亚基组成。在免疫电镜试验中、病毒粒子与日本WYMV抗血清发生强烈的血清学反应。新鲜病叶的超薄切片中可看到大量风轮体和膜状体。     

Characterisation of a new virus from escarole

A new virus associated with mosaic, yellowing and necrotic symptoms in escarole has been isolated recently in southern Italy. The virus, for which the name escarole mosaic virus (EMV) is proposed, was transmissible by mechanical methods, by seeds and probably by pollen but not by Acyrthosiphon pisum, Aphis gossypii, Myzus persicae, Trialeurodes vaporariorum or Frankliniella occidentalis. The virions showed a single coat protein of about 32 kDa and eight encapsidated RNA species. Viral preparations sedimented as four components in sucrose density gradients. Electron microscopy indicated the presence of spherical particles with a diameter of 25 nm. Ultrastructural investigations on infected tissues revealed the formation of atypical inclusion bodies.     

Barley Yellow Striate Mosaic Virus as the Cause of a Major Disease of Wheat and Millet in Iran

Barley yellow striate mosaic virus (BYSMV) was identified in Iran by electron microscopy and serology. The virus was widespread in the Fars province causing mosaic, stunting and head sterility in wheat and mosaic symptoms in Setaria spp. In 1989, about 1/3 of wheat plants in the Bajgah Experiment Station, 15 km north of Shiraz, were infected. The yield in individual plants was drastically affected. Rhabdovirus particles were consistently observed in leaf-dip preparations and thin sections from the infected plants. The virus was transmitted by Laodelphax stritellus to wheat. It reacted with BYSMV antisera from Italy and Morocco but not with antisera to several other rhabdoviruses of gramineous plants.     

Narcissus latent, a virus with filamentous particles and a novel combination of properties

As previously reported, narcissus latent virus (NLV) has flexuous filamentous particles measuring c. 650 nm × 13 nm, is manually transmissible to Nicotiana clevelandii and Tetragonia expansa, and is transmitted by the aphid Myzus persicae following brief acquisition access periods. In contrast to previous reports the virus particle protein has an apparent mol. wt of c. 45 kD. Moreover, infected cells in N. clevelandii leaves contain cytoplasmic inclusion bodies resembling those of potyviruses. In vitro translation of NLV RNA produced only one major product (mol. wt c. 25 kD) which was not precipitated by antisera to virus particle protein or to cytoplasmic inclusion protein. Antisera to 12 potyviruses and nine carlaviruses failed to react with sap containing NLV particles. Similarly antiserum to NLV particles did not react with particles of seven potyviruses or four carlaviruses. A weak reaction was detected between NLV particles and antiserum to particles of maclura mosaic virus (MMV), a virus which resembles NLV in particle morphology and particle-protein size, and in inducing pinwheel inclusions. The cytoplasmic inclusion proteins (CIPs) of NLV, MMV and from narcissus plants with yellow stripe symptoms were serologically inter-related. These proteins were also serologically related to, and had mol. wt similar to, the CIP of members of the potyvirus group. Particles with the size and antigenic specificity of those of NLV were found consistently in narcissus plants with yellow stripe disease. Narcissus latent and narcissus yellow stripe viruses therefore seem to be synonymous and, together with MMV, have properties distinct from those of any previously described virus group.     

Differentiation of Dasheen Mosaic Potyvirus Isolates Based on Variability in the Apparent Size of the Capsid Protein in Western Blots

The capsid protein (CP) sizes of seven dasheen mosaic virus (DsMV) isolates and one isolate of vanilla mosaic virus were estimated to be 38–47 kDa and 47 kDa, respectively, based on Western blot analyses using DsMV polyclonal antiserum. The CP sizes of 12 other potyviruses were estimated to be 31–36 kDa. Apparent CP sizes of the DsMV isolates extracted from their original hosts were 47 kDa ( Xanthosoma caracu ), 45 kDa ( Colocasia esculenta , Zantedeschia aethiopica ), and 38–46 kDa ( Caladium hortulanum ). Propagation in seedlings of Philodendron selloum did not affect the CP sizes of any of the individual DsMV isolates. The same characteristic CP sizes were also detected in Western blot analyses of these isolates, using polyclonal antisera of eight other potyviruses, or using Agdia Poty 1 monoclonal antiserum, and using three monoclonal antisera of papaya ringspot virus type W. The apparent CP size and pattern of apparent breakdown products as revealed by Western blots of extracts from infected aroids may be used in the characterization and differentiation of DsMV isolates.     

Subcellular localization of the coat protein in tobacco cells infected by cucumber mosaic virus isolated from Catharanthus roseus

Electron microscopy and immunolabelling with antiserum specific to cucumber mosaic virus coat protein were used to examine tobacco leaf cells infected by cucumber mosaic virus isolated from Catharanthus roseus (CMV-Cr). Crystalline and amorphous inclusions in the vacuoles were the most obvious cytological modifications seen. Immunogold labelling indicated that the crystalline inclusion was made up of virus particles and amorphous inclusions contained coat protein. Rows of CMV-Cr particles were found between membranes of dictyosomes, but membranous bodies and tonoplast-associated vesicles were not evident. Virus particles and/or free coat protein were easily detected in the cytoplasm by immunolabelling. No gold labelling was found within nuclei, chloroplasts and mitochondria.     

引起马蹄莲花叶病的芋花叶病毒

在采自杭州、北京、上海等地的表现花叶和扭曲症状的马蹄莲(Zanledeschia aethiopica)上检测到一种线状病毒。经测定,其平均粒子长度为745nm,病毒粒子最大分布范围为720—750nm。该病毒经免疫电镜观察与芋花叶病毒(DMV)有紧密的血清学关系,且与3个PVY抗血清也有一定的反应。在病叶细胞中观察到紧密聚集。松散聚集和分散的线状病毒粒子和典型的风轮状内含体。作者认为:感染马蹄莲的该种病毒符合芋花叶病毒的特征。本文对该病毒的血清学关系和组织病变情况进行了分析讨论。