关于我国药典单克隆抗体类生物治疗药物总论的思考

单克隆抗体类生物治疗药物目前是国内外生物药中增长最快的领域。药品的规范生产与质量控制与其安全有效性息息相关,欧美药典中均设有对此类药品质量控制的总体要求,2015版《中国药典》在进一步保障药品安全和提高质量控制水平的编制指导思想下,也拟纳入对单克隆抗体类生物治疗药物的总体要求,就相关起草工作从产品涉及范畴、制造与产品检定等方面进行阐述。     

临床科学中的重组DNA技术

只是在最近才出现重组DNA技术开始影响临床实践的惊人进展。现在,不仅能诊断那些已鉴定出突变序列的疾病,而且也能诊断分子缺陷尚不清楚的单基因疾病。在那些临床表型是由不至一个基因因子与环境因素相互作用引起的疾病如心脏病中,DNA重组技术也能从群体中鉴定出可能患有此病的个体来。     

镜像克隆系统:DNA重组技术的新进展

镜像克隆系统是近几年新发展起来的一种DNA重组技术,它突破了传统重组限制酶切及连接的繁琐和费时,利用重组酶使外源基因快速、方便地进行亚克隆和表达。本阐述了镜像克隆系统的结构、作用原理及特点。     

重组DNA技术是怎样产生的

从历史的角度回顾了重组DNA技术的产生过程;侧重介绍限制性内切酶、DNA连接酶、运载工具的发现,以及科学家运用这些发现进行重组DNA实验的过程,并以此阐述生物学发展与生物技术进步的相互关系。     

重组DNA技术可视化教学实践

重组DNA技术是分子生物学课程的重要内容之一,但其知识抽象难懂,增加了学习的难度。在教学过程中,充分利用可视化手段剪辑视频、绘制对比图、流程图和思维导图、制作交互动画,将文字知识及思考路径以可视化的形式呈现,能够降低知识的认知负荷,促进学生的思维发展。同时,教学中注重课程思政元素的挖掘,以可视化的形式传递,提升立德树人实效。     

Entomology and the forensic scientist: How insects can solve crimes

Forensic entomology, the application of insect biology to criminal investigations, is a powerful tool in forensic science, as yet not fully exploited. Some examples of its use are described to illustrate the importance of this field of biology     

Unconventional microbial systems for the cost-efficient production of high-quality protein therapeutics

Both conventional and innovative biomedical approaches require cost-effective protein drugs with high therapeutic potency, improved bioavailability, biocompatibility, stability and pharmacokinetics. The growing longevity of the human population, the increasing incidence and prevalence of age-related diseases and the better comprehension of genetic-linked disorders prompt to develop natural and engineered drugs addressed to fulfill emerging therapeutic demands. Conventional microbial systems have been for long time exploited to produce biotherapeutics, competing with animal cells due to easier operation and lower process costs. However, both biological platforms exhibit important drawbacks (mainly associated to intracellular retention of the product, lack of post-translational modifications and conformational stresses), that cannot be overcome through further strain optimization merely due to physiological constraints. The metabolic diversity among microorganisms offers a spectrum of unconventional hosts, that, being able to bypass some of these weaknesses, are under progressive incorporation into production pipelines. In this review we describe the main biological traits and potentials of emerging bacterial, yeast, fungal and microalgae systems, by comparing selected leading species with well established conventional organisms with a long run in protein drug production.     

Separation and recovery of DNA fragments by electrophoresis through a thermoreversible hydrogel composed of poly(ethylene oxide) and poly(propylene oxide)

We have synthesized and characterized a thermoreversible hydrogel of multiplied block copolymers, composed of poly(ethylene oxide) and poly(propylene oxide), for DNA electrophoresis. The aqueous solution of block copolymers turned into a hydrogel upon heating at temperatures above 10-11 degrees C, whereas it reverted into a solution upon cooling. Linear double-stranded DNA molecules migrated through the gel matrices at a rate that was inversely proportional to the logarithm of the DNA length. The hydrogel is most effective for separating DNA fragments in the 10- to 2000-bp range. The resolving range lay in-between the effective ranges of polyacrylamide and agarose gel electrophoreses of DNA. The gel slices containing DNA fragments were liquefied by cooling on ice, and the DNA was precipitated with ethanol. No contaminants that inhibit enzymatic reactions were found in the DNA recovered from the hydrogel. Plasmid DNA recovered from the hydrogel was recircularized with T4 DNA ligase and yielded highly efficient Escherichia coli transformation. Therefore, thermoreversible gel electrophoresis will be a useful method for DNA separation and isolation in recombinant DNA technology.     

Metabolic engineering of bacteria

Yield and productivity are critical for the economics and viability of a bioprocess. In metabolic engineering the main objective is the increase of a target metabolite production through genetic engineering. Metabolic engineering is the practice of optimizing genetic and regulatory processes within cells to increase the production of a certain substance. In the last years, the development of recombinant DNA technology and other related technologies has provided new tools for approaching yields improvement by means of genetic manipulation of biosynthetic pathway. Industrial microorganisms like Escherichia coli, Actinomycetes, etc. have been developed as biocatalysts to provide new or to optimize existing processes for the biotechnological production of chemicals from renewable plant biomass. The factors like oxygenation, temperature and pH have been traditionally controlled and optimized in industrial fermentation in order to enhance metabolite production. Metabolic engineering of bacteria shows a great scope in industrial application as well as such technique may also have good potential to solve certain metabolic disease and environmental problems in near future.     

微生物代谢工程原理与应用

代谢工程是利用分子生物学原理系统分析细胞代谢网络,并通过DNA重组技术和应用分析生物学相关的遗传学手段对细胞进行有精确目标的基因操作,改变微生物原有的代谢或调节系统,实现目的产物代谢活性的提高。代谢工程综合了生物化学、化学工程、数学分析等多学科内容,是当前国内外学者研究热点之一。论述了微生物代谢工程的理论基础及其应用进展和前景。     

Recombination between satellite phage P4 and its helper P2. II. In vitro construction of a helper-independent P4: :P2 hybrid phage

A helper-independent P4::P2 hybrid (Hy19), with the essential gene region of P4 linked to the late genes of P2, has been isolated by in vitro recombination techniques. This hybrid expresses a P4 Sid^? phenotype since it makes large heads. The int-C region of P2 is deleted from Hy19 and its DNA replication is independent of the host rep gene, indicating that it depends on the P4 replicon.     

Nucleotide sequences of cloned cDNA fragments specific for six Xenopus laevis ribosomal proteins

We have previously constructed and selected six recombinant plasmids containing cDNA sequences specific for different ribosomal proteins of Xenopus laevis (Bozzoni et al., 1981). DNA cloned in these plasmids have been isolated and sequenced. Amino acid sequences of the corresponding portions of the proteins have been derived from DNA sequences; they are arginine- and lysine-rich as expected for ribosomal proteins. One of the cDNA sequences has an open reading frame also on the strand complementary to the one coding for the ribosomal protein; this fragment has inverted repeats twenty nucleotides long at the two ends. The codon usage for the six sequences appears to be non-random with some differences among the ribosomal proteins analysed.     

Overlap hybridization screening: isolation and characterization of overlapping DNA fragments surrounding the leu2 gene on yeast chromosome III.

A set of four plasmids containing overlapping segments comprising a total of about 30 kbp of cloned DNA from chromosome III of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) has been isolated and characterized by restriction endonuclease analyses and DNA:DNA hybridizations. Colony hybridization was carried out with labeled pYe(leu2)10, a plasmid carrying the yeast leu2 gene, to a bank of bacterial colonies containing recombinant plasmids constructed from the vector ColE1 and random fragments of yeast DNA. This resulted in the detection of two plasmids, pYe11G4 and pYe40C3, with DNA inserts which partially overlap the original cloned segment and contain additional DNA extending in opposite directions on the chromosome. By carrying out a second round of colony hybridization with pYe40C3, the cloned region was further extended in one direction. A region of DNA that is repeated at least ten times in the yeast genome was identified by hybridization of pYe11G4 to an EcoRI digest of total yeast DNA. The procedure described in this paper should allow the isolation of large sections of chromosomes, including non-transcribed regions, surrounding cloned genes.