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1.
A prolific maize ( Zea mays L.) genotype was grown to physiological maturity under greenhouse conditions to examine the effects of reproductive sink demand on (a) the remobilization of N accumulated during vegetative growth, and (b) the partitioning of N accumulated concurrent with ear development. One- and two-eared plants were treated with either a NO 3− or NH 4+ source of 15N-labeled N during reproductive growth. Plants with two ears enhanced grain production, N remobilization from the stalk and roots, and N translocation to the grain from concurrently assimilated N. But, remobilization of leaf-N was unaffected by ear number. In addition, N uptake and total dry matter accumulation during the reproductive period were also unaffected, although P uptake was greater in the two-eared plants. Less than 15% of the total K + uptake was accumulated after silking while during this time more than 40% of the total N and more than 50% of the total P were absorbed. The data also indicate that with NO 3− nutrition, internal recirculation of K + between shoots and roots may play a prominent role in the transport of nitrogenous solutes during grain development. N source had no effect on dry matter production and N uptake of both one- and two-eared plants. However, slightly greater partitioning of labeled-N from the NH 4+ source to the grain was observed in the two-eared plants. 相似文献
2.
Dark-grown, detopped corn seedlings (cv. Pioneer 3369A) were exposed to treatment solutions containing Ca(NO 3) 2, NaNO 3, or KNO 3; KNO 3 plus 50 or 100 millimolar sorbitol; and KNO 3 at root temperatures of 30, 22, or 16 C. In all experiments, the accelerated phase of NO 3− transport had previously been induced by prior exposure to NO 3− for 10 hours. The experimental system allowed direct measurements of net NO 3− uptake and translocation, and calculation of NO 3− reduction in the root. The presence of K + resulted in small increases in NO 3− uptake, but appreciably stimulated NO 3− translocation out of the root. Enhanced translocation was associated with a marked decrease in the proportion of absorbed NO 3− that was reduced in the root. When translocation was slowed by osmoticum or by low root temperatures, a greater proportion of absorbed NO 3− was reduced in the presence of K +. Results support the proposition that NO 3− reduction in the root is reciprocally related to the rate of NO 3− transport through the root symplasm. 相似文献
3.
Supplying both N forms (NH 4
++NO 3
−) to the maize ( Zea mays L.) plant can optimize productivity by enhancing reproductive development. However, the physiological factors responsible
for this enhancement have not been elucidated, and may include the supply of cytokinin, a growth-regulating substance. Therefore,
field and gravel hydroponic studies were conducted to examine the effect of N form (NH 4
++NO 3
− versus predominantly NO 3
−) and exogenous cytokinin treatment (six foliar applications of 22 μ M 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) during vegetative growth versus untreated) on productivity and yield of maize. For untreated plants,
NH 4
++NO 3
− nutrition increased grain yield by 11% and whole shoot N content by 6% compared with predominantly NO 3
−. Cytokinin application to NO 3
−-grown field plants increased grain yield to that of NH 4
++NO 3
−-grown plants, which was the result of enhanced dry matter partitioning to the grain and decreased kernel abortion. Likewise,
hydroponically grown maize supplied with NH 4
++NO 3
− doubled anthesis earshoot weight, and enhanced the partitioning of dry matter to the shoot. NH 4
++NO 3
− nutrition also increased earshoot N content by 200%, and whole shoot N accumulation by 25%. During vegetative growth, NH 4
++NO 3
− plants had higher concentrations of endogenous cytokinins zeatin and zeatin riboside in root tips than NO 3
−-grown plants. Based on these data, we suggest that the enhanced earshoot and grain production of plants supplied with NH 4
++NO 3
− may be partly associated with an increased endogenous cytokinin supply. 相似文献
4.
An experiment was conducted to investigate alterations in uptake and assimilation of NO 3− by phosphorus-stressed plants. Young tobacco plants ( Nicotiana tabacum [L.], cv NC 2326) growing in solution culture were deprived of an external phosphorus (P) supply for 12 days. On selected days, plants were exposed to 15NO 3− during the 12 hour light period to determine changes in NO 3− assimilation as the P deficiency progressed. Decreased whole-plant growth was evident after 3 days of P deprivation and became more pronounced with time, but root growth was unaffected until after day 6. Uptake of 15NO 3− per gram root dry weight and translocation of absorbed 15NO 3− out of the root were noticeably restricted in −P plants by day 3, and effects on both increased in severity with time. Whole-plant reduction of 15NO 3− and 15N incorporation into insoluble reduced-N in the shoot decreased after day 3. Although the P limitation was associated with a substantial accumulation of amino acids in the shoot, there was no indication of excessive accumulation of soluble reduced- 15N in the shoot during the 12 hour 15NO 3− exposure periods. The results indicate that alterations in NO 3− transport processes in the root system are the primary initial responses limiting synthesis of shoot protein in P-stressed plants. Elevated amino acid levels evidently are associated with enhanced degradation of protein rather than inhibition of concurrent protein synthesis. 相似文献
5.
Many reports have shown that plant growth and yield is superior on mixtures of NO 3− and NH 4+ compared with provision of either N source alone. Despite its clear practical importance, the nature of this N-source synergism at the cellular level is poorly understood. In the present study we have used the technique of compartmental analysis by efflux and the radiotracer 13N to measure cellular turnover kinetics, patterns of flux partitioning, and cytosolic pool sizes of both NO 3− and NH 4+ in seedling roots of rice ( Oryza sativa L. cv IR72), supplied simultaneously with the two N sources. We show that plasma membrane fluxes for NH 4+, cytosolic NH 4+ accumulation, and NH 4+ metabolism are enhanced by the presence of NO 3−, whereas NO 3− fluxes, accumulation, and metabolism are strongly repressed by NH 4+. However, net N acquisition and N translocation to the shoot with dual N-source provision are substantially larger than when NO 3− or NH 4+ is provided alone at identical N concentrations. 相似文献
6.
Assimilation of NO 3− and NH 4+ by perennial ryegrass ( Lolium perenne L.) turf, previously deprived of N for 7 days, was examined. Nitrogen uptake rate was increased up to four- to five-fold for both forms of N by N-deprivation as compared to N-sufficient controls, with the deficiency-enhanced N absorption persisting through a 48 hour uptake period. Nitrate, but not NH 4+, accumulated in the roots and to a lesser degree in shoots. By 48 hours, 53% of the absorbed NO 3− had been reduced, whereas 97% of the NH 4+ had been assimilated. During the early stages (0 to 8 hours) of NO 3− uptake by N-deficient turf, reduction occurred primarily in the roots. Between 8 and 16 hours, however, the site of reduction shifted to the shoots. Nitrogen form did not affect partitioning of the absorbed N between roots (40%) and shoots (60%) but did affect growth. Compared to NO 3−, NH 4+ uptake inhibited root, but not shoot, growth. Total soluble carbohydrates decreased in both roots and shoots during the uptake period, principally the result of fructan metabolism. Ammonium uptake resulted in greater total depletion of soluble carbohydrates in the root compared to NO 3− uptake. The data indicate that N assimilation by ryegrass turf utilizes stored sugars but is also dependent on current photosynthate. 相似文献
7.
Soybeans ( Glycine max L. Merr. cv Tracy and Ransom) were grown under N 2-dependent or NO 3−-supplied conditions, and the partitioning of photosynthate and dry matter was characterized. Although no treatment effects on photosynthetic rates were observed, NO 3−-supplied plants in both cultivars had lower starch accumulation rates than N 2-dependent plants. Leaf extracts of NO 3−-supplied plants had higher activities of sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) and cytoplasmic fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase) than N 2-dependent plants. The variation in starch accumulation was correlated negatively with the activity of SPS, but not the activity of FBPase, UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, or ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase. These results suggested that starch accumulation is biochemically controlled, in part, by the activity of SPS. Leaf starch content at the beginning of the photoperiod was lower in NO 3−-supplied plants than N 2-dependent plants in both cultivars which suggested that net starch utilization as well as accumulation was affected by N source. Total dry matter accumulation and dry matter distribution was affected by N source in both cultivars, but the cultivars differed in how dry matter was partitioned between the shoot and root as well as within the shoot. The activity of SPS was correlated positively with total dry matter accumulation which suggested that SPS activity is related to plant growth rate. The results suggested that photosynthate partitioning is an important but not an exclusive factor which determines whole plant dry matter distribution. 相似文献
8.
It is unclear if the relative content of NO 3− and reduced N in xylem exudate provides an accurate estimate of the percentage reduction of concurrently absorbed NO 3− in the root. Experiments were conducted to determine whether NO 3− and reduced N in xylem exudate of vegetative, nonnodulated soybean plants ( Glycine max [L.] Merr., `Ransom') originated from exogenous recently absorbed 15NO 3− or from endogenous 14N pools. Plants either were decapitated and exposed to 15NO 3− solutions for 2 hours or were decapitated for the final 20 minutes of a 50-minute exposure to 15NO 3− in the dark and in the light. Considerable amounts of 14NO 3− and reduced 14N were transported into the xylem, but almost all of the 15N was present as 15NO 3−. Dissimilar changes in transport of 14NO 3−, reduced 14N and 15NO 3− during the 2 hours of sap collection resulted in large variability over time in the percentage of total N in the exudate which was reduced N. Over a 20-minute period the rate of 15N transport into the xylem of decapitated plants was only 21 to 36% of the 15N delivered to the shoot of intact plants. Based on the proportion of total 15N which was found as reduced 15N in exudate and in intact plants in the dark, it was estimated that 5 to 17% of concurrently absorbed 15NO 3− was reduced in the root. This was much less than the 38 to 59% which would have been predicted from the relative content of total NO 3− and total reduced N in the xylem exudate. 相似文献
9.
Nitrogen (N) fertilization potentially affects soil N mineralization and leaching, and can enhance NH 3 volatilization, thus impacting crop production. A fertilizer experiment with five levels of N addition (0, 79, 147, 215 and 375 kg N ha -1) was performed in 2009 and 2010 in a maize field in Huanghuaihai region, China, where > 300 kg N ha -1 has been routinely applied to soil during maize growth period of 120 days. Responses of net N mineralization, inorganic N flux (0–10cm), NH 3 volatilization, and maize yield to N fertilization were measured. During the growth period, net N mineralization and nitrification varied seasonally, with higher rates occurring in August and coinciding with the R1 stage of maize growth. Soil NO 3
−-N contributed to more than 60% of inorganic N flux during maize growth. Cumulative NH 3 volatilization increased with N additions, with total NH 3 volatilization during maize growth accounting for about 4% of added N. Relative to the control, mean maize yield in the fertilizer treatments increased by 17% and 20% in 2009 and 2010, respectively. However, grain yield, aboveground biomass, and plant N accumulation did not increase with added N at levels > 215 kg N ha -1. These results suggest that the current N rate of 300 kg N ha -1 is not only excessive, but also reduces fertilizer efficacy and may contribute to environmental problems such as global warming and eutrophication of ground water and streams. 相似文献
10.
An experiment was conducted to investigate the relative changes in NO 3− assimilatory processes which occurred in response to decreasing carbohydrate availability. Young tobacco plants ( Nicotiana tabacum [L.], cv NC 2326) growing in solution culture were exposed to 1.0 millimolar 15NO 3− for 6 hour intervals during a normal 12 hour light period and a subsequent period of darkness lasting 42 hours. Uptake of 15NO 3− decreased to 71 to 83% of the uptake rate in the light during the initial 18 hours of darkness; uptake then decreased sharply over the next 12 hours of darkness to 11 to 17% of the light rate, coincident with depletion of tissue carbohydrate reserves and a marked decline in root respiration. Changes also occurred in endogenous 15NO 3− assimilation processes, which were distinctly different than those in 15NO 3− uptake. During the extended dark period, translocation of absorbed 15N out of the root to the shoot varied rhythmically. The adjustments were independent of 15NO 3− uptake rate and carbohydrate status, but were reciprocally related to rhythmic adjustments in stomatal resistance and, presumably, water movement through the root system. Whole plant reduction of 15NO 3− always was limited more than uptake. The assimilation of 15N into insoluble reduced-N in roots remained a constant proportion of uptake throughout, while assimilation in the shoot declined markedly in the first 18 hours of darkness before stabilizing at a low level. The plants clearly retained a capacity for 15NO 3− reduction and synthesis of insoluble reduced- 15N even when 15NO 3− uptake was severely restricted and minimal carbohydrate reserves remained in the tissue. 相似文献
11.
The absorption of NO 3− was characterized in six regions of a 7-d-old corn root ( Zea mays L. cv W64A × W182E) growing in a complete nutrient solution. Based on changing rates of 15N accumulation during 15-min time courses, translocation of the concurrently absorbed N through each region of the intact root was calculated and distinguished from direct absorption from the medium. Of the 15N accumulated in the 5-mm root tip after 15 min, less than 15 and 35% had been absorbed directly from the external solution at 0.1 and 10 m m NO 3− concentration of the external solution, respectively. The characterization of the apical portion of the primary root as a sink for concurrently absorbed N was conconfirmed in a pulse-chase experiment that showed an 81% increase of 15N in the 5-mm root tip during a 12-min chase (subsequent to a 6-min labeling period). The lateral roots alone accounted for 60% of root influx and 70% of 15-min whole root 15N accumulation at either 0.1 or 10 m m. NO 3− concentration of the external solution. Because relatively steady rates of 15N accumulation in the shoot were reached after 6 min, the rapidly exchanging pools in lateral roots must have been involved in supplying 15N to the shoot. The laterals and the basal primary root also showed large decreases (24 and 17%) in 15N during the chase experiment, confirming their role in rapid translocation. 相似文献
12.
Six genotypes of winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) differing in grain protein concentration were grown on a nutrient solution containing low concentrations of NO 3− (2 millimolar). Total NO 3− uptake varied between genotypes but was not related to grain protein content. An in vivo nitrate reductase assay was used to determine the affinity of the enzyme for NO 3−, and large phenotypic variations were observed. In vivo estimations of the concentration and size of the metabolic pool were variable. However, the three genotypes with the higher ratios of metabolic pool size to leaf total NO 3− concentration were the high protein varieties. It is proposed that a high affinity of nitrate reductase for nitrate might be a biochemical marker for the capacity of the plant to continue assimilating NO 3− for a longer period during the last stage of growth. 相似文献
13.
Ricinus communis L. plants were grown in nutrient solutions in which N was supplied as NO 3− or NH 4+, the solutions being maintained at pH 5.5. In NO 3−-fed plants excess nutrient anion over cation uptake was equivalent to net OH − efflux, and the total charge from NO 3− and SO 42− reduction equated to the sum of organic anion accumulation plus net OH − efflux. In NH 4+-fed plants a large H + efflux was recorded in close agreement with excess cation over anion uptake. This H + efflux equated to the sum of net cation (NH 4+ minus SO 42−) assimilation plus organic anion accumulation. In vivo nitrate reductase assays revealed that the roots may have the capacity to reduce just under half of the total NO 3− that is taken up and reduced in NO 3−-fed plants. Organic anion concentration in these plants was much higher in the shoots than in the roots. In NH 4+-fed plants absorbed NH 4+ was almost exclusively assimilated in the roots. These plants were considerably lower in organic anions than NO 3−-fed plants, but had equal concentrations in shoots and roots. Xylem and phloem saps were collected from plants exposed to both N sources and analyzed for all major contributing ionic and nitrogenous compounds. The results obtained were used to assist in interpreting the ion uptake, assimilation, and accumulation data in terms of shoot/root pH regulation and cycling of nutrients. 相似文献
14.
When adequate levels of soil NO 3− are available, concurrent NO 3− absorption and assimilation, and mobilization of vegetative N reserves accumulated prior to anthesis, may be used to supply N to developing wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) kernels. Vegetative wheat components (stems, leaves, spike) are known to possess NO 3− reductase activity, but the in situ utilization of NO 3− translocated to the shoot has not been studied. Assimilation and partitioning of 15N was determined in winter wheat `Doublecrop.' At 7 days after anthesis, the stem immediately above the peduncle node was heat girdled to block phloem export from the flag leaf. Control plants were not girdled. One day later, 50 micromoles of 15NO 3− (98 atom percent 15N) was injected into the penultimate internodal lacuna, after which 15NO 3− utilization was determined sequentially over a 5 day period. Based on differences in spike accumulation of reduced 15N excess between treatments and the amount of reduced 15N excess remaining in the flag leaf, it was estimated that the flag leaf contributed 37% of the total reduced 15N excess in the injected shoot. The lower shoot contribution was 18% and that of the peduncle plus spike was 45%. 相似文献
15.
Summary In a split root experiment translocation of N from shoot to root was studied using 15NO
3
–
. The three plant species selected for this experiment differed significantly with respect to root NRA. For lupin, maize and cocklebur about 80, 50 and 6% of all absorbed NO
3
–
was assmilated in the roots, respectively.Although NO
3
–
was reduced in the roots of lupin and maize plants to a greater extent than required for the roots' demand for organic N, a significant phloem flow of N from shoot to roots was found in these plants. Unexpectedly, for cocklebur, the plant with the very low root NRA, the fraction of total N present in the root that has been imported from the shoot was only half that as found for lupin and maize. 相似文献
16.
A whole-plant model of C and N metabolism is presented for the juvenile stage. It is aimed at comparing the growth performance
of (wild) plant species in a range of environments with respect to irradiance and availability of nitrate (NO 3
-) and ammonium (NH 4
+). State variables are the structural masses of leaves, stem and root, NO 3
- concentrations in root and shoot, non-structural carbohydrate (C) densities in leaves, stem and root and non-structural organic
N concentration in the whole plant. Explicit expressions for NO 3
- influx, efflux, translocation and assimilation, and for NH 4
+ uptake and assimilation have been formulated in an accompanying paper. Photosynthetic rate is derived from electron-transport
rate which depends on irradiance and chlorophyll concentration on a leaf-area basis. The latter is proportional to non-structural
organic N concentration. Photosynthetic N is considered non-structural. Unique features of the model are the use of metabolite
signals and the treatment of C allocation and balanced growth. Metabolite signals are dimensionless functions of non-structural
compounds (NO 3
-, C, organic N) and modify rate variables involved in N uptake and assimilation, C allocation and growth. Carbon allocation
is driven by concentration differences of the cytosolic C pools in stem and root and is modified by the N status of the plant
such that a high N status increases the apparent size of the shoot. Photosynthate is unloaded into C buffers which degrade
at a constant specific rate. The sugar fluxes which arise from these buffers drive the growth rate of stem and root. No parameters
are included for maximum specific growth or for activity or strength of sinks. Primary stem growth is proportional to growth
of the leaf compartment: leaves arise from stems in a modular fashion. Leaves are autonomous with respect to their C balance.
The model is presented as a system of differential equations which is integrated numerically. Parameter values, e.g., for
uptake and assimilation capacities and costs of uptake, assimilation, maintenance and growth, are estimated for a grass species,
Dactylis glomerata. Juvenile growth is simulated under optimal conditions with respect to irradiance and NO 3
- availability and compared with literature data. Diurnal and daily patterns of C utilisation and respiration, expressed as
percentages of gross photosynthetic rate, are discussed. The model satisfactorily simulates typical responses to nutrient
and light limitation and pruning, such as redirected C allocation, adjusted root and leaf weight ratios and compensatory growth.
A sensitivity analysis is included for selected parameters.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
17.
An experiment was conducted to determine the extent that NO 3− taken up in the dark was assimilated and utilized differently by plants than NO 3− taken up in the light. Vegetative, nonnodulated soybean plants ( Glycine max L. Merrill, `Ransom') were exposed to 15NO 3− throughout light (9 hours) or dark (15 hours) phases of the photoperiod and then returned to solutions containing 14NO 3−, with plants sampled subsequently at each light/dark transition over 3 days. The rates of 15NO 3− absorption were nearly equal in the light and dark (8.42 and 7.93 micromoles per hour, respectively); however, the whole-plant rate of 15NO 3− reduction during the dark uptake period (2.58 micromoles per hour) was 46% of that in the light (5.63 micromoles per hour). The lower rate of reduction in the dark was associated with both substantial retention of absorbed 15NO 3− in roots and decreased efficiency of reduction of 15NO 3− in the shoot. The rate of incorporation of 15N into the insoluble reduced-N fraction of roots in darkness (1.10 micromoles per hour) was somewhat greater than that in the light (0.92 micromoles per hour), despite the lower rate of whole-plant 15NO 3− reduction in darkness. A large portion of the 15NO3− retained in the root in darkness was translocated and incorporated into insoluble reduced-N in the shoot in the following light period, at a rate which was similar to the rate of whole-plant reduction of 15NO3− acquired during the light period. Taking into account reduction of NO3− from all endogenous pools, it was apparent that plant reduction in a given light period (~13.21 micromoles per hour) exceeded considerably the rate of acquisition of exogenous NO3− (8.42 micromoles per hour) during that period. The primary source of substrate for NO3− reduction in the dark was exogenous NO3− being concurrently absorbed. In general, these data support the view that a relatively small portion (<20%) of the whole-plant reduction of NO3− in the light occurred in the root system. 相似文献
20.
Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) may provide a biological alternative to fix atmospheric N 2 and delay N remobilisation in maize plant to increase crop yield, based on an understanding that plant-N remobilisation is directly correlated to its plant senescence. Thus, four PGPR strains were selected from a series of bacterial strains isolated from maize roots at two locations in Malaysia. The PGPR strains were screened in vitro for their biochemical plant growth-promoting (PGP) abilities and plant growth promotion assays. These strains were identified as Klebsiella sp. Br1, Klebsiella pneumoniae Fr1, Bacillus pumilus S1r1 and Acinetobacter sp. S3r2 and a reference strain used was Bacillus subtilis UPMB10. All the PGPR strains were tested positive for N 2 fixation, phosphate solubilisation and auxin production by in vitro tests. In a greenhouse experiment with reduced fertiliser-N input (a third of recommended fertiliser-N rate), the N 2 fixation abilities of PGPR in association with maize were determined by 15N isotope dilution technique at two harvests, namely, prior to anthesis (D 50) and ear harvest (D 65). The results indicated that dry biomass of top, root and ear, total N content and bacterial colonisations in non-rhizosphere, rhizosphere and endosphere of maize roots were influenced by PGPR inoculation. In particular, the plants inoculated with B. pumilus S1r1 generally outperformed those with the other treatments. They produced the highest N 2 fixing capacity of 30.5% (262 mg N 2 fixed plant −1) and 25.5% (304 mg N 2 fixed plant −1) of the total N requirement of maize top at D 50 and D 65, respectively. N remobilisation and plant senescence in maize were delayed by PGPR inoculation, which is an indicative of greater grain production. This is indicated by significant interactions between PGPR strains and time of harvests for parameters on N uptake and at. % 15N e of tassel. The phenomenon is also supported by the lower N content in tassels of maize treated with PGPR, namely, B. pumilus S1r1, K. pneumoniae Fr1, B. subtilis UPMB10 and Acinetobacter sp. S3r2 at D 65 harvest. This study provides evidence that PGPR inoculation, namely, B. pumilus S1r1 can biologically fix atmospheric N 2 and provide an alternative technique, besides plant breeding, to delay N remobilisation in maize plant for higher ear yield (up to 30.9%) with reduced fertiliser-N input. 相似文献
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