关于我国药典单克隆抗体类生物治疗药物总论的思考

单克隆抗体类生物治疗药物目前是国内外生物药中增长最快的领域。药品的规范生产与质量控制与其安全有效性息息相关,欧美药典中均设有对此类药品质量控制的总体要求,2015版《中国药典》在进一步保障药品安全和提高质量控制水平的编制指导思想下,也拟纳入对单克隆抗体类生物治疗药物的总体要求,就相关起草工作从产品涉及范畴、制造与产品检定等方面进行阐述。     

重组人促红细胞生成素在国内外药典中质量标准不同点的对比分析

目的:对比重组人促红细胞生成素在《欧洲药典》(第5版)和《中国药典》(2005年版)中标准的不同点,为国内研发机构对基因重组蛋白产品的研发及国内企业对该产品的进出口提供参考。方法:按2部药典要求,对进口产品或国产产品实样进行部分关键指标的对比分析。结果:2部药典对该产品的标准描述上存在具体内容的区别。结论:在现代药物的研发和生产中,对药品的国际及国内标准要进行综合分析而拟定。     

重组双功能水蛭素质量标准研究

以生色底物法测定抗凝血酶活性,比浊法测定抗血小板聚集活性,还原型SDS-PAGE测定分子量,SDS-PAGE和反相高效液相色谱测定纯度,毛细管电泳法测定等电点,胰蛋白酶酶切后进行肽图分析,其余检测项目按《中国药典》2005版三部规定进行。结果显示,用建立的方法对原液和成品进行了检定,各项指标均符合《人用重组DNA制品质量控制技术指导原则》和《中国药典》2005版三部的要求。建立的质控方法和质量标准具有保证产品安全、有效、质量可控的特点,可用于重组双功能水蛭素产品的常规检定。     

重组人干扰素注射剂制造浅析

干扰素注射剂是历版《中国药典》收载的最主要的一类重组技术制品。对于生物制品而言,生产过程与制品,制品的规范生产与其安全性、有效性密切相关。剖析了重组人干扰素注射剂规程中对制品制造的要求,包括基本要求以及菌种库建立、原液制备、半成品制备、成品制备等环节;历版药典对制造要求的演变过程,并与《欧洲药典》、《美国药典》进行了对比。介绍了2015年版《中国药典》拟增订的"重组技术制品总论",该总论对于已上市品种的规范生产、新品种研发都具有指导意义。"重组技术制品总论"是对该类制品生产检定提出的一般原则性要求,相关各论的起草均应以此为基础,并与之相互呼应协调。     

基因工程药物研制过程中相关问题探讨

以DNA重组技术为核心的现代生物技术是国际上优先发展的高技术领域之一。以基因工程技术为核心的生物药物已形成一个高新技术产业。利益驱使很多科研单位和企业投入大量资金到基因工程药物的开发中来。在基因工程制药选题立项时应首先考虑产品市场风险、研制过程中的技术风险和国家政策法规的修改所带来的风险;其次,在药学研究、临床前药理药效研究、临床研究、资料申报的具体过程中,要根据产品的具体特性确定好实验方案、工作计划和合作单位,并按药品注册管理办法的要求作好每一阶段的具体工作。就基因工程药物研究过程中的实际问题阐述了一些经验,希望对业内同仁有所帮助。     

《中国药典》重组人干扰素注射剂质量标准浅析

本文剖析了现行版《中国药典》收载的重组人干扰素注射剂质量标准相关方法、检测限度和历史沿革;对比研究了与国外先进药典如欧洲药典的差距,包括相关物质、相关杂质分析、生物学活性测定结果的统计分析、比活性等方面;介绍了2015年版《中国药典》拟增修订主要内容,如增订报告基因法检测干扰素生物学活性、增订定量PCR法检测外源DNA残留量,加强"理化对照品"的管理,相关检定机构对国内生产企业的理化对照品进行了标定。本文还探讨了提高该类制品质量标准的主要方向。     

美国、欧盟和中国生物技术药物的比较

按照相同表达系统表达的相同氨基酸序列的产品视为同种产品,而不同表达系统表达的相同氨基酸序列的产品视为不同产品的原则,归纳总结了美国、欧盟和中国已批准上市的生物技术药物。美国FDA批准的以基因工程产品、抗体工程产品和细胞工程产品为主要代表的生物技术药物共79种(18种为大肠杆菌表达,8种为酵母表达,53种为哺乳动物细胞培养生产),其中基因重组蛋白质药物为64种。欧盟批准了49种基因重组酶、激素或细胞因子,11种基因重组治疗性抗体和5种基因重组疫苗。在欧美60％-70％的产品由哺乳动物细胞表达。中国批准了27种生物技术药物。比较了美国、欧盟和中国生物制药的特点。     

在中国申请行政保护的生物技术产品

在中国申请行政保护的生物技术产品自１９９３年以来,根据国务院批准的《药品行政保护条例》,国家医药管理局药品行政保护办公室受理和审批的有关生物技术（基因工程）药物有：日本中外制药株式会社的基因重组Ｇ－ＣＳＦ,美国安进公司（Ａｍｇｅｎ）的Ｇ－ＣＳＦ和促红...     

《生物技术药物研究开发和质量控制》

《生物技术药物研究开发和质量控制》由中国药品生物制品检定所副所长王军志研究员主编 ,科学出版社最新出版 ,为我国第一本比较全面反映生物技术药物研究开发现状和质量研究的专著。本书共分上下两篇 ,各 1 5章 ,共 1 2 0万字 ,上篇按新生物技术药物的一般研究开发程序 ,系统地介绍了上游研究、中试开发、非临床研究和注册申报的全过程以及贯穿于全过程的质量控制要点 ;下篇对 1 4大类约 1 0 0个品种的生物技术药物的理化特性和生物学特性进行了介绍 ,在此基础上比较详细介绍已进入申报临床研究产品的质量标准和质控方法。本书适用于生物制…     

BOC买下重组白蛋白技术

八十年代,酿酒公司—窝蜂开发酵母生产重组DNA药物。然而,在过去二年中,大多数又撤回了生物技术投资。现在,BOC集团公司(Murray Hill,NJ)已买下Delta生物技术公司(Nottingham,U.K)及其生产重组人血蛋白(包括重组白蛋白)的技术。Delta的产品正在临床前研究阶段;不过,重组白蛋白的临床试验不久就会开始。截止9月份,Delta净亏1150万美元。BOC花钱支撑业务。若有所改观,还将给Delta原主额外红利。     

地高辛标记探针检测重组人干扰素β_(1b)中DNA残留量

为检测注射用重组人干扰素β1b半成品中外源性DNA残留量,以重组人干扰素β1b工程菌基因组DNA为模板,用地高辛标记探针,并以此探针进行点杂交。结果证明,该方法检测灵敏度较好,特异性较强,操作较安全简便,可用于重组人干扰素β1b制备过程中的质量监控及半成品的检定。     

Quantitative detection of residual porcine host cell DNA by real-time PCR

All biological products are derived from complex living systems and are often mixed with large numbers of impurities. For reasons of safety, residual host-cell DNA must be eliminated during processing. To assay host-cell DNA content in biopharmaceutical products derived from porcine sources, this study applies the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR) method. The optimized assay in this study is based on the pol region of the porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV). Assay validation results demonstrate that the proposed assay has appropriate accuracy, preciseness, reproducibility, and sensitivity. Primer and probe specificity are evaluated in real-time Q-PCR reactions using genomic DNA from rabbit, mouse, cat, hamster, monkey, human cell, yeast, and Escherichia coli as templates. The sensitivity of real-time Q-PCR is determined using genomic DNA from the porcine kidney cell line. The reliable detection range is within 0.5–10⁵ pg/reaction. The limit of quantitation is 500 fg. The sensitivity of the assay meets the authority criterion. Moreover, the assay is applied to determine the level of host-cell DNA in recombinant human coagulation factor IX (rhFIX) from transgenic pigs. The real-time Q-PCR assay is thus a promising new tool for quantitative detection and clearance validation of residual porcine DNA when manufacturing recombinant therapeutics.     

The Chimpanzee as a Model to Test the Side Effects of Human Interferons

Interferons are naturally occurring proteins that are currently under evaluation as potential antiviral and antitumor agents. Currently all human interferons can in principle be produced in adequate amounts by recombinant DNA technology. Human interferons produce side effects, but because they are species-specific the toxicity cannot be tested in lower mammals. The chimpanzee is the only species in which the side effects of human interferon can be reproduced, and only in this species the toxicity of human interferons can be screened.     

Mutation detection in plasmid-based biopharmaceuticals

As the number of applications involving therapeutic plasmid DNA (pDNA) increases worldwide, there is a growing concern over maintaining rigorous quality control through a panel of high-quality assays. For this reason, efficient, cost-effective and sensitive technologies enabling the identification of genetic variants and unwanted side products are needed to successfully establish the identity and stability of a plasmid-based biopharmaceutical. This review highlights several bioinformatic tools for ab initio detection of potentially unstable DNA regions, as well as techniques used for mutation detection in nucleic acids, with particular emphasis on pDNA.     

Biopharmaceuticals in China

The biopharmaceutical industry, whose products are produced mainly by recombinant DNA technology, antibody technologies and cytotechnology, is the most important sector in industrial biotechnology, and is one of the most rapidly growing high-tech industries. The global market for biopharmaceuticals had been growing at annual growth rates of 15-33% over the last 8 years, and sales exceeded 55 billion dollars in 2005. This review presents an overview of the Chinese biopharmaceutical industry, listing the global top-selling biopharmaceuticals in 2005, and briefly describes the major biotech drugs approved by the Chinese State Food and Drug Administration, such as recombinant cytokines, therapeutic antibodies, recombinant vaccines, and gene therapy products.     

Note on the Measurement of Bulk Density and Tapped Density of Powders According to the European Pharmacopeia

The apparent volume and compressibility index of commonly used excipients were evaluated according to European Pharmacopeia monograph (seventh edition) in order to study the influence of the procedure conditions. The results suggested that the leveling of the powder inside the cylinder ought to be avoided.     

Quality attributes of recombinant therapeutic proteins: an assessment of impact on safety and efficacy as part of a quality by design development approach

Quality by Design (QbD) is a new approach to the development of recombinant therapeutic protein products that promotes a better understanding of the product and its manufacturing process. The first step in the QbD approach consists in identifying the critical quality attributes (CQA), i.e., those quality attributes of the product that have an impact on its clinical efficacy or safety. CQAs are identified through a science-based risk assessment taking into consideration a combination of clinical and nonclinical data obtained with the molecule or other similar molecules or platform products, as well as the published literature. The purpose of this article is to perform a comprehensive review of the published literature, supporting an assessment of the impact on safety and efficacy of the quality attributes commonly encountered in recombinant therapeutic proteins, more specifically those produced in mammalian cell expression systems. Quality attributes generally observed in biopharmaceutical proteins including product-related impurities and substances, process-related impurities, product attributes, and contaminants are evaluated one by one for their impact on biological activity, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, immunogenicity, and overall safety/toxicity.     

Amino acid misincorporation in recombinant proteins

Proteins provide the molecular basis for cellular structure, catalytic activity, signal transduction, and molecular transport in biological systems. Recombinant protein expression is widely used to prepare and manufacture novel proteins that serve as the foundation of many biopharmaceutical products. However, protein translation bioprocesses are inherently prone to low-level errors. These sequence variants caused by amino acid misincorporation have been observed in both native and recombinant proteins. Protein sequence variants impact product quality, and their presence can be exacerbated through cellular stress, overexpression, and nutrient starvation. Therefore, the cell line selection process, which is used in the biopharmaceutical industry, is not only directed towards maximizing productivity, but also focuses on selecting clones which yield low sequence variant levels, thereby proactively avoiding potentially inauspicious patient safety and efficacy outcomes. Here, we summarize a number of hallmark studies aimed at understanding the mechanisms of amino acid misincorporation, as well as exacerbating factors, and mitigation strategies. We also describe key advances in analytical technologies in the identification and quantification of sequence variants, and some practical considerations when using LC-MS/MS for detecting sequence variants.     

用寡核苷酸本身作为PCR引物检测其重组DNA

以待检测的寡核苷酸本身作为一个引物,加上两个载体特异引物,组成两对PCR引物。含待检测寡核苷酸片段的重组DNA用这两对引物可分别扩增出两个大小不同的片段,而载体DNA只有一对引物（即载体特异引物）可扩增出一个较小的片段。