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1.
Genomic organization of the complex α-gliadin gene loci in wheat 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Gu YQ Crossman C Kong X Luo M You FM Coleman-Derr D Dubcovsky J Anderson OD 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》2004,109(3):648-657
To better understand the molecular evolution of the large -gliadin gene family, a half-million bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library clones from tetraploid durum wheat, Triticum turgidum ssp. durum (2n=4x=28, genome AB), were screened for large genomic segments carrying the -gliadin genes of the Gli-2 loci on the group 6 homoeologous chromosomes. The resulting 220 positive BAC clones—each containing between one and four copies of -gliadin sequences—were fingerprinted for contig assembly to produce contiguous chromosomal regions covering the Gli-2 loci. While contigs consisting of as many as 21 BAC clones and containing up to 17 -gliadin genes were formed, many BAC clones remained as singletons. The accuracy of the order of BAC clones in the contigs was verified by Southern hybridization analysis of the BAC fingerprints using an -gliadin probe. These results indicate that -gliadin genes are not evenly dispersed in the Gli-2 locus regions. Hybridization of these BACs with probes for long terminal repeat retrotransposons was used to determine the abundance and distribution of repetitive DNA in this region. Sequencing of BAC ends indicated that 70% of the sequences were significantly similar to different classes of retrotransposons, suggesting that these elements are abundant in this region. Several mechanisms underlying the dynamic evolution of the Gli-2 loci are discussed. 相似文献
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The complete set of unique γ-gliadin genes is described for the wheat cultivar Chinese Spring using a combination of expressed sequence tag (EST) and Roche 454 DNA sequences. Assemblies of Chinese Spring ESTs yielded 11 different γ-gliadin gene sequences. Two of the sequences encode identical polypeptides and are assumed to be the result of a recent gene duplication. One gene has a 3′ coding mutation that changes the reading frame in the final eight codons. A second assembly of Chinese Spring γ-gliadin sequences was generated using Roche 454 total genomic DNA sequences. The 454 assembly confirmed the same 11 active genes as the EST assembly plus two pseudogenes not represented by ESTs. These 13 γ-gliadin sequences represent the complete unique set of γ-gliadin genes for cv Chinese Spring, although not ruled out are additional genes that are exact duplications of these 13 genes. A comparison with the ESTs of two other hexaploid cultivars (Butte 86 and Recital) finds that the most active genes are present in all three cultivars, with exceptions likely due to too few ESTs for detection in Butte 86 and Recital. A comparison of the numbers of ESTs per gene indicates differential levels of expression within the γ-gliadin gene family. Genome assignments were made for 6 of the 13 Chinese Spring γ-gliadin genes, i.e., one assignment from a match to two γ-gliadin genes found within a tetraploid wheat A genome BAC and four genes that match four distinct γ-gliadin sequences assembled from Roche 454 sequences from Aegilops tauschii, the hexaploid wheat D-genome ancestor. 相似文献
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Jan Krekule 《Biologia Plantarum》1961,3(3):180-191
Na ozimé p?enici odr. Hodonínská holice byla studována otázka vlivu fotoperiodického re?imu na pr?běh jarovisace. Polní pokusy ukázaly, ?e krátký den urychluje vývoj, p?sobí-li v dobé jarovisace. Krátký den aplikovaný po jarovisaci ve v?ech p?ípadech vývoj prodlu?oval. P?i umělém osvětlení nízké intensity a v podmínkách jarovisa?ních teplot probíhá jarovisace vět?inou rychleji na dlouhém dni. Jarovisace v temnotě se uskute?ňuje pouze po p?idání glycid?. P?edpokládám, ?e i u zelených rostlin je nahromadění ur?itého mno?ství ergastického materiálu, zejména glycid?, jednou z podmínek pr?běhu jarovisace. Tohoto nahromadění m??e být dosa?eno jednou prodlou?ením osvětlení (v podmínkách optimálních jarovisaěních teplot a p?i umélém osvétlení poměrně nízké intensity), jindy, v polních podmínkách, krátkým dnem vyvolávajícím specifickou, fotoperiodicky kontrolovanou r?stovou reakci inhibující r?st. 相似文献
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Muhammad A. Asif Rhiannon K. Schilling Joanne Tilbrook Chris Brien Kate Dowling Huwaida Rabie Laura Short Christine Trittermann Alexandre Garcia Edward G. Barrett-Lennard Bettina Berger Diane E. Mather Matthew Gilliham Delphine Fleury Mark Tester Stuart J. Roy Allison S. Pearson 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》2018,131(10):2179-2196
Key message
Novel QTL for salinity tolerance traits have been detected using non-destructive and destructive phenotyping in bread wheat and were shown to be linked to improvements in yield in saline fields.Abstract
Soil salinity is a major limitation to cereal production. Breeding new salt-tolerant cultivars has the potential to improve cereal crop yields. In this study, a doubled haploid bread wheat mapping population, derived from the bi-parental cross of Excalibur?×?Kukri, was grown in a glasshouse under control and salinity treatments and evaluated using high-throughput non-destructive imaging technology. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis of this population detected multiple QTL under salt and control treatments. Of these, six QTL were detected in the salt treatment including one for maintenance of shoot growth under salinity (QG(1–5).asl-7A), one for leaf Na+ exclusion (QNa.asl-7A) and four for leaf K+ accumulation (QK.asl-2B.1, QK.asl-2B.2, QK.asl-5A and QK:Na.asl-6A). The beneficial allele for QG(1–5).asl-7A (the maintenance of shoot growth under salinity) was present in six out of 44 mainly Australian bread and durum wheat cultivars. The effect of each QTL allele on grain yield was tested in a range of salinity concentrations at three field sites across 2 years. In six out of nine field trials with different levels of salinity stress, lines with alleles for Na+ exclusion and/or K+ maintenance at three QTL (QNa.asl-7A, QK.asl-2B.2 and QK:Na.asl-6A) excluded more Na+ or accumulated more K+ compared to lines without these alleles. Importantly, the QK.asl-2B.2 allele for higher K+ accumulation was found to be associated with higher grain yield at all field sites. Several alleles at other QTL were associated with higher grain yields at selected field sites.5.
Zhongwei Yuan Miao Liu Yuyuan Ouyang Xiaoxue Zeng Ming Hao Lianquan Zhang Shunzong Ning Zehong Yan Dengcai Liu 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》2014,127(10):2173-2182
Key message
This study provides a link between a de novo gene and novel phenotype in wheat–rye hybrids that can be used as a model for induced de novo genetic variation.Abstract
Wide hybridization can produce de novo DNA variation that may cause novel phenotypes. However, there is still a lack of specific links between changed genes and novel phenotypes in wide hybrids. The well-studied high-molecular-weight glutenin subunit (HMW-GS) genes in tribe Triticeae provide a useful model for addressing this issue. In this study, we investigated the feasibility of a wheat–rye hybridization method for inducing de novo phenotypes using the Glu-1Dx2.2 subunit as an example. We developed three hexaploid wheat lines with normal fertility and a Glu-1Dx2.2 variant, named Glu-1Dx2.2 v , derived from three F1 hybrids. The wild-type Glu-1Dx2.2 has two direct repeats of 295 bp length separated by an intervening 101 bp in its central repetitive region. In the mutant Glu-1Dx2.2 v , one copy of the repeats and the intervening sequence were deleted, probably through homology-dependent illegitimate recombination (IR). This study provides a direct link between a de novo allele and novel phenotype. Our results indicate that the wheat–rye method may be a useful tool to induce de novo genetic variations that broaden the genetic diversity for wheat improvement. 相似文献6.
P. J. Sharp S. Desai M. D. Gale 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》1988,76(5):691-699
Summary Forty-one hexaploid wheat genotypes have been examined for RFLPs detected by a -amylase probe using three restriction enzymes, and for mature grain -amylase isozyme polymorphism following IEF. The two homoeoallelic series assayed for RFLPs differed: little variation was found at group 2 chromosome homoeoloci, while the group 4/5 chromosome homoeoloci displayed considerable variation. Varieties that displayed a RFLP with one RE almost always did likewise with the other two REs, suggesting that most of the polymorphisms observed were due to large DNA rearrangements. Comparison of the variation in grain -amylase isozymes with the RFLP results indicated strong associations between particular RFLP and isozyme alleles. 相似文献
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One of the fundamental assumptions in the multi-locus approach to phylogeographic studies is that unlinked loci have independent
genealogies. For this reason, congruence among gene trees from unlinked loci is normally interpreted as support for the existence
of external forces that may have concordantly shaped the topology of multiple gene trees. However, it is also important to
address and quantify the possibility that gene trees within a given species are all inherently constrained to some degree
by their shared organismal pedigree, and thus in this strict sense are not entirely independent. Here we demonstrate by computer
simulations that gene trees from a shared pedigree tend to display higher topological concordance than do gene trees from
independent pedigrees with the same demographic parameters, but we also show that these constraining effects are normally
minor in comparison to the much higher degree of topological concordance that can routinely emerge from external phylogeographic
shaping forces. The topology-constraining effect of a shared pedigree decreases as effective population size increases, and
becomes almost negligible in a random mating population of more than 1,000 individuals. Moreover, statistical detection of
the pedigree effect requires a relatively large number of unlinked loci that far exceed what is typically used in current
phylogeographic studies. Thus, with the possible exception of extremely small populations, multiple unlinked genes within
a pedigree can indeed be assumed, for most practical purposes, to have independent genealogical histories. 相似文献
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Mapping QTLs for pre-harvest sprouting tolerance on chromosome 2D in a synthetic hexaploid wheat×common wheat cross 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Ren Xiao-bo Lan Xiu-jin Liu Deng-cai Wang Jia-li Zheng You-liang 《Journal of applied genetics》2008,49(4):333-341
Based on segregation distortion of simple sequence repeat (SSR) molecular markers, we detected a significant quantitative
trait loci (QTL) for pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) tolerance on the short arm of chromosome 2D (2DS) in the extremely susceptible
population of F2 progeny generated from the cross of PHS tolerant synthetic hexaploid wheat cultivar ‘RSP’ and PHS susceptible bread wheat
cultivar ‘88–1643’. To identify the QTL of PHS tolerance, we constructed two SSR-based genetic maps of 2DS in 2004 and 2005.
One putative QTL associated with PHS tolerance, designatedQphs.sau-2D, was identified within the marker intervalsXgwm261-Xgwm484 in 2004 and in the next year, nearly in the same position, between markerswmc112 andXgwm484. Confidence intervals based on the LOD-drop-off method ranged from 9 cM to 15.4 cM and almost completely overlapped with
marker intervalXgwm261-Xgwm484. Flanking markers near this QTL could be assigned to the C-2DS1-0.33 chromosome bin, suggesting that the gene(s) controlling
PHS tolerance is located in that chromosome region. The phenotypic variation explained by this QTL was about 25.73–27.50%.
Genotyping of 48 F6 PHS tolerant plants derived from the cross between PHS tolerant wheat cultivar ‘RSP’ and PHS susceptible bread wheat cultivar
‘MY11’ showed that the allele ofQphs.sau-2D found in the ‘RSP’ genome may prove useful for the improvement of PHS tolerance. 相似文献
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The Thermus thermophilus TH125 α-galactosidase gene, agaT, and flanking sequences were cloned in Escherichia coli and sequenced as well as flanking sequences of the previously cloned agaT from Thermus brockianus ITI360. Different structures of putative α-galactosidase operons in the two Thermus strains were revealed. Downstream of and overlapping with the α-galactosidase genes of both strains, a gene was identified
that is similar to the galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase gene (galT) of E. coli and Streptomyces lividans. Upstream of the agaT of T. brockianus ITI360, four open reading frames were observed. The deduced translation products displayed similarity to components of bacterial
binding protein-dependent transport systems and a β-galactosidase. No galactoside utilization genes were identified upstream
of agaT in T. thermophilus TH125. The inactivation of the α-galactosidase genes of both strains by insertional mutagenesis led to an inability to use
melibiose or galactose as a single carbohydrate source. An attempt was made to isolate a gene encoding the enzyme responsible
for para-nitrophenyl-(pNP-) β-galactoside hydrolyzing activity in T. thermophilus TH125. A gene designated bglT was cloned and expressed in E. coli. The inactivation of the bglT gene led to 55% reduction of the pNP-β-galactoside hydrolyzing activity in the mutant strain in comparison to the wild type.
Received: April 28, 1999 / Accepted: September 9, 1999 相似文献
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Corynebacterium glutamicum is an aerobic, Gram-positive microorganism, well known as a pro-ducer of several amino acids. Amino acid products are used on a large scale for food industry flavouring, feed additive, pharmaceutical and cosmetic purpose[1,2]. The organism is able to grow not only on glucose, fructose and lactose, but also on acetate, lactate as its sole carbon source. The growth on acetate requires its activation to acetyl-CoA. In C. glutamicum, acetate is activated in a two-step … 相似文献
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Igarashi Yumiko Yoshiba Yoshu Sanada Yukika Yamaguchi-Shinozaki Kazuko Wada Keishiro Shinozaki Kazuo 《Plant molecular biology》1997,33(5):857-865
A cDNA for 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate (P5C) synthetase (cOsP5CS), an enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of proline, was isolated and characterized from a cDNA library prepared from 14-day-old seedlings of Oryza sativa cv. Akibare. The deduced amino acid sequence of the P5CS protein (OsP5CS) from O. sativa exhibited 74.2% and 75.5% homology to that of the P5CS from Arabidopsis thaliana and Vigna aconitifolia, respectively. Northern blot analysis revealed that the gene for P5CS (OsP5CS) was induced by high salt, dehydration, treatment of ABA and cold treatment, while it was not induced by heat treatment. Simultaneously, accumulation of proline was observed as a result of high salt treatment in O. sativa. Moreover, the levels of expression of OsP5CS mRNA and content of proline under salt stress condition were compared between a salt-tolerant cultivar, Dee-gee-woo-gen (DGWG) and a salt-sensitive breeding line, IR28. It was observed that the expression of the P5CS gene and the accumulation of proline in DGWG steadily increased, whereas those in IR28 increased slightly. 相似文献
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Identification of RAPD markers linked to the gene PM 1 for resistance to powdery mildew in wheat 总被引:17,自引:0,他引:17
X. Y. Hu H. W. Ohm I. Dweikat 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》1997,94(6-7):832-840
Powdery mildew caused by Blumeria graminis DC. f. sp. triticiém. Marchal is an important disease of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell). We report here the identification of three random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers closely linked to
a gene for resistance to B. graminis in wheat. RAPD-PCR (polymerase chain reaction) analysis was conducted using bulked segregant analysis of closely related
lines developed from a segregating F5 family. The F5 family was derived from a cross between the susceptible cultivar Clark and the resistant line Zhengzhou 871124. Genetic analysis
indicated that resistance of Zhengzhou 871124 to powdery mildew is conferred by the gene Pm1. After performing RAPD-PCR analysis with 1300 arbitrary 10-mer primers and agarose-gel electrophoresis, two RAPD markers,
UBC320420 and UBC638550, were identified to be co-segregating with the disease resistance. No recombinants were observed between either of the RAPD
markers and the gene for resistance to powdery mildew after analysis of 244 F2 plants. The third RAPD marker, OPF12650, was identified with denaturing gradient-gel electrophoresis (DGGE), and was determined to be 5.4±1.9 cM from the resistance
gene. UBC320420 and UBC638550 were present in wheat powdery mildew differential lines carrying the gene Pm1, suggesting linkage between these markers and the Pm1 resistance gene. Co-segregation between Pm1 and the two markers UBC320420 and UBC638550 was confirmed in a segregating population derived from a cross with CI14114, the wheat differential line carrying Pm1. The method of deriving closely related lines from inbred families that are segregating for a trait of interest should find
wide application in the identification of DNA markers linked to important plant genes. The RAPD marker UBC638550 was converted to a sequence tagged site (STS). RAPD markers tightly linked to target genes may facilitate selection and enable
gene pyramiding for powdery mildew resistance in wheat breeding programs.
Received: 10 December 1995 / Accepted: 13 September 1996 相似文献
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BackgroundCopper has an important role in nervous system function, as a cofactor of many enzymes and in the synthesis of neurotransmitters. Both the dose and the chemical form of copper can determine the impact of this element on metabolism, the neurological system and the immune system.AimsThe aim of the study was to determine whether and in what form the addition of copper changes the level of amyloid beta and acetylcholinesterase level in selected rat tissues.MethodsThirty, healthy, male, albino Wistar rats aged 7 weeks were randomly divided into 3 groups. Three experimental treatments were used to evaluate the effects of different levels and sources of Cu (6.5 mg kg of diet) in the diet: Cu0 – rats fed a diet without Cu supplementation; Cusalt – rats fed a diet with CuCO3 (6.5 mg kg of diet) during two months of feeding; CuNPs - rats fed a diet with Cu nanoparticles (6.5 mg kg of diet) during two months of feeding. In blood serum and tissue homogenates there rated the indicators proving the potential neurodegenerative effect and epigenetic DNA damage induced by chemical form of copper or lack of additional copper supplementation in diet were determined. There were analysed: level of acetylcholinesterase, β-amyloid, low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1, apyrimidinic endonuclease, thymidine glycosidase, alkylpurine-DNA-N-glycosylase and glycosylated acetylcholinesterase.ResultsIrrespective of the form of copper added, it was found to increase acetylcholinesterase level in the brain, spleen and liver, as well as in the blood plasma of the rats. Copper in the form of CuCO3 was found to increase acetylcholinesterase level in the kidneys. The addition of both forms of copper caused a marked increase in the plasma concentration of β-amyloid in comparison with the diet with no added Cu. The addition of both forms of copper caused a marked increase in the plasma concentration of β-amyloid in comparison with the diet with no added Cu.ConclusionsA lack of added Cu in the diet of rats reduces the concentration of amyloid-β in the blood, whereas administration of copper, in the form of either CuNPs or CuCO3, increases the level of this peptide in the blood. The use of copper in the form of CuNPs in the diet of rats does not increase the level of β-amyloid more than the use of the carbonate form of this element. The use of CuNPs or CuCO3 in the diet of rats increases acetylcholinesterase level in the brain, spleen, liver, and blood. CuNPs in the diet of rats were not found to increase acetylcholinesterase level to a greater extent than Cu+2 carbonate. 相似文献
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