莴笋对不同形态氮素的反应

探讨了不同形态氮素对莴笋生长发育的影响及其营养特性。结果表明,莴笋幼苗根系对NH4^+ -N的亲和力稍大于NO3^- -N的亲和力;分别供给NO3^- -N+NO3^- -N及NH4^+ -N,莴笋的生物学产量和吸N量均依次递减（分别为100：56.9：12.4,100：48.9：8.6）,因此在水培条件下,NO3^- -N是最适合莴笋生长发育的氮源,NH4^+ -N与NO3^- -N各占50％时对莴笋的生长发育已有一定的抑制作用,仅以NH4^+ -N作氮源则莴笋很难生长;NH4^+ -N与NO3^- -N各占50％时,莴笋倾向于吸收较多的NH4^+ -N,而且在培养不同阶段NH4^+/NO3^-吸收比例均大于1,莴笋表现出喜铵性,但NH4^+ -N并非莴笋很适合的氮源;营养液中NO3^- -N不足,主要影响莴笋茎叶的生长,而NH4^+ -N所占比例达50％时,莴笋根系生长受到抑制,且有明显的受害症状;以NO3^- -N作氮源预培养两周,以含微量NO3^- -N的自来水为水源,再单独以NH4^+ -N为氮源,对莴笋生长有极大的促进作用,同时还大幅度降低了体内硝酸盐的含量。尿素作氮源莴笋未出现受害症状,但莴笋的生长发育状况明显劣于其它氮源。     

宁夏黄灌区稻田冬春休闲期硝态氮淋失量

对宁夏黄灌区稻田设置不同有机肥处理：常规施肥（CK）;常规施肥条件下分别施用4500 kg/hm2（T1）与9000 kg/hm2猪粪（T2）,采用树脂芯法测定了稻田冬春休闲期30 cm、60 cm、90 cm处的硝态氮流失量。结果表明,常规施肥条件下,90 cm处硝态氮淋失量最大,分别为T1、T2的1.10与1.13倍;在常规施肥基础上增施猪粪,硝态氮最大淋失量出现在60 cm土层,T1、T2的流失量分别为4.47 kg/hm2与4.21 kg/hm2,分别为该层CK淋失量的1.50与1.42倍。灌区稻田常规施肥基础上增施有机肥,能够减少硝态氮向深层淋失;但60 cm土层处硝态氮淋失量增加,为硝态氮的深层淋失提供了基础,但在灌区水旱轮作模式下,下季旱作灌水量明显减少,加之作物吸收,硝态氮淋失也将明显降低。     

宁夏引黄灌区猪粪还田对麦田土壤硝态氮淋失的影响

以宁夏引黄灌区为例,探索猪粪还田条件下冬小麦田土壤硝态氮淋失规律.试验设置3个处理:常规施化肥225 kg N·hm-2(CK)、常规施肥基础上施用4500 kg·hm-2(T1)和9000 kg·hm-2(T2)猪粪.利用树脂芯法吸附30、60和90 cm土层的硝态氮淋失量.结果表明:在常规施肥基础上增施猪粪,小麦生育期土壤硝态氮(纯N)淋失量为9.33~14.04kg·hm-2,占施N量的4.2%~6.2%.与CK相比,30 cm土层T1、T2的硝态氮淋失量增加2.6%和2.1%;60 cm土层增加1.5%和减少1.3%;90 cm土层减少8.7%和增加4.0%.增施猪粪与对照在30、60和90 cm土层处的硝态氮淋失量均无显著差异,而在深层土壤表现出减少趋势.硝态氮淋失主要发生在返青至灌浆期间,日均淋失量高于全生育期平均水平,该阶段的硝态氮淋失量占生育期内总淋失量的58.7%~75.3%.T1、T2春小麦产量比对照分别增加9.3%和12.5%.     

旱地土壤铵态氮和硝态氮累积特征及其与小麦产量的关系

在陕西永寿和河南洛阳分别进行了11处和7处小麦大田试验,设对照(不施氮)和施氮(150 kg N·hm^-2)2个处理,测定了小麦生物量、籽粒产量及不同土层(0～20、20～40、40～60、60～80、80～100 cm)土壤铵态氮、硝态氮浓度.结果表明: 两地土壤铵态氮浓度均很低,而硝态氮浓度较高,其中硝态氮数量占铵态氮、硝态氮总量的91%,在反映土壤供氮特性方面与两者之和有完全一致趋势.不施氮情况下,永寿0～40、0～60、0～80和0～100 cm土层累积的硝态氮与小麦生物量和产量显著相关;而洛阳无显著相关关系.施氮后,永寿不同深度土层累积的硝态氮与小麦生物量和产量的相关关系显著下降,而洛阳出现负相关;两地小麦产量增量与0～80 和0～100 cm土层累积的硝态氮显著或极显著相关.小麦苗期主要依赖0～20 cm土层硝态氮;返青期、拔节期分别利用0～40 cm和0～60 cm土层硝态氮,成熟期则能利用0～100 cm土层累积硝态氮.小麦收获后对照土壤的铵态氮浓度与播前起始值无明显差异,而硝态氮大幅下降.     

宁夏引黄灌区秸秆还田对麦田土壤硝态氮淋失的影响

以宁夏引黄灌区为例,探索秸秆还田条件下冬小麦土壤硝态氮淋失规律。试验设置常规施肥(CK)、常规施肥条件下施用4500kg/hm2(T1,半量还田)和9000 kg/hm2(T2,全量还田)秸秆3个处理。利用树脂芯法吸附10、20、30、60cm和90cm土层的硝态氮流失量。结果表明:硝态氮(纯N)淋失量6.26—12.85 kg/hm2,是冬小麦施用化肥氮量的2.78%—5.71%。与对照CK相比,T1和T2在10cm土层减少0.09%和3.97%;20cm土层减少8.51%和9.81%;30cm土层减少2.25%和10.34%;60cm土层减少23.85%和13.08%;90cm土层减少27.65%和20.73%。10cm和20cm土层,处理与对照以及处理之间均未到显著性差异(P0.05);30cm处理,T1与CK以及T1与T2未达到显著性差异,但T2与CK达到显著性差异表明全量还田效果最好;60cm土层,处理与对照、以及处理之间均达到显著性差异;90cm土层,处理与对照之间达到显著性差异,处理之间未达到显著性差异。硝态氮淋失主要发生在冬小麦返青至灌浆期间,占全生育期淋失量的52.95%—67.79%。T1、T2冬小麦产量增产率分别为10.11%与11.51%。可见,稻秆还田能够减少灌区土壤硝态氮淋失量。     

植物氮素吸收与转运的研究进展

氮素是植物生长发育所必须的基本营养元素,在植物生长发育和形态建成中起着重要作用.土壤中植物所利用的主要氮素形式是铵态氮和硝态氮,在进化过程中植物形成不同的吸收和转运铵态氮和硝态氮的分子机制.该文对植物吸收与转运氮素的生理学特征、分子机制及涉及的相关基因等研究进行概括性综述,为研究水稻中氮素吸收、转运相关基因提供理论基础...     

施肥方式和施氮量对欧美108杨人工林土壤氮素垂向运移的影响

在大田试验条件下,研究了施肥方式(滴灌施肥和沟施)和施氮量(单次每株25、50、75 g)对欧美108杨人工林土壤氮素垂向运移动态的影响.结果表明：不同施肥方式和施氮量下,土壤中铵态氮和硝态氮含量均随土层深度的增加而降低;滴灌施肥下铵态氮和硝态氮主要集中在0～40 cm土层,随时间变化呈先升后降的变化趋势,分别于施肥后第5天和第10 天达到最大值（211.1和128.8 mg·kg^-1).沟施下铵态氮和硝态氮主要集中在0～20 cm土层,硝态氮含量随时间呈逐渐增加的变化趋势,于施肥后第20天达到最大值(175.7 mg·kg^-1),但铵态氮随时间无显著变化;滴灌施肥下氮素在土壤中的有效时长约为20 d,而沟施下氮素在土壤中有效时长超过20 d.滴灌施肥下,土壤中铵态氮和硝态氮的含量和运移距离均随施氮量的增加而增加;沟施下,施氮量越高土壤中硝态氮含量越高,但对铵态氮含量无显著影响.滴灌施肥下林地土壤中尿素的水解、硝化速率和运移深度均高于沟施,且施氮量越大,氮素在深层土壤的积累量越高.结合欧美108杨根系和土壤氮素分布特征,滴灌施肥能够为更大的细根分布区提供氮素,更适用于人工林培育.当单次施氮量为每株50 g时,既可保证细根主要分布区内有较高含量的氮分布又不会造成淋溶,肥料利用效率可能更高.     

宁夏引黄灌区猪粪还田对稻作土壤硝态氮淋失的影响

以宁夏引黄灌区稻田为例,探索猪粪还田条件下稻田土壤硝态氮淋失规律。试验设置3个处理:常规施肥300 kg纯N kg/hm2(CK)、常规施肥条件下施用4500kg/hm2(T1)和9000 kg/hm2(T2)猪粪。利用树脂芯法吸附稻田30cm、60cm和90cm土层的硝态氮流失量。结果表明:在常规施肥的基础上增施猪粪,可以减少稻田生育期内60cm与90cm处土壤硝态氮淋失量,与CK相比,T1、T2在两个土层处淋失量的减少比例分别为4.93%、13.92%与7.48%、13.77%。同一土层不同处理之间差异显著性比较看(P0.05),30cm处T1、T2与CK相比没有达到显著性差异;60cm处,T1与CK未达到显著差异,T2与CK达到显著差异;90cm处,T1、T2与CK相比达到显著差异;60cm和90cm土层处的T2与T1之间均达到显著差异。T1和T2在30cm处的淋失量高于CK,但增加不明显,处理之间以及处理与对照相比差异不显著。稻田生育期内不同土层硝态氮淋失量在13.61—17.77 kg/hm2(纯N)。硝态氮淋失集中在插秧至分蘖期(5月中旬—6月下旬),该阶段的硝态氮淋失量占生育期内总淋失量的61.62%—72.84%;后期淋失量明显减少。处理T1、T2的水稻产量增产率分别为15.86%与12.85%。由此可见,在引黄灌区稻田,一定数量的猪粪还田,不仅能够减少土壤硝态氮向深层淋失,防控地下水污染,还有利于水稻增产。     

黄土丘陵区植被恢复对土壤可溶性氮组分的影响

为探究黄土丘陵地区人工植被恢复对土壤氮素养分累积与有效性的影响,研究分析了植被恢复15年刺槐、柠条、刺槐侧柏混交、刺槐山桃混交以及荒草地土壤可溶性氮组分含量及其垂直分布特征。结果表明,与耕地相比,植被恢复显著提高了0—30 cm土壤可溶性氮组分含量,这也使0—30 cm土壤可溶性氮组分密度显著增加,可溶性有机氮密度增幅表现为柠条(262.2%)刺槐(232.8%)刺槐山桃混交、刺槐侧柏混交(34.5%)荒草地(-21.5%),硝态氮密度整体表现为柠条刺槐刺槐山桃混交荒草地刺槐侧柏混交,增幅为7.9%—182.8%,铵态氮密度以刺槐山桃混交增幅最大(110.3%),荒草地最小为2.6%。可溶性有机氮、硝态氮占全氮的比例以刺槐最高,分别提升了2.4倍和0.6倍,铵态氮占全氮的比例以刺槐山桃混交最高,提升了1.0倍。可溶性氮组分受微生物量碳氮的影响大于有机质和全氮,微生物量氮与可溶性氮组分的相关性优于微生物量碳,硝态氮对土壤有机质、全氮和微生物量碳氮的变化最为敏感。综上,植被恢复能够提高土壤可溶性氮组分含量、密度及其占全氮比例,增加土壤氮的有效性,以刺槐、柠条提升效果最好。     

土壤硝态氮时空变异与土壤氮素表观盈亏研究Ⅰ.冬小麦

不同氮肥用量下对冬小麦生育期间土壤硝态氮时空变化特征及土壤氮素表观盈亏量的研究结果表明,氮肥用量不同,硝态氮分布特征有差异,并且随着冬小麦的生长,其变化也不同。在冬小麦快速生长阶段,作物吸收可在一定深度的土层出现硝态氮亏缺区。由于灌溉的影响,土壤表层硝态氮向深层淋洗严重,即使在低氮肥水平,土壤深层仍可观察到硝态氮含量升高现象,存在淋出2m土体的可能性。并且氮肥用量越高,土壤硝态氮含量越高,硝酸盐向深层淋洗也越严重,淋出2m土体的可能性和也相应增大;在冬小麦生长前期（播种－拔节）,即使在不施氮肥处理也有土壤氮素的表观盈余,随着施肥量的增加,在拔节－扬花也出现了土壤氮素表观盈余,而扬花后各个氮肥处理均出现土壤氮素的表观亏缺,氮肥用量越高,小麦一生中土壤表观氮盈余量越大,1m土体内平均最大盈余量达199.8kgN/hm^2。研究表明,土壤氮损失是盈余氮素的一个主要去向,而硝态氮淋洗是冬小麦生育期间土壤氮素损失的一个重要的途径。     

育秧箱全量施肥对水稻产量和氮素流失的影响

采用育秧箱全量施肥技术,通过2年田间小区试验,研究中量控释氮肥(80 kg N·hm-2)、高量控释氮肥(120kgN·hm-2)和常规施肥(300 kg N·hm-2)处理对水稻产量和氮素流失的影响.结果表明:与常规施肥相比,高量控释氮肥处理的水稻产量未显著降低.常规施肥处理2年平均氮素利用率为33.2％,中量和高量控释氮肥处理的平均氮素利用率分别比常规施肥处理提高26.2％和20.7％.常规施肥处理田面水的总氮含量在施肥后1～3d达最大值,中量和高量控释氮肥处理的高峰期为施肥后7～9d,全生育期内,中量和高量控释氮肥处理田面水的总氮含量均显著低于常规施肥处理.常规施肥处理的氮素渗漏流失主要在分蘖期,中量和高量控释氮肥处理的氮素渗漏流失后移至分蘖-开花期.各处理硝态氮流失量占总氮流失量的59.7％～64.2％,高量控释氮肥处理的总氮净流失量比常规施肥处理减少51.8％.     

不同农作方式红壤坡耕地土壤氮素流失特征

采用径流小区法研究了6种不同农作方式土壤N素的流失特征。结果表明,同顺坡农作方式相比,其它农作方式均有明显控制土壤N素流失的作用,水平草带、水平沟、等高耕种、休闲、等高土埂等农作方式分别减少土壤N素流失量43．46％、46．55％、71．36％、77．05％和87．92％,等高耕种、等高土埂、休闲等农作方式控制土壤N素流失优于水平沟和水平草带农作方式,坡耕地土壤N素的流失途径主要为径流流失,约占土壤N素流失量81．9％－93．4％,径流流失的N素中又以水溶态N素为主,约占径流流失N素的78％－87．6％,坡耕地土壤N素流失主要集中在5－8月份,占全年流失量的85％－100％。     

Nitrogen budget and gaseous nitrogen loss in a tropical agricultural watershed

Although agricultural systems in tropical monsoon Asia play a central role in the global nitrogen (N) cycle, details of the N cycle in this region on a watershed scale remain unclear. This study quantified the N budget in a tropical watershed of 221 km² on Java Island, where paddy fields cover 28% of the land, by conducting field surveys. The amount of net biochemical gaseous N loss to the atmosphere (X _GB ), which is generally difficult to determine, was calculated as the residual of the N balance. Assuming that NH₃ volatilization balances deposition, and hence subtracting NH₄–N from the N import with atmospheric deposition, the average total import and export of N per year was found to be 46.5 kg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ over the watershed. Of this, 71% was imported as fertilizer (M _F ) and 29% with atmospheric deposition (M _AD ). On the export side, 42% was lost as X _GB , 37% with incineration of rice residues and wood fuel (X _GI ), 13% with river discharge (X _D ) and 9% with rice surplus export (X _R ). A large portion of X _GB , and consequently, a small portion of X _D could be explained by the high rate of denitrification resulting from the high temperature and humid climate, and are thought to be common features of tropical watersheds where paddy fields are found.     

Leaching loss of NO3-N and dissolved P from manure and fertilizer during turfgrass establishment

Cycling of manure nutrients through turfgrass sod could affect groundwater quality. The fate of nutrients in transplanted fertilizer- or manure-grown sod of Tifway bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L. Pers. X C. transvaalensis Burtt-Davey) was compared with that in composted dairy manure (CDM) applied to a sprigged treatment. Leaching loss of NO₃-N and dissolved P (DP) in filtrate (<0.45 μm) of leachate was compared among sodded and sprigged treatments during periods 0–50, 60–110, and 330–380 d after planting in lysimeters. In addition, recovery of N and P in turfgrass clippings and a sand medium was quantified. Maintenance applications of CDM or fertilizer P were top-dressed starting 60 d after planting. Leachate was collected and sampled over three simulated rain events during each of the three sampling periods. From 0 d to 50 d after planting, leaching loss of NO₃-N from sprigged Tifway totaled 2.0 g m⁻² and was 10 times greater than loss from CDM-grown or fertilizer-grown sod. In contrast, DP loss in leachate was ≤0.02 g m⁻² and similar among treatments. Surface applications of CDM and fertilizer P and N increased concentration and mass of total Kjeldahl N (TKN) and soil-test P (STP) in surface or subsurface layers of the sand medium. Yet, NO₃-N mass in leachate collected over three simulated rain events ranged from 0.0 to only 1.0% of applied N from 60–110 d and 330–380 d after planting. Leaching loss of NO₃-N did not differ between the sodded and sprigged treatments after two topdressings of CDM. Similarly, the DP mass recovered in leachate was small (≤0.013 g m⁻¹) and did not differ among treatments during the latter two sampling periods. The mass loss of DP in leachate was typically less than the DP mass applied through irrigation or simulated rain. Importing CDM in sod reduces NO₃-N leaching loss compared to sprigged turfgrass amended with CDM, but NO₃-N and DP leaching losses are similar during maintenance of CDM-grown and fertilizer-grown sod from 60–110 d to 330–380 d after transplanting. Responsible Editor: Bernard Nicolardot.     

Formation of unidentified nitrogen in plants: an implication for a novel nitrogen metabolism

Plants take up inorganic nitrogen and store it unchanged or convert it to organic forms. The nitrogen in such organic compounds is stoichiometrically recoverable by the Kjeldahl method. The sum of inorganic nitrogen and Kjeldahl nitrogen has long been known to equal the total nitrogen in plants. However, in our attempt to study the mechanism of nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) metabolism, we unexpectedly discovered that about one-third of the total nitrogen derived from ¹⁵N-labeled NO₂ taken up by Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. plants was converted to neither inorganic nor Kjeldahl nitrogen, but instead to an as yet unknown nitrogen compound(s). We here refer to this nitrogen as unidentified nitrogen (UN). The generality of the formation of UN across species, nitrogen sources and cultivation environments for plants has been shown as follows. Firstly, all of the other 11 plant species studied were found to form the UN in response to fumigation with ¹⁵NO₂. Secondly, tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) plants fed with ¹⁵N-nitrate appeared to form the UN. And lastly, the leaves of naturally fed vegetables, grass and roadside trees were found to possess the UN. In addition, the UN appeared to comprise a substantial proportion of total nitrogen in these plant species. Collectively, all of our present findings imply that there is a novel nitrogen mechanism for the formation of UN in plants. Based on the analyses of the exhaust gas and residue fractions of the Kjeldahl digestion of a plant sample containing the UN, probable candidates for compounds that bear the UN were deduced to be those containing the heat-labile nitrogen–oxygen functions and those recalcitrant to Kjeldahl digestion, including organic nitro and nitroso compounds. We propose UN-bearing compounds may provide a chemical basis for the mechanism of the reactive nitrogen species (RNS), and thus that cross-talk may occur between UN and RNS metabolisms in plants. A mechanism for the formation of UN-bearing compounds, in which RNS are involved as intermediates, is proposed. The important broad impact of this novel nitrogen metabolism, not only on the general physiology of plants, but also on plant substances as human and animal food, and on plants as an integral part of the global environment, is discussed.Abbreviations NO Nitric oxide - NO₂ Nitrogen dioxide - RNS Reactive nitrogen species - UN Unidentified nitrogen - TNNAT, RNNAT, INNAT and UNNAT Total, Kjeldahl, inorganic and unidentified nitrogen in naturally fed plants, respectively - TNNIT, RNNIT, INNIT and UNNIT Total, Kjeldahl, inorganic and unidentified nitrogen derived from nitrate, respectively - TNNO2, RNNO2, INNO2 and UNNO2 Total, Kjeldahl, inorganic and unidentified nitrogen derived from NO₂, respectively     

Deep placement: A method of nitrogen fertilizer application compatible with algal nitrogen fixation in wetland rice soils

Summary The effect of different methods of nitrogen fertilizer application on the algal flora and biological nitrogen fixation (Acetylene-reducing activity) in a wetland rice soil was studied in pot and field experiments. Broadcast application of urea inhibited nitrogen fixation and favored the growth of green algae. In contrast, deep placement of urea supergranules (1–2 g urea granules) did not suppress the growth of N₂-fixing blue-green algae and permitted acetylene-reducing activity on the soil surface to continue virtually uninhibited.     

Leaching losses of nitrogen from a clay soil under grass and cereal crops in Finland

Summary A 16-plot experimental field was established in 1975 on a clay soil in Jokioinen, Finland. The water discharge through tile drains was measured and its ammonium and nitrate N contents determined for each plot separately. The surface runoff was also measured and analysed. The annual runoff and the N leached from the surface of moderately fertilized (100 kg/ha/y N) cereal plots varied during 1976–1982 from 21 to 301 mm and from 2 to 7 kg/ha, respectively. The discharge of water and leaching of N through subdrains varied from 65 to 225 mm and from 1 to 38 kg/ha, respectively. The highest leaching was probably caused by a previous fallow. The annual N uptake by the crop varied between 41 and 122 kg/ha.Of the fertilizer-N used for cereals, 20% of that applied in the autumn was lost, but only 1 to 4 per cent was lost when applied in the spring. There was much less N leaching from ley than from barley plots, although the former was given twice as much N. The rate of N fertilization had only a very slight effect on N leaching from both ley and barley plots.The results were compared with those obtained in lysimeters filled with clay, silt, sand and peat soils. No definite conclusions can be drawn because the lysimeter experimental data are only for the first year.     

Ecological ramifications of the direct foliar uptake of nitrogen

The foliar incorporation of various reactive forms of nitrogen (N) has been identified and studied for nearly 30 years. However, the ecosystem-level ramifications of this uptake pathway have only recently been considered by the scientific community. In this review, I present our current understanding of the foliar uptake process and then discuss why this pathway of N addition to ecosystems should be considered separately from the bulk deposition of N to the soil surface. Direct foliar uptake is a direct addition of N to plant metabolism and could potentially more readily influence plant growth compared to soil-deposited N. Current ecosystem process models do not partition reactive N between foliar and soil entry pathways and the influence of N deposition on ecosystem C sequestration is likely inadequately represented in most models. I also outline several research priorities for the future understanding of the ecological consequences of foliar uptake of reactive N.     

稻纵卷叶螟为害损失率测定及动态经济阈值模型研究初报

室内饲养观察稻纵卷叶螟(Cnaphalocrocis medinalis)5龄幼虫食量最大,第1、2代占总食叶量的68.42％和71.60％,4龄次之,第2、3代分别占总食叶量的18.30％和15.78％。因此,幼虫消灭在3龄以前可控制为害。对不同为害程度与水稻产量损失量关系进行了测定和分析,结果表明,第2代为害主要可使千粒重降低,同时对每穗粒数和空壳率也有较大影响。第3代为害主要表现在空壳率的上升和千粒重下降。第2代主要为害倒4、5叶,少量为害有一定的增产作用;而第3代主要为害剑叶和倒2叶,产量损失明显地大于第2代,是防治的关键世代。根据研究结果可得出不同世代、不同虫龄盛发期的动态经济阈值模型。     

磷氮在水田湿地中的迁移转化及径流流失过程

水稻田湿地系统是我国东南部高产农业区的主要土地利用类型,是我国特有的景观结构．在巢湖六叉河小流域进行的野外实验结果表明,这一湿地系统的水塘、水沟和水稻田都能有效地截留来自村庄、森林地和旱地的磷氮非点源污染物．实验同时研究了磷氮物质从水稻田中的径流流失方式和机理,结果发现磷氮物质从水稻田中的径流流失量与水稻田持水量、施肥量、降雨量、水稻生长过程和水稻田排水堰高度等因素有关,并提出了一个模型计算磷氮径流流失量,表明在施肥情况下的磷氮流失量分别高达０．６９和１１．２ｋｇ·ｈｍ－２,是最大的潜在非点源污染．