致倦库蚊几丁质酶家族基因的鉴定与分析

利用生物信息学方法鉴定致倦库蚊23条几丁质酶基因,并对它们进行命名、分组,以及基因结构、蛋白结构域、蛋白理化特性和系统发育分析,随后使用q PCR方法检测Cq Cht10在致倦库蚊生长各时期的相对表达量。结果表明,致倦库蚊几丁质酶基因长度为1 360~19 218 bp,蛋白长度为353~2 681 aa,分子量为39.557~279.503 k D,等电点为4.76~8.69。它们属于GH18家族,每条几丁质酶包含信号肽区域、催化结构域、几丁质结合域和连接区域,但包含的数量不同。此外,每条几丁质酶的催化结构域均包含保守序列FDGXDLDWEYP。本研究将致倦库蚊几丁质酶划分为12组,组Ⅰ~组Ⅶ沿用早期研究的分组标准,此外将组Ⅷ更名为组Ⅸ,再新增4个分组。Cq Cht10的q PCR实验结果显示,该基因在Ⅱ龄~Ⅳ龄幼虫期呈高表达,在蛹期和成虫期呈低表达,而在卵期和Ⅰ龄幼虫期呈微量表达,此外在雌蚊和雄蚊中无显著差异表达,提示该基因与致倦库蚊的蜕皮相关,且与性别关联不大。本研究的分析结果能够为致倦库蚊几丁质酶基因的功能研究提供有价值的信息。     

致倦库蚊几丁质合成酶基因CqCHS1和CqCHS2的表达与分析

利用生物信息学方法比较分析致倦库蚊几丁质合成酶CqCHS1、CqCHS2的基因结构、氨基酸序列、蛋白理化特性,预测蛋白跨膜结构和空间结构,并基于6种昆虫绘制分子进化树,随后使用Real-time PCR方法探测CqCHS1、CqCHS2基因在致倦库蚊不同发育时期的表达谱。结果显示:CqCHS1、CqCHS2基因长度分别为39 206 bp和17 920 bp,分别包含10个和9个外显子;CqCHS1、CqCHS2氨基酸序列长度分别为1 579 aa和1 214 aa;理论分子量分别为179.581 k D和138.816 k D,等电点分别分别为6.21和8.28,亲水性平均系数分别为-0.076和0.101;预测跨膜次数分别为17次和13次;二者具有相近的二级结构组成和三级结构。进化树显示,6种昆虫CHS1和CHS2分别聚类,形成两大分支。它们CHS的同源性与物种的亲缘关系基本一致。Real-time PCR结果显示,CqCHS1在卵期呈低表达,幼虫时期表达增高,到蛹期达到峰值,成虫期表达量降低。CqCSH2在幼虫期表达量最低,卵和蛹期表达量较低且差异不大,成虫期表达量最大。本研究的结果可为深入了解致倦库蚊的发育情况提供有价值的信息,并为围绕几丁质代谢为基础的杀虫剂研制,提供潜在的药物靶点。     

致倦库蚊Cecropin基因家族的比较和系统发育分析

利用生物信息学方法比较分析了致倦库蚊Cecropin家族4成员的基因结构、氨基酸序列、蛋白理化特性,预测蛋白空间结构,并基于7种昆虫绘制分子进化树,随后使用RT-PCR方法获取致倦库蚊Cecropin家族4成员的c DNA。结果表明:致倦库蚊Cecropin家族基因有两条正向编码,两条反向编码,长度为330~544 bp,由2个外显子和1个内含子构成;氨基酸序列长度为59~61 aa,具有两条基序和多个保守位点;编码的蛋白理论分子量为6 284.6~6 619.0 k D,p I值为10.36~11.24,亲水性平均系数为0.393~0.551;蛋白预测的二级结构和三级结构结果基本一致,它们具有1个信号肽结构域和1个催化结构域,结构域主要由α-螺旋构成;7种昆虫的Cecropin蛋白进化关系与物种进化关系基本一致,并以"目"或"亚目"为单位分别聚类,CPIJ005108与致倦库蚊Cecropin祖先基因最相似。本研究的分析结果可为蚊科Cecropin结构和功能的研究提供有价值的信息。     

生物信息学在昆虫几丁质酶研究中的应用

昆虫几丁质酶及类似蛋白由多种不同的基因编码而成,它们在分子量大小、空间结构、化学性质和酶学性质等方面存在较大的差异,并在昆虫不同的组织、不同时期的表达量各不相同,对昆虫生长发育过程中几丁质的代谢起着重要的作用.在昆虫几丁质酶的研究过程中,生物信息学在几丁质酶基因克隆、结构分析、同源性比较等方面应用广泛.该文主要对昆虫几丁质酶及生物信息学在昆虫几丁质酶研究中的应用、存在的问题及展望做了全面的综述.     

灭幼脲引致蚊虫畸形的扫描电镜观察

目前对有害昆虫以灭幼脲Ⅰ号的效果最好,它是一种昆虫生长调节剂。它与一般的化学杀虫剂不同,根据目前国外资料的报道,其杀虫作用主要是抑制昆虫表皮几丁质的合成,使昆虫的生长发育和变态受到阻滞而死亡。本文报道灭幼脲Ⅰ号对致倦库蚊和骚扰阿蚊引起形态变化的扫描电镜及组织学观察结果。     

昆虫几丁质酶基因家族功能研究进展

昆虫几丁质酶的研究历史很长,研究内容也非常广泛;但仅局限于传统的方法研究某个昆虫单个基因的功能及应用。近年来,随着生物信息学和RNAi技术在生命科学研究工作中的广泛应用,在昆虫几丁质酶的研究方面也取得了较大进展。本文主要以生物信息学在几丁质酶家族基因鉴定和分类研究过程中的应用,以及利用RNAi技术分析几丁质酶不同家族成员在赤拟谷盗和褐飞虱两种昆虫生长发育中的功能比较分析,对全面认识昆虫几丁质酶基因家族功能和作用机理,并利用几丁质酶基因防治害虫奠定良好的基础。     

昆虫几丁质酶基因的分子特性概述

昆虫几丁质酶是分解昆虫体壁和中肠围食膜几丁质的重要酶类。已从烟草天蛾、家蚕等多种昆虫中分离到几丁质酶的cDNA和DNA序列。昆虫几丁质酶基因有着相似的分子特性,这些特性可为构建杀虫工程菌及转几丁质酶基因植物奠定基础。作者结合自己在该领域的工作,着重就昆虫几丁质酶基因结构特点,基因的拷贝数,基因在体内的时空表达以及异源表达及活性测定等多个方面的研究方法和研究进展进行了较为全面地介绍。     

Bt新菌株资源的采集与鉴定

【目的】寻找对致倦库蚊高效的苏云金芽胞杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis,Bt)杀蚊菌株新资源。【方法】从福建省的武夷山自然保护区、建阳、建瓯、浦城等多个地区采集土壤样品,采用热处理法从土壤中分离Bt菌株,并测定其对致倦库蚊活性的效果。【结果】从125份土壤样品中分离出71株Bt菌株,经生物测定得到4株对致倦库蚊有效菌株(QQ13、QQ42、QQ66和QQ92)。其中,QQ66和QQ92有较高的毒性,均有几丁质酶基因,没有检测到cry1、cry1Ⅰ、cry2、cry4、cry5、cry6、cry7、cry8、cry9、cry10和cry11基因,在75～100 ku处各有一条杀虫晶体蛋白条带。【结论】采集和鉴定到的Bt新菌株资源将对致倦库蚊的生物防治起到促进作用。     

几丁质酶和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶基因研究进展

几丁质酶和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶是重要的水解酶,实践证明,转几丁质酶和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶基因植物能比较有效地抵抗真菌侵染。本综述了几丁质酶和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶结构分类、抗真菌机理．及其近年来在抗黄曲霉病研究中的应嗣研究,并对今后的研究及应用进行了预测。     

昆虫几丁质酶及其在植物抗虫品种改良中的应用

几丁质是昆虫外壳和围食膜的重要组成成分 ,在适当的时期昆虫分泌适量的几丁质酶降解几丁质以保证昆虫的正常生长。植物几丁质酶能够抵御病原菌的入侵 ,但是对昆虫没有明显的效果 ,而昆虫几丁质酶基因在转基因植物中的组成型表达却对昆虫具有明显的抗性。本文综述了昆虫几丁质酶的特性 ,阐述了昆虫几丁质酶及其在植物抗虫方面应用的研究进展。     

Functional analysis of 2-5A-dependent RNase and 2-5a using 2',5'-oligoadenylate-cellulose

2-5A is an intracellular effector that has been implicated in interferon action, hormonal regulation, and cell growth control. 2-5A action is mediated through its activation of 2-5A-dependent RNase (RNase L, RNase F). Affinity resins [2-5A-cellulose and core (2-5A)-cellulose] were chemically synthesized for purification and immobilization of 2-5A-dependent RNase from mouse L cells and rabbit reticulocyte lysates. The breakdown of poly(U)-[3'-32P]Cp to acid-soluble fragments was demonstrated using the 2-5A-dependent RNase:2-5A -cellulose complex; this activity was enhanced by adding (free) 2-5A. In contrast, RNase activity was measured from the 2-5A-dependent RNase:core (2-5A)-cellulose complex only after the addition of free 2-5A. The rabbit reticulocyte 2-5A-dependent RNase is activated only by tetramer or higher oligomers of 2-5A; therefore there was breakdown of poly(U)-[3'-32P]Cp using core (2-5A)-cellulose-bound reticulocyte 2-5A-dependent RNase after addition of tetramer 2-5A but there was no poly(U) degradation in the presence of trimer 2-5A. The absence of significant general nuclease in the assays was demonstrated by the resistance to breakdown of poly(C)-[3'-32P]Cp (not susceptible to 2-5A-dependent RNase). Moreover, core (2-5A)-cellulose was used to develop a sensitive (subnanomolar) assay for the detection of authentic 2-5A. 2-5A, or the material to be tested, was added to mouse L-cell 2-5A-dependent RNase:core (2-5A)-cellulose complex in the presence of poly(U)-[3'-32P]Cp. The concentration of 2-5A in the sample could be measured from the amount of poly(U) degradation. Several closely related analogs of 2-5A were tested and found to be completely inactive. The technology described herein may be applied to the study of the regulation of 2-5A-dependent RNase, the detection of 2-5A from cells and tissues, and other aspects of the 2-5A system.     

Human cytomegalovirus-induced DNA polymerase and its interaction with the triphosphates of 1-(2''-deoxy-2''-fluoro-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl)-5-methyluracil, -5-iodocytosine, and -5-methylcytosine.

Human cytomegalovirus-induced DNA polymerase and cellular DNA polymerase alpha were purified by successive chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, phosphocellulose, heparin agarose, and single-stranded DNA agarose columns. The purified virus-induced DNA polymerase was resolved to consist of two polypeptides corresponding to molecular weights of 140,000 and 58,000, as analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Virus-induced DNA polymerase and cellular alpha polymerase were examined for their sensitivities to the triphosphates of 1-(2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl)-5-methyluracil (FMAUTP), -5-iodocytosine (FIACTP), and -5-methylcytosine (FMACTP). The inhibitive effects of these triphosphates on the DNA polymerases were competitive with regard to the natural substrates; thus FMAUTP competes with dTTP, and FIACTP and FMACTP compete with dCTP. The inhibition constants (Ki) for FMAUTP, FIACTP, and FMACTP of virus-induced DNA polymerase are 0.06, 0.30, and 0.47 microM, respectively. Cellular DNA polymerase alpha is much less sensitive to these inhibitors, and its Ki values for FMAUTP, FIACTP, and FMACTP are 0.45, 3.10, and 2.90 microM, respectively. In addition, human cytomegalovirus-induced DNA polymerase, but not cellular DNA polymerase alpha, can utilize these analog triphosphates as alternate substrates for their corresponding natural deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates in in vitro DNA synthesis.     

Divergent expression of claudin -1, -3, -4, -5 and -7 in developing human lung

Background

Claudins are the main components of tight junctions, structures which are associated with cell polarity and permeability. The aim of this study was to analyze the expression of claudins 1, 3, 4, 5, and 7 in developing human lung tissues from 12 to 40 weeks of gestation.

Methods

47 cases were analyzed by immunohistochemisty for claudins 1, 3, 4, 5 and 7. 23 cases were also investigated by quantitative RT-PCR for claudin-1, -3 and -4.

Results

Claudin-1 was expressed in epithelium of bronchi and large bronchioles from week 12 onwards but it was not detected in epithelium of developing alveoli. Claudin-3, -4 and -7 were strongly expressed in bronchial epithelium from week 12 to week 40, and they were also expressed in alveoli from week 16 to week 40. Claudin-5 was expressed strongly during all periods in endothelial cells. It was expressed also in epithelium of bronchi from week 12 to week 40, and in alveoli during the canalicular period. RT-PCR analyses revealed detectable amounts of RNAs for claudins 1, 3 and 4 in all cases studied.

Conclusion

Claudin-1, -3, -4, -5, and -7 are expressed in developing human lung from week 12 to week 40 with distinct locations and in divergent quantities. The expression of claudin-1 was restricted to the bronchial epithelium, whereas claudin-3, -4 and -7 were positive also in alveolar epithelium as well as in the bronchial epithelium. All claudins studied are linked to the development of airways, whereas claudin-3, -4, -5 and -7, but not claudin-1, are involved in the development of acinus and the differentiation of alveolar epithelial cells.     

Synthesis and antiviral activity assay of novel (E)-3',5'-diamino-5-(2-bromovinyl)-2',3',5'-trideoxyuridine

(E)-3',5'-diamino-5-(2-bromovinyl)-2',3',5'-trideoxyuridine (5), the diamino analogue of BVDU (1), was synthesized from BVDU. In contrast with BVDU, compound 5 did not show activity against herpes simplex virus or varicella-zoster virus.     

Base Modified Oligodeoxynucleotides. II. Increase of Stability to Nucleases by 5-Alkyl-, 5-(1-Alkenyl)-, and 5-(1-Alkynyl)-pyrimidines

Abstract

The effect of pyrimidine base substitution on the sensitivity of oligonucleotides to nucleases has been studied with two series of self complementary deoxyoligonucleotides containing n-alkyl, n-(1-alkenyl) or n-(1-alkynyl) groups at C5 of pyrimidines, (dA-r⁵dU)₁₀ and (dG-r^sdC)₆. The rate of hydrolysis by snake venom phosphodiesterase and in human serum decreased with increasing length and unsaturation of the substituent.     

HyBMP5-8b, a BMP5-8 orthologue, acts during axial patterning and tentacle formation in hydra

Developmental gradients play a central role in axial patterning in hydra. As part of the effort towards elucidating the molecular basis of these gradients as well as investigating the evolution of the mechanisms underlying axial patterning, genes encoding signaling molecules are under investigation. We report the isolation and characterization of HyBMP5-8b, a BMP5-8 orthologue, from hydra. Processes governing axial patterning are continuously active in adult hydra. Expression patterns of HyBMP5-8b in normal animals and during bud formation, hydra's asexual form of reproduction, were examined. These patterns, coupled with changes in patterns of expression in manipulated tissues during head regeneration, foot regeneration as well as under conditions that alter the positional value gradient indicate that the gene is active in two different processes. The gene plays a role in tentacle formation and in patterning the lower end of the body axis.     

锌指亚家族GATA-4、-5和-6的调控作用

GATA蛋白是一类重要的转录调节因子,它们具有保守的DNA结合结构域,其中的GATA 4、 5和 6亚家族对组织特异性基因的表达起关键性的调控作用.综述了这3种因子的结构功能,在小鼠中的表达模式和基因定位,在组织特异性基因表达中的作用,对可诱导基因表达的调节以及与它们相互作用的有关因子等.