太行山猕猴颅骨变量的异速生长研究

采用定点方法 ,对太行山猕猴 (Macacamulatta)颅骨的 3 2项变量进行了测量、统计和异速生长分析 ,结果表明 ,除颅骨最小宽和冠颞点间宽外 ,其余变量统计值雄性大于雌性 ;颅骨变量的生长存在性别间及部位间的差异。这些差异与雄性和雌性在社群中的不同地位和竞争压力以及取食习性有关。     

短尾猴下颌骨的性二型

对30个成年短尾猴下颌骨的8个有关变量作了性二型研究。单因子分析说明,8个变量均达到了显著差异水平。判别分析得到的第一判别式为:D=-11.013+1.151下颌骨髁长+0.269下颌骨髁宽。当D=-1.271±0.182时,标本为雌性;当D=0.973±0.290时为雄性。雄性下颌骨髁比雌性更长和更宽,且变化较为稳定,可作为种内性别间的鉴别特征。雄性比雌性具有较大咀嚼阻力臂(下颌长),但其他阻力臂则比雌性相对较短。与一些灵长类相同变量的比较说明,短尾猴下颌骨结构与猕猴较为接近,与长尾叶猴则相差甚远。这可反映它们食性和行为方面的亲疏关系。     

金丝猴长骨的异速生长研究

文章利用14副成年金丝猴骨架(包括滇金丝猴Rhinopithecus bieti;黔金丝猴R.brelichi)对其长骨与体重间的异速生长进行了分析研究。结果表明,在金丝猴的生长发育过程中,前肢的生长速度大于后肢。这种形态特征与金丝猴在运动过程中攀爬垂直支撑物相联系。从肢间指数和生长系数看,金丝猴的前后肢与其它灵长类相比较,相对于体重来说比较短。这是在树上攀缘过程中使重心更接近支撑攀物和使身体稳定的一种适应。对躯干长(STL),肱骨、桡骨、股骨和胫骨经多维变量分析说明了金丝猴的长骨与体重之间的关系,长骨的结构特征与狮尾狒(Theropithecus)、狒狒(Papio)、叶猴(Presbytis)、猕猴(Mcaaca)及长鼻猴(Nasalis)更为接近。在金丝猴的运动特征上,我们据此推测,它们有一部分时间在地上活动,但休息、睡觉、寻食及逃避敌害等时在树上。因此,在运动中,跳跃、臂摆荡和悬吊不是它们的主要运动方式。     

黄山雄性短尾猴的拥抱行为

拥抱是非人灵长类动物特殊且重要的问候方式,常用于修复冲突后的个体间关系,但拥抱行为的影响因素及其社会功能仍需进一步阐明。本研究以栖息于安徽黄山的野生雄性短尾猴为研究对象,通过系统描述拥抱行为的类型、年龄组分布,分析拥抱行为的主要影响因素,并进一步探讨该行为的社会功能。结果显示：短尾猴的拥抱行为可分为无触摸生殖器、触摸生殖器和舔生殖器3种类型,其中无触摸生殖器和触摸生殖器类型最常见;3种类型的拥抱行为主要发生在非冲突环境下;随着年龄增加,拥抱行为的无触摸生殖器类型减少,触摸生殖器类型增加;成年个体的顺位越高,则接受拥抱越多,顺位提升会使个体接受拥抱的频次显著增加,顺位接近的个体拥抱发生频繁;拥抱发起的频次也与社会联系强度有正相关关系。本研究结果证实雄性短尾猴的拥抱行为具有表达顺位认知和增强社会联系的功能。     

黄山雄性短尾猴换群行为的研究

１９８６至１９９２年对安徽黄山一群短尾猴连续进行７年的换群行为研究表明：雄性的换群行为发生在临近交配期开始前后,大多数为成年个体;这些个体与换群前的顺位无关,且未受到迁入新群的其它个体更多的攻击,迁入雄体还倍受雌体青睐。据此推测,外群雌性的性吸引是雄性短尾猴换群的直接原因。雄性短尾猴换群的结果,降低了种群的近亲繁殖率,增加了不同种群间的基因交流,对种群遗传多样性的保存和发展具有重要意义．因此,进化选择压力有利于换群行为的发展。     

野生黄山短尾猴雄性睾酮的季节性变化

本文研究了黄山短尾猴野生群体雄性睾酮的变化规律.采用放射性免疫分析方法,对黄山短尾猴鱼鳞坑YA2群成年雄性个体在交配期(2005年10月至2006年1月;2006年7月至9月)与非交配期(2006年2月至6月)的粪便睾酮水平进行了测定,共采集到5只雄性个体的新鲜粪便样品426个.结果表明:在群体水平,黄山短尾猴成年雄性睾酮浓度交配季节(12.283±5.745 ng/ml)显著高于非交配季节(9.424±4.987 ng/ml),季节性变化显著(P<0.01);个体水平上,不同个体雄性睾酮均呈现显著的季节性变化(P<0.01);成年雄性睾酮分泌水平与生境温度变化呈显著正相关关系(P<0.05),且在交配季节初期雄性睾酮浓度最高,交配季节末期降到最低.研究结果支持短尾猴季节性繁殖的结论,且环境温度是影响短尾猴雄性睾酮浓度的可能因素.     

鲈鲤仔鱼的异速生长模式

采用实验生态学方法研究了鲈鲤(Percocypris pingi pingi)仔鱼(0～57日龄)的异速生长模式.结果显示:鲈鲤仔鱼全长由慢速生长到快速生长的转折点为25日龄;其多数外部器官均具有异速生长特点,头部和尾部的生长快于躯干部,均在22 ～ 27日龄出现生长拐点;眼径在14 ～ 15日龄较早出现生长拐点,促使眼睛充分发育,以提高早期仔鱼开口期摄食外源食物的能力;吻长在33～34日龄出现生长拐点,促进了口的充分发育,以适应不同的饵料环境;胸鳍、背鳍、尾鳍、臀鳍和腹鳍分别在13～14日龄、31～32日龄、32 ～33日龄、38 ～39日龄、43 ～ 44日龄出现生长拐点,除胸鳍和尾鳍外,其余各鳍的鳍条均在拐点处分化完全,即鲈鲤仔鱼的游泳能力已得到大幅提高.研究表明,鲈鲤仔鱼的异速生长模式,保证了各重要功能器官的充分发育,以适应多变的环境,有效地保障了其早期的生存,可为育苗生产和野生早期资源的保护提供技术支撑.     

太行山猕猴第Ⅶ颈椎变量的异速生长分析

以肱骨最大长为参照,对成年太行山猕猴第Ⅶ颈椎变量进行了异速生长分析。结果表明,椎体后高、椎体上矢径、全宽呈正异速生长;椎体下横径接近等速生长;椎体前高、椎体下矢径、椎体上横径、椎孔矢径、椎孔横径、矢径呈负异速生长。     

太行山猕猴肩胛骨变量间的相关性和异速生长分析

肩胛骨的测量性研究在灵长类的分类及运动类型划分方面占有很重要的地位,许多国内外学者已有不少报道[1～3]。关于太行山猕猴(Ｍａｃａｃａｍｕｌａｔｔａ)[4]肩胛骨的研究,作者查阅了许多有关文献,未见详细的研究报道。为积累太行山猕猴体质调查资料,我们对太行山猕猴肩?..     

施氏鲟仔鱼发育圾异速生长模型

施氏鲟仔鱼的生长发育可分为两个时期:卵黄囊期(或称为自由胚期),即从刚出膜(0日龄,10.17±0.63 mm)到初次开口(9日龄,18.93±0.74 mm);晚期,从开口摄食至器官发育基本完全(38日龄,41.89±5.09 mm).卵黄囊期仔鱼的感觉、摄食、呼吸、游泳等器官快速分化;晚期仔鱼各骨板分化并发育,在形态上逐渐完成向成鱼的转变.对施氏鲟仔鱼异速生长进行的研究表明,仔鱼许多关键器官均存在异速生长现象,如眼径、口宽、尾鳍长、胸鳍长分别在2日龄、8~9日龄、10日龄、11日龄出现生长拐点,拐点之前器官快速生长,拐点之后生长速度减慢甚至近似等速生长.施氏鲟仔鱼各器官呈现出协调和快速发育的特征,随着重要的感觉、摄食、呼吸、游泳等器官的发育和完善,仔鱼快速地具备了躲避敌害和摄食的能力,其生存能力大大提高.     

Male mate choice in Tibetan macaques Macaca thibetana at Mt. Huangshan, China

Though females are generally more selective in mate choice, males may also benefit from mate choice if male reproductive success is limited by factors other than simply the number of female mates, and if females differ in short-term reproductive potential. We studied male mate choice in a free-ranging troop of Tibetan macaques Macaca thibetana at Mt. Huangshan,China, from August 2007 to April 2008. We employed focal animal sampling and all occurrence sampling to record sexual related behaviors. Eight adult females were divided into three female quality categories according to the females' age, rank and parity.Using male mating effort as a proxy for male mate choice, we found that males do distinguish female quality and show time-variant mating strategies. Specifically, females with dominant rank, high fecundity, and middle age attracted significantly more males. Our results suggest that female short-term reproductive potential appears to be an important variable in determining male mating effort. Male Tibetan macaques do exercise mate choice for higher quality females as well as reduce useless reproductive cost, which is consistent with the direct benefits theory of mate choice.     

雌性黄山短尾猴回避近亲交配

本研究分别在交配期(2006年9月-2006年12月)和产仔期(2007年1月-2007年4月)对黄山短尾猴鱼鳞坑YA1群中5只雄猴和5只雌猴成年个体采用目标动物法、随机取样法和连续记录法记录行为参数。研究期间记录交配行为336例:母子交配0例;母系兄妹交配7例(占2.1%),其中强行交配4例;非亲缘关系交配329例(占97.9%),非亲缘关系交配频次显著高于亲缘关系。在交配期,雄猴对亲缘雌猴跟随、性检查频次均低于非亲缘雌猴,接近指数(PMI)在亲缘和非亲缘雌猴间无显著性差异;雌猴对亲缘雄猴交配拒绝率显著高于非亲缘雄猴,接近指数在交配期显著低于非亲缘雄猴,产仔期接近指数在亲缘和非亲缘雄猴间无显著性差异。尽管雄猴在交配选择上趋于避免与亲缘雌猴交配,但某些雄猴仍会主动对有亲缘关系的雌猴邀配或强行交配,雌猴则主动回避。这些结果表明:黄山短尾猴母系亲属间可以通过行为倾向抑制近亲交配发生,且雌猴更主动回避交配,支持了近交回避的双亲投资理论。     

雄性黄山短尾猴(Macaca thibetana)攻击支持雌性以换取交配回报

生物市场理论认为动物个体之间通过某种协定交换有价值的商品,使双方均受益。该研究采用目标动物法、行为取样法和连续记录法,对浮溪黄山野生猴谷鱼鳞坑短尾猴(Macaca thibetana)A1群(YA1群)和A2群(YA2群)成年个体在非繁殖季节(2011年8月—12月)和繁殖季节(2012年2月—5月)的雄性攻击支持雌性行为和交配行为进行研究,探讨雄性攻击支持雌性与交配之间的关系。两猴群在繁殖季节和非繁殖季节雄性攻击支持雌性与交配行为均呈显著正相关;YA2群繁殖季节与非繁殖季节攻击支持后交配频次均显著高于随机交配;YA1群在繁殖季节攻击支持后交配频次与随机交配频次差异不显著,但在非繁殖季节攻击支持后交配频次显著高于随机交配,说明短尾猴成年雄性攻击支持雌性可以换取与该雌性个体的交配回报。本研究验证了生物市场理论中社会行为存在交换,首次证明了雄性攻击支持可以换取雌性的交配回报,为进一步研究雄性性竞争与雌性选择提供了实例。     

野生雄性黄山短尾猴性行为季节性变化同步性(英文)

季节性繁殖是非人灵长类动物的普遍特征,而野生雄性个体的性行为季节性变化特点仍有待研究。该研究于2005年10月至2006年9月对黄山短尾猴鱼鳞坑YA2群5只成年雄性个体进行全年观察,以期探讨雄性黄山短尾猴性行为季节性变化特征。结果表明:繁殖季节交配行为和性动机行为(性追赶,做鬼脸和性检查)频次显著高于非繁殖季节,季节性差异显著。成年雄性个体交配行为和性动机行为季节性变化呈现显著同步性。该研究为进一步阐明短尾猴和同属季节性繁殖非人灵长类动物的雄性竞争和雄性策略提供理论依据。     

黄山短尾猴繁殖的季节性和雌性性活动方式

1987年开始,我们对中国黄山的短尾猴(Macaca thibetana)的性和繁殖行为进行了研究。本文根据1992年全年野外观察,对黄山短尾猴的繁殖季节性和雌性性活动方式进行深入研究,以揭示短尾猴繁殖方式和雌性性行为如何影响雄性性行为。研究采用全事件取样和目标动物取样法。结果表明,短尾猴黄山种群的交配和产仔是季节性的：交配季节发生在7月至12月,其特征是交配频率高并伴有射精;产仔季节为1月至4月。交配季节之外的交配虽有少量发生．但交配频率很低且几乎不射精。成年雌性的会阴部有轻微肿胀的性皮,但性皮的大小和颜色既不随猴群繁殖季节变化,也不随雌性个体生理周期变化。同时,雌性缺乏典型的性要求的行为——发情。因此,我们认为雌性短尾猴倾向于隐蔽自己的排卵。对46个连续观察日中成年雄性对雌性的性行为分析还表明：雄性能够区别潜在繁殖和不繁殖的雌性但不能对同一雌性的生理状况做出准确判断。隐蔽排卵是雌性在性接受期间接受大量交配的主要原因。本研究否定了短尾猴的交配是非季节性的假设(Wadaand Xicmg,1996)[动物学报51(3)：365—375,2005]。     

黄山短尾猴不同顺位等级雄性个体友好行为的比较研究

社会顺位等级制度在灵长类动物中普遍存在,它对动物个体的繁殖和社会行为有广泛的影响.本研究对黄山短尾猴鱼鳞坑YA2群6个不同顺位成年雄性个体,根据顺位高低,将它们分成3组:高顺位组(2只个体)、中等顺位组(2只个体)、低顺位组(2只个体),采用目标动物取样法对它们的社会行为进行研究,结果表明,3组之间(1)接收和发出架桥行为频次差异显著,高顺位组接收架桥次数最多;(2)接收和发出爬跨行为频次差异显著;低顺位组接收爬跨次数最多;(3)发出呈臀行为频次差异显著,但接收呈臀行为频次差异不显著;高顺位组是接收呈臀次数最多,低顺位组发出呈臀次数最多;(4)摇树行为频次差异显著,高顺位组发出摇树行为最多.因此雄性黄山短尾猴友好行为可以体现出社群顺位等级关系,这种社群顺位等级关系和这些友好行为在维持社群稳定上有重要作用.     

Macaca thibetana at Mt. Emei,China: III. Group composition

Data on group composition at the end of the 1986 birth season were collected from six groups of Macaca thibetana. All adult males, the members of group A, and some conspicuous animals were recognized individually. Fourhundred survey sessions were completed. The mean group size was 38.3 (SD = 13.8, range: 28–65); the number of adult females was the best correlate of total group size. The mean adult sex ratio (F:M) across groups was 3:1 (SD = 1.9, range: 1.5–6.5:1), which significantly deviated from 1:1. Sex ratios (F:M) in newborns, juveniles, and all members did not significantly deviate from 1. The ratio of immature animals to adults was 1.5 to 1 (average of groups); that is, 60% of the population was composed of immature animals, and the population was growing.     

Seasonal changes in body weight of Macaca thibetana at Mt. Emei,China

This 1991–1992 study was designed to expand previous research on body weight (BW) in Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana) at Mt. Emei. Data on BW were collected in late autumn (LA) and late winter (LW) in groups ranging above 1,200 m. Over the winter, the BW fell significantly from a mean of 16.8 to 11.4 kg in females and from 19.5 to 17.0 kg in males. The previously reported BW means of 12.8 kg for females and 18.3 kg for males, measured in late spring, are near the center of the annual BW range for this species. In addition, with the sharper decline of female BW (?32% vs. ?13% seen in males), the sexual dimorphism (M /F ) in BW increased from 1.16 in LA to 1.49 in LW. This finding may be related to differential parental investment by two sexes. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Mating competition and intergroup transfer of males in Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana) at Mt. Emei,China

In five groups of seasonally provisioned Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana) at Mt. Emei, males were sampled for wounds as an indicator of their competition for females during about 80 days in the 1987 mating season. Quantitative data on intergroup transfer were collected in a period between June 1986 and December 1987. The young adult (YA) males, the most active age-class in mating activity and intergroup transfer, received most of the wounds. Wounds tended to appear more in the front of body for YA and subadults (SA) than they did for middle-old aged (MO) males. This implies that some of the MO males were more active and aggressive in the fights. During the 1.5 year period, 5/6 of the YA and 5/17 of the MO males made intergroup shifts. Although YA males faced a high risk of receiving wounds at transfer, they usually rose in rank. On the other hand, the MO males transferred more smoothly but dropped in rank. The peripheral SA males, which rarely emigrated in the population, were an active component in determining the wounding rate, and the rate and direction of male migration. Three SA immigrants died of severe attacks made by resident males in 1988 and 1991. Adult sex ratios and their variations were considerably reduced with male nonrandom shifts and better conservation of the population.     

Dominance Style Among Macaca thibetana on Mt. Huangshan, China

The dominance style concept has proven useful for understanding covariation patterns in relationship qualities, particularly among macaques. However, the dominance styles of many macaques, including Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana), have not been examined in detail. We describe patterns of bidirectionality of aggression, postconflict affiliation and kin bias in a group of wild, but provisioned Tibetan macaques over a 2-yr period in order make an initial assessment of their dominance style. Bidirectional aggression, including percentage of counteraggression (1.9%), and conciliatory tendencies (6.4%) were consistently low across partner combinations, seasons and locations (forest vs. provisioning area). In addition, females consistently displayed high levels of kin bias in affiliation and tolerance. Compared with macaque species with better known dominance styles, the Tibetan data generally fell within the range for despotic species and outside the range for relaxed species. Although other researchers have tentatively classified them as tolerant or relaxed, we conclude that Tibetan macaques display a despotic dominance style. This conclusion poses complications to explanations based both on phylogenetic inertia and socio-ecological models.