大豆黄酮促进妊娠大鼠乳腺发育和泌乳的实验研究

研究大豆黄酮（Ｄａ）对妊娠大鼠乳腺发育和泌乳的作用及其与神经内分泌的关系，结果表明；妊娠期口服大豆黄酮，能显著提高泌乳前期大鼠乳腺重量、ＤＮＡ、ＲＮＡ含量和ＲＮＡ／ＤＮＡ值，同时极显著地提高大鼠的泌乳量、血清ＧＨ和ＰＲＬ含量及乳腺胞浆雌二醇受体的数目和亲和力；相反．妊娠后期口服多巴胺激动剂溴隐亭，能显著降低泌乳前期乳腺重量、ＤＮＡ和ＲＮＡ含量及泌乳量，并显著降低血清ＧＨ和ＰＲＬ含量及乳腺雌二醇受体的数目和亲和力；但连续两周口服Ｄａ后再口服澳隐亭一周，溴隐亭的上述作用被阻断。结果提示：Ｄａ促进大鼠乳腺发育和泌乳的作用与其抑制或站抗多巴胺对垂体ＰＲＬ、ＧＨ分泌的抑制作用有关。     

大豆黄酮对大鼠肌肉生长和几种内源激素水平的影响

给雄性、雌性和雄性去势大鼠皮下注射大豆黄酮［３ｍｇ／（１００ｇ体重·天）］１６天。结果：雄性大鼠日增重提高１４．７％（Ｐ＜０．０５）,耗料与增重比降低１２．０％,后腿肌重和后腿肌总ＲＮＡ含量显著增加,而总ＤＮＡ含量无显著变化;血清脲氮水平显著下降,血清睾酮、雌二醇、生长激素和β－内啡肽含量显著提高。雄性去势大鼠日增重、后腿肌重无显著变化,血清睾酮、生长激素和β－内啡肽水平虽显著高于对照组,但睾酮水平仅为同等条件下完整大鼠的８％左右。雌性大鼠日增重降低１９．０％（Ｐ＜０．０１）,耗料与增重比提高１７．８％,血清睾酮、雌二醇和生长激素水平显著降低。试验结果表明：大豆黄酮对大鼠肌肉生长和几种内源激素水平的影响呈现性别差异,对雄性大鼠肌肉生长的促进作用依赖于睾丸的内分泌机能。     

大豆黄酮对大鼠乳腺发育作用的实验研究

本文研究了大豆黄酮对大鼠乳腺发育及其对垂体生长激素（ＧＨ）和催乳素（ＰＲＬ）分泌的影响，结果表明：１）胃饲或皮下注射大豆黄酮能显著提高去卵巢大鼠或正常处女大鼠乳腺重量和乳腺ＤＮＡ、ＲＮＡ含量；２）胃饲或皮下注射大豆黄酮能显著提高正常处女大鼠血清ＧＨ和ＰＲＬ含量，３）大豆黄酮能显著提高大鼠乳腺，垂体和下丘脑胞浆雌二醇受体的数目，并显著提高乳腺孕酮受体的数目，体外受体竞争结合试验结果表明：大豆黄酮与大     

大豆黄酮对去卵巢猪LH分泌的影响

去卵巢的德国格丁根微型小母猪、于静脉内注射或皮下埋植大豆黄酮,并以雌激素诱导后,观察其对垂体ＬＨ反馈性分泌的影响。试验分两系列。第一系列共三组,每组６头：试验组按每１０μｇ／ｋｇ体重静脉注入大豆黄酮悬浮液,对照Ⅰ组注入相等量大豆黄酮溶剂,对照Ⅱ组作空白对照。第二系列为二组,每组９头动物,试验组皮下埋植大豆黄酮硅胶囊,对照组埋植不含任何药品的硅胶管,埋植期１２天。埋植后第７天,两组同时肌注雌二醇。慢性血管导管采集血样,ＲＩＡ分析血浆ＬＨ。结果表明,系列试验一,试验组注射大豆黄酮后ＬＨ分泌呈下降趋势,ＬＨ平均水平和峰值在处理后第１小时明显低于对照组,尔后与对照组趋于相似。系列试验二,试验组在大豆黄酮埋植后第４天和第７天,ＬＨ平均水平明显低于对照组和自身埋植前。雌激素处理后４８ｈ内,试验组ＬＨ分泌几乎完全被抑制,而对照组仍有明显分泌（Ｐ＜０．００１）。ＬＨ正反馈峰,试验组较对照组晚１２ｈ出现,但峰值显著高于对照组。结果表明,大豆黄酮对去卵巢猪垂体ＬＨ分泌具有类雌激素效应,而其程度可能与大豆黄酮处理剂量和处理时间有关。     

大豆黄酮对衰老小鼠不同脑区突触内[Ca2+]i的影响

目的: 检测大豆黄酮对衰老小鼠不同脑区突触内[Ca2 ]i影响.方法: 灌喂衰老模型小鼠大豆黄酮,利用荧光指示剂Fura-2/AM测定[Ca2 ]i.结果: 大豆黄酮使衰老小鼠大脑皮质、海马、间脑突触内游离[Ca2 ]i分别下降0.18倍(P<0.05)、0.34倍(P<0.01)、0.21倍(P<0.05).结论: 大豆黄酮可部分抑制由于突触[Ca2 ]i代谢失调引发的脑老化.     

染料木黄酮对去势大鼠骨骼矿化的影响

目的: 研究染料木黄酮对去势大鼠骨骼矿化的影响.方法: 雌性Wistar大鼠47只随机分为假手术组,去势对照组、去势 雌激素组(己烯雌酚20 μg.kg bw-1.d-1)、去势 染料木黄酮组(剂量分别为25、50、100 mg.kg bw-1.d-1).饲养三个月后处死,测定骨密度、骨矿化相关参数、骨钙、磷、锌、镁、锰、血清甲状旁腺激素、降钙素和雌激素含量.结果: 大鼠去势后,股骨骨密度降低,平均类骨质宽度增大,骨矿化延迟时间和类骨质成熟时间延长,骨中钙、磷、锌、镁和血清雌激素含量降低,与假手术组相比均有显著性差异(P＜0.05);补充染料木黄酮后,股骨骨密度有改善的趋势,平均类骨质宽度变窄,骨矿化延迟时间和类骨质成熟时间缩短,骨中钙、磷、镁含量升高.结论: 染料木黄酮通过促进类骨质矿化,减少骨中钙、磷、镁丢失,预防骨质疏松的发生.     

大豆黄酮对衰老小鼠脑组织SOD、LDH同工酶的影响

利用SOD和LDH同工酶电泳分析,研究大豆黄酮对衰老小鼠的抗氧化作用。结果显示大豆黄酮没有改变SOD和LDH同工酶谱的特征,但对因衰老引起的小鼠脑组织LDH和SOD同工酶活性、各组分的相对活性和比活力的变化有不同程度的改善作用,即LDH同工酶中LDH-2、LDH-3的活性明显下降,LDH-1的活性下降最为明显,而LDH-4的活性有所下降,但不显著,LDH-5的活性几乎没有变化,SOD同工酶的SOD-1和SOD-2的活性有不同程度的升高。这表明大豆黄酮是通过抑制LDH同工酶H亚基的合成来降低LDH的活性,而对M亚基的合成没有影响,并且能够促进SOD同工酶SOD-1和SOD-2的合成,不影响其遗传稳定性。     

大豆异黄酮对大鼠乳腺癌细胞内cAMP/PKA信号途径的影响

本实验研究了大豆异黄酮对SHZ-88大鼠乳腺癌细胞内cAMP／PKA信号途径的影响。实验设3组：空白对照组、50μg／ml大豆黄酮及15μg／ml染料木素组。采用放射免疫测定法（RIA）检测了胞内cAMP的浓度、腺苷酸环化酶（adenylate cyclase,AC）和磷酸二酯酶（phosphodiesterase,PDE）的活性,用（γ-^32P）ATP掺入法测定cAMP依赖性PKA的活性,半定量RT-PCR法分析cAMP反应元件结合蛋白（cAMP response element binding protein,CREB）mRNA表达的变化。结果表明：在处理后5min,大豆黄酮组和染料木素组细胞的cAMP浓度分别比对照组升高了9．5％和11．0％（P〈0．05）：10min时,分别比对照组升高31．0％和40.3％（P〈0．01）。3组细胞的AC活性在处理时间内没有明显变化。但在处理后5min,大豆黄酮组和染料木素组细胞的PDE活性分别降至对照组的71．8％和71．6％（P〈0．05）。处理后20min,大豆黄酮组和染料木素组细胞PKA活性分别上升到对照组的125．8％和122．3％（P〈0．05）;到40min时仍维持在高水平。大豆黄酮组和染料木素组细胞CREB mRNA的表达量在处理后3h分别比对照组增加31．6％和51．1％（P〈0．05）;6h后开始下降。这些结果提示,大豆异黄酮能够激活大鼠乳腺癌细胞内cAMP／PKA信号途径;而且是通过抑制磷酸二酯酶的活性,导致胞内cAMP浓度升高而实现的。     

大豆黄酮的对母猪免疫功能和血清及初乳中GH,PRL,SS水平的影响

研究口服大豆黄酮对妊娠母猪及其仔猪的免疫功能和血清,初乳中生长激素、催乳素、生长抑素水平的影响,结果表明：１）大豆黄酮能明显提高母猪血清和初乳中特异性抗体的水平,表明母猪整体乳腺器官的体液免疫功能明显增强。２）通过对初乳的吸收,其新生仔猪血清中母源抗体水平明显对照组。３）母猪血清和初乳中ＧＨ、ＰＲＬ含量明显高于对照组,而血清ＳＳ含量显著低于对照组。本实验结果提示：垂体ＰＲＬ、ＧＨ和体内ＳＳ可能参与     

大鼠GTH细胞内cAMP的改变对LH分泌的影响

将GTH细胞用FSK(cAMP兴奋剂)或SO22,536(cAMP抑制剂兴奋剂)处理后,用GnRH脉冲刺激,再用ELISA法检测其LH分泌量,并与空白对照组比较。结果表明,FSK能显著提高GTH细胞中cAMP含量,SO22,536能显著降低GTH细胞中cAMP含量,FSK和SO22,536都不会影响GTH细胞的PKC活性,GTH细胞cAMP含量显著影响LH的分泌,LH随着cAMP的升高而升高,随着cAMP的降低而降低。cAMP-PKA是GnRH脉冲刺激所引起LH分泌受体后的信号转导途径。     

Reproductive disruption in adult female and male rats prenatally exposed to mesquite pod extract or daidzein

Phytoestrogens are considered to be endocrine disruptors, since they can alter the endocrine system, thus disturbing many reproductive events. The intake of diets containing a high content of phytoestrogens has increased worldwide in human populations and in domestic animals. Phytoestrogens in maternal blood can pass through the placenta to the fetus in high amounts and can have long-term organizational effects. Mesquite (Prosopis sp) is a leguminous plant widely used to feed several livestock species, and is also used in the human diet. In this study we assessed the effects of exposure to mesquite pod extract during the periconception and pregnancy periods on the reproduction of male and female descendants. The females of three experimental groups received one of the following treatments: 1) vehicle injection; 2) mesquite pod extract or 3) the isoflavone daidzein during the periconception and pregnancy periods. Estrous cyclicity, sexual behavior and hormones, as well as uterine and vaginal epithelia were evaluated in the female descendants. In the males, sexual behavior and hormones, apoptosis in testicular cells and sperm quality were evaluated. In females the following was observed: alterations in estrous cycles, decreased sexual behavior, estradiol and progesterone levels, increased uterine and vaginal epithelia. In males, we observed a decrease in sexual behavior, testosterone and sperm quality, and apoptosis increased in testicular cells. All these effects were similar to those caused by daidzein. These results indicate that prenatal exposure to mesquite pod extract or daidzein, administered to females before and during pregnancy, can disrupt normal organizational-activational programming of reproductive physiology in female and male descendants.     

Effects of naloxone, metaclopramide and domperidone on plasma levels of prolactin and LH following suckling in the female rabbit

Saline, naloxone, domperidone or metaclopramide was injected into lactating rabbits immediately before suckling. Blood samples were taken prior to injection (0 minutes) and then at 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes after the start of suckling, after which the samples were assayed for plasma prolactin and LH concentrations. In all the does there was a significant increase in prolactin concentration, which was highest 15 minutes after the start of suckling, and which declined exponentially thereafter to levels significantly higher than before suckling. The increase in prolactin concentration was similar in does given saline and naloxone, but it was significantly enhanced in does given metaclopramide; with domperidone the increase was intermediate and not significantly different from that following treatment with saline. In does given saline, domperidone, and metaclopramide plasma LH concentrations declined slowly during the hour after suckling but the concentration was increased significantly in does given naloxone. The inverse correlations between prolactin and LH were low weak and were not significant.     

Effects of ovariectomy and estradiol replacement on naloxone induced LH secretion in the female rabbit

The effects of an opioid antagonist, naloxone, on the secretion of gonadotrophins were investigated in the long term ovariectomized rabbit. In the intact and acutely ovariectomized rabbit (2 days p.o.) naloxone at 10 mg/kg induced an increase of 260-300% in LH secretion at 40 min post-injection. From days 33-66 post-surgery naloxone at 10 mg/kg caused significant elevations in LH release even when animals were treated with estradiol benzoate 24 h previously. By contrast, treatment with oestradiol benzoate 3 h before naloxone abolished the LH increase. An LH surge could be elicited in these rabbits with GnRH treatment. These studies indicated that long term ovariectomy in the female rabbit does not completely remove the opioid control of GnRH release and that the LH response to naloxone is influenced by circulating estradiol levels.     

Immunohistochemical study of the responsiveness of LH cells of fetal rats to synthetic LHRH in vitro

Summary Fetal rat pituitaries on days 17–19 of gestation were maintained in serum-free Medium 199 for 24 h in the presence of 1, 10 and 100 ng/ml of synthetic LHRH. Immunohistochemical examination of such stimulated tissue reveals a complete depletion of immunoreactive material in most of the LH cells, irrespective of the LHRH concentrations tested, though some cells remain weakly immunopositive in the pituitaries of later developmental stages. Once discharge has occurred, there is little reaccumulation of secretory material in LH cells during prolonged incubation for 48 h in LHRH-free medium containing 10% calf serum. The LHRH treatment causes no immunohistochemical change in TSH cells.It is concluded that in fetal rats recently differentiated LH cells can release the secretory product if they are stimulated by hypothalamic LHRH.     

Autoradiographic study of the distribution of LH(HCG) receptors in the ovary of untreated and gonadotrophin-primed immature rats

Summary The LH(HCG) receptors in the ovaries of immature rats which were either untreated, or primed with PMSG and HCG, have been studied with a histochemical method which has proved to be as effective as when earlier used in the rat testis. This method, which consists of the topical application of ¹²⁵I-HCG to picric acid-formaldehyde (PAF) fixed frozen sections followed by autoradiography, is also suitable for quantitative studies on the distribution of receptors.In the ovary of the immature 26 days old rat, the LH(HCG) receptors are localized exclusively in the interstitial and thecal tissues.After PMSG treatment many receptors appear in the granulosa of the large antral follicles. These receptors are most numerous in the outer layers of cells and least numerous in the inner. At the same time there are fewer receptors in the thecal and interstitial cells which have undergone the process of luteinization.After PMSG and HCG treatment the newly formed corpora lutea have few receptors, but these become progressively more numerous on subsequent days.It is suggested that, in the rat, the luteinization of the ovarian LH-target cells is associated with an initial decrease in the number of their LH(HCG) receptors.     

Effects of abdominal vagotomy on serum LH concentrations in female rats

Vagotomy on the morning of pro-oestrus did not prevent the pro-oestrous LH surge and rats became oestrous on the following day. However, vagotomized rats then exhibited a period of acyclicity which lasted for 20.4 +/- 1.3 (s.e.m.) days. Food intake and body weight also declined after vagotomy. During the first week after vagotomy, afternoon LH surges generally did not occur, a pattern which was similar in animals pair fed with vagotomized rats. However, pair-fed rats showed oestrous cycles while vagotomized rats were acyclic. At 7 days after vagotomy, LH surges were induced by oestradiol benzoate and progesterone treatment of ovariectomized rats. Vagotomy suppressed the post-ovariectomy increase in serum LH at 7 and 21 days after surgery. These results, combined with those of other studies, suggest impairment of LH release in vagotomized rats.     

Effect of an antagonistic analog of LH-RH on haloperidol-induced hyperprolactinemia in female rats

The effects of prolonged treatment with the antagonistic analog of LH-RH (N-Ac-D-p-Cl-Phe1,2, D-Trp3,D-Arg6,D-Ala10) LH-RH (ORG 30276) on the hyperprolactinemia induced by haloperidol were investigated in intact or ovariectomized female rats. Treatment with ORG 30276 for 20 days significantly reduced prolactin levels elevated by daily injections of haloperidol in intact as well as in ovariectomized rats. Administration of ORG 30276 also significantly decreased serum LH levels in both types of rats. It is concluded that the LH-RH antagonist ORG 30276 is able to counteract the hyperprolactinemic effect of haloperidol. This effect might be due to a blockade of the action of endogenous LH-RH on the gonadotrophs, which results in a suppressing of the paracrine action of these cells on the lactotroph.     

Activation of AMPA receptors inhibits prolactin and estradiol secretion and delays the onset of puberty in female rats

Previous experiments have evidenced the neuroendocrine role of AMPA receptors. Present studies were carried out to obtain information on the role of these receptors in the control of the onset of puberty. To this end, female rats were i.c.v. injected with vehicle or AMPA (agonist of AMPA receptors: 0.1 or 0.5 nmol/day) between 26 and 30 days (Experiment 1), or 30 and 34 days (Experiment 2) of age. Serum concentrations of PRL, LH and estradiol were measured before drug administration, 10 min after the last injection, at vaginal opening (VO) and at first estrus (FE) presentation. In both experiments, AMPA administration inhibited PRL and estradiol secretion without affecting LH release. When AMPA was administered between 26 and 30 days a significant delay in the day of vaginal opening was observed. These results confirmed the inhibitory effect of AMPA on PRL secretion and suggests a role of AMPA receptors in the control of puberty onset.     

Effects of hyperprolactinemia on prolactin and LH pulsatile pattern in female rats.

Prolactin (PRL) and luteinizing hormone (LH) secretions are very closely-related. To further understand these mechanisms, the pulsatile secretion pattern of both hormones in experimentally-induced hyperprolactinemia has been studied in adult female rats. Hyperprolactinemia was induced by the transplanting of two pituitary glands. Nine days after the transplant operation, rats were bled (75 or 100 microliters/7 min for 3 h). Serum samples were analyzed for prolactin and LH values by RIA. Hyperprolactinemia modifies pulsatile PRL secretion by increasing the absolute amplitude and duration of the peaks together with a decrease in their frequency. Also, the mean values of the hormone during the whole studied period were increased. Hyperprolactinemia was followed by an increase in the mean values of LH and in the absolute amplitude of the peaks. All these results suggest that hyperprolactinemia induced by pituitary grafting in adult female rats, is followed by a significant change in prolactin and LH pulsatility, which may explain, to some extent, the effects of hyperprolactinemia on reproduction.     

Effects of naloxone and naltrexone on receptive and proceptive behaviors in female rats.

The sexual receptive and proceptive behaviors induced by opiate antagonists, naloxone and naltrexone in estrogen-primed ovariectomized rats were observed under the presence of sexually active males. The females were treated intraperitoneally with naloxone or naltrexone at doses ranging from 0.5 to 4.0 mg/kg and the sexual behavior of females was tested before and after the injection of drug. The results obtained suggest that the opiate antagonists play a role in the regulation of lordosis behavior, but not proceptive behavior in female rats.