自然保护区生态安全设计的方法研究

由于生态破坏和自然栖息地的丧失,造成野生动植物种群的破碎化．自然保护区已成为孤立的生境岛屿,目前以单个、孤立保护区为主的生物多样性保护模式是远远不够的,应在广泛的时空尺度上保护生态过程和生物多样性各组成成份,建立一个整体的保护网络．根据国内外生物多样性保护的要求和发展趋势,提出了自然保护区生态安全设计的概念,它是综合考虑了生态、社会、经济的一种协调设计战略,首先从区域层次研究保护区网络的优化设计;其次,在网络的每个节点(保护区),研究保护区的面积、形状和内部功能分区;最后,研究网络与节点的连接(廊道)．自然保护区网络设计应维持生态系统的地域完整性和生态过程完整性,采用迭代法、整数规划方法和地理途径方法,为一个或多个保护目标勾画出多种保护规划蓝图。     

The World Crane Action Plan: implications for conservation of cranes and wetlands in Africa

Beilfuss, R.D., Meine, C.D., & Archibald, F.W. 2000. The World Crane Action Plan: implications for conservation of cranes and wetlands in Africa. Ostrich 71 (1 & 2): 227.

The IUCN Species Survival Commission recently published The Cranes: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. Prepared over the past three years by the IUCN Crane Specialist Group, the document reviews the status of the world's cranes (Family: Gruidae) and their habitats, summarises recent crane conservation actions, and specifies priority measures for the future. Eleven of the 15 crane species are now proposed for inclusion on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals, and several subspecies and populations are critically endangered. Africa supports six species of cranes in 39 countries. The Black Crowned Crane Balearica pavonina, national bird of Nigeria, is resident in western and central Africa. The Grey Crowned Crane B. regulorum, national bird of Uganda, spans eastern and southern Africa. The Wattled Crane Bugeranus carunculahrs, largest and. rarest of Africa's cranes, ranges from Ethiopia to South Africa. The Blue Crane Anthropoides paradiseus, national bird of South Africa, is endemic to South Africa and Namibia. The Demoiselle Crane A. Virgo and Eurasian Crane Grus grus are winter visitors. Cranes have been the focus of intensive captive propagation and reintroduction programs as well as extensive habitat protection efforts. They are also excellent umbrella species for ecosystem-level conservation efforts. Wetlands that provide a home for cranes include the floodplains of the great river systems of Africa, such as Kafue Flats and Zambezi Delta of the Zambezi River system, the Okavango River Delta, the Sudd of the Upper Nile River, the Bangweulu Basin and swamps of the Zaire River system, the Senegal River Delta, and the Inner Niger River Delta, and the wetlands of Lake Chad. Small, isolated wetlands provide vital breeding habitat. This presentation will provide an overview of the action plan for those interested in cranes in particular, as well as those working in ecosystems and regions where cranes occur.     

Disturbance,seeds, restoration,and the importance of experiments and long‐term observations: the Editors' Award for 2005

Question: Can the geographic patterning of endemic plant species inform reserve selection in a region of high endemism? Location: The Southeastern Coastal Plain of North America, focusing primarily on the imperiled longleaf pine (Pinus palustris P. Miller) ecosystem. Methods: We documented the high level of plant endemism in the region, and characterized the endemic taxa into distributional subregions. Results: A total of 1630 plant taxa are endemic to the Coastal Plain, a large proportion of which are endemic to phytogeographical subregions within the Coastal Plain, with particularly large numbers of narrow endemics occurring in the East Gulf Coastal Plain and Florida Peninsula. Conclusions: This pattern of local endemism presents challenges in conserving the full biota of the region: a reserve system focusing on few and large conservation areas has theoretical benefits for long‐term management and viability, but will fail to capture many local endemics. We propose that the dispersed distribution of endemic species will require a mixture of large core reserves and smaller satellite reserves.     

Designing connected nature reserve networks using a graph theory approach

Habitat fragmentation has been cited as one of the critical reasons for biodiversity loss. Establishing connected nature reserve networks is an effective way to reduce habit fragmentation. However, the resources devoted to nature reserves have always been scarce. Therefore it is important to allocate our scarce resources in an optimal way. The optimal design of a reserve network which is effective both ecologically and economically has become an important research topic in the reserve design literature. The problem of optimal selection of a subset from a larger group of potential habitat sites is solved using either heuristic or formal optimization methods. The heuristic methods, although flexible and computationally fast, can not guarantee the solution is optimal therefore may lead to scarce resources being used in an ineffective way. The formal optimization methods, on the other hand, guarantees the solution is optimal, but it has been argued that it would be difficult to model site selection process using optimization models, especially when spatial attributes of the reserve have to be taken into account. This paper presents a linear integer programming model for the design of a minimal connected reserve network using a graph theory approach. A connected tree is determined corresponding to a connected reserve. Computational performance of the model is tested using datasets randomly generated by the software GAMS. Results show that the model can solve a connected reserve design problem which includes 100 potential sites and 30 species in a reasonable period of time. As an empirical application, the model is applied to the protection of endangered and threatened bird species in the Cache River basin area in Illinois, US. Two connected reserve networks are determined for 13 bird species.     

Designing connected nature reserve networks using a graph theory approach

Habitat fragmentation has been cited as one of the critical reasons for biodiversity loss. Establishing connected nature reserve networks is an effective way to reduce habit fragmentation. However, the resources devoted to nature reserves have always been scarce. Therefore it is important to allocate our scarce resources in an optimal way. The optimal design of a reserve network which is effective both ecologically and economically has become an important research topic in the reserve design literature. The problem of optimal selection of a subset from a larger group of potential habitat sites is solved using either heuristic or formal optimization methods. The heuristic methods, although flexible and computationally fast, can not guarantee the solution is optimal therefore may lead to scarce resources being used in an ineffective way. The formal optimization methods, on the other hand, guarantees the solution is optimal, but it has been argued that it would be difficult to model site selection process using optimization models, especially when spatial attributes of the reserve have to be taken into account. This paper presents a linear integer programming model for the design of a minimal connected reserve network using a graph theory approach. A connected tree is determined corresponding to a connected reserve. Computational performance of the model is tested using datasets randomly generated by the software GAMS. Results show that the model can solve a connected reserve design problem which includes 100 potential sites and 30 species in a reasonable period of time. As an empirical application, the model is applied to the protection of endangered and threatened bird species in the Cache River basin area in Illinois, US. Two connected reserve networks are determined for 13 bird species.     

Freshwater Reserves in Australia: Directions and Challenges for the Development of a Comprehensive,Adequate and Representative System of Protected Areas

The establishment of a system of protected areas that samples all ecosystems, including freshwater environments, in a comprehensive, adequate and representative (CAR) manner is regarded as a cornerstone for the conservation of biodiversity. There have been few quantitative assessments of the comprehensiveness, adequacy and representativeness of freshwater reserves in Australia. This paper reviews and quantifies the effect of classification of freshwater ecosystems for conservation planning, the importance of reservation status and protection measures for developing a CAR reserve system, and aspects of reserve design for freshwater ecosystems. We propose a strategic and iterative process that incorporates these measures to assist in the efficient and effective development of freshwater reserve systems worldwide. However, the provision of suitable water regimes for freshwater reserves presents further ecological and political challenges, and even adequate reservation of freshwater ecosystems may not conserve constituent biodiversity without effective management.     

两种自然保护区设计方法——数学建模和计算机模拟

传统的自然保护区设计方法是打分法和Gap分析法,这两种方法简单易行但可靠性不高;地理信息系统(GIS)在保护区设计领域的应用也为人熟悉.关注近年来快速发展而国内使用不多的两种方法——数学建模和计算机模拟.数学建模主要用来从一组备选地块中选择一部分组成自然保护区,包括线性和非线性模型,用启发式算法或最优化算法求解.启发式算法具有速度快、灵活等优点,但解通常不是最优的,不能保证稀缺资源的最优化利用.最优化算法运算效率低,变量较多比如数百时就可能遇到计算困难,但解是最优的.预计两种算法都将继续发展.计算机模拟主要用于保护区评价、功能区划分、预测特定环境比如空间特征和气候变化对物种的影响等,多用启发式算法,与其它软件结合把结果以图画显示出来.两种方法特别是计算机模拟均要求保护区设计者有较强的专业知识.讨论了两种方法面临的问题和新的研究方向,至少包括:1)基础数据依然需要完善;2)一些新的因素比如动态性和不确定性如何在模型中考虑并与其它因素结合;3)气候变化预景下模拟参数如何评估和调整;4)如何协调保护与发展的关系;5)方法的实际应用需要研究者与决策者之间建立交流机制;6)多领域专家和相关利益方应有机会参与保护区设计.     

福建省自然保护区建设与野生脊椎动物的保护关系

在福建省已建立的 3 2个省级以上的自然保护区中 ,78 1 %分布在中亚热带 ,其余 2 2 9%分布在南亚热带。分析表明 :在福建省已建立的省级以上的自然保护区内分布的野生脊椎动物资源 ,有 5 0目 1 87科 95 1种。占全省国土面积 2 3 3 %的自然保护区保护了全省野生脊椎动物物种数的 5 7 7% ,尚有 696种野生动物在保护区内未发现或未有分布 ,主要是海洋哺乳动物、海洋性鸟类、海蛇类及海洋性鱼类。根据已建自然保护区的分布和已查明保护区内野生动物分布情况 ,从物种保护的角度提出今后保护区建设重点为沿海地区 ,并提出通过区域保护区网络建设 ,强化对野生动物的保护功能。     

自然保护区空间特征和地块最优化选择方法

自然保护区是保护物种和生态系统的有效方式,用于建立自然保护区的资源却是稀缺的,这就提出这样的问题：1)自然保护区在空间上应具有什么特征才是有效的;2)如何从许多备选地块中选择一部分组成自然保护区对稀缺资源进行最优化分配。为促进物种生存繁衍,在地块选择时应考虑保护区空间特征。这篇文章综述了该领域最近的研究进展,重点介绍了结合各种空间特征的保护区地块最优化选择模型。介绍了4个主要的空间特征：1)连续,2)间隔和距离,3)边界和集约,4)面积以及核心区和缓冲区。以前用启发式算法求解这些问题,但研究已显示该法不能保证资源的最优化分配。空间特征也可用线性整数规划模拟,用最优化软件求得最优解。目前的线性整数规划模型和软件还不能有效解决大型的保护区地块选择问题,计算效率易成为实际应用的瓶颈。文章概括了我国目前自然保护区设计领域的研究状况和面临的问题,最后讨论了该领域新的研究方向。     

京津冀地区物种多样性保护优先区识别研究

着力扩大环境容量和生态空间，加强跨区环境保护合作，是落实京津冀一体化协同发展国家战略的重要内容。摸清京津冀地区的生物多样性分布格局，可为国家公园布局、生态环境保护工程的实施提供依据。根据"自然保护区生物多样性保护价值评估技术规程（LY/T 2649-2016）"，基于京津冀地区自然保护区的综合科学考察报告，评估了京津冀地区典型自然保护区的物种多样性保护价值，并以其为因变量，以自然保护区的综合地形地貌为自变量，构建多元回归模型，同时以自然保护区的平均面积为基准，利用ArcGIS的创建"渔网"功能，将京津冀地区划分为1638个网格单元，利用构建的多元回归模型评估了这些网格单元的保护价值。结果表明：京津冀地区国家级自然保护区的保护价值平均得分为204分，比参评的全部35个自然保护区的平均分高40分；在省级自然保护区中也存在一些得分较高的自然保护区，如，唐海湿地自然保护区和河北南大港自然保护区，且超过了参评国家级自然保护区保护价值得分的平均值。京津冀地区的物种多样性保护优先区总面积为36791.35 km²，占京津冀地区总面积的16.94%，其中一级保护优先区面积4611.57 km²，二级保护优先区面积16045.79 km²，三级保护优先区面积16133.98 km²。这些区域主要分布在河北省和北京市的北部地区，区域内绝大部分以森林植被和灌丛植被为主。建议在未来的国家公园布局、生态环境保护工程布局中重点考虑这些地区。     

Effectiveness of Nature Reserve System for Conserving Tropical Forests: A Statistical Evaluation of Hainan Island,China

Evaluating the effectiveness of existing nature reserve systems for the conservation of tropical forests is an urgent task to save the remaining biodiversity. Here, we tested the effectiveness of the reserve system on Hainan Island by conducting a three-way comparison of changes in forest area in locations within the reserves, adjacent to the reserves, and far outside of the reserves. We used a general linear model to control for the effects of covariates (historical forest area, elevation, slope, and distance to nearest roads), which may also be correlated with the changes in forest area, to better explain the effectiveness of the reserve system. From 2000 to 2010, the forest area inside Hainan’s nature reserve system showed an increase while adjacent unprotected areas and the wider, unprotected landscape both experienced deforestation. However, the simple inside-outside comparisons may overestimate the protective effect of the reserve system. Most nature reserves (>60%) showed increasing fragmentation. And the risk of rapid deforestation remained high at low elevations, where remaining forests tend to be easily logged and converted to commercial plantations. Future conservation efforts should pay more attention to those sites with less challenging environmental conditions.     

Reserve network planning for fishes in the middle and lower Yangtze River basin by systematic conservation approaches

Although China has established more than 600 wetland nature reserves, conservation gaps still exist for many species, especially for freshwater fishes. Underlying this problem is the fact that top-level planning is missing in the construction of nature reserves. To promote the development of nature reserves for fishes, this study took the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River basin (MLYRB) as an example to carry out top-level reserve network planning for fishes using approaches of systematic conservation planning. Typical fish species living in freshwater habitats were defined and considered in the planning. Based on sample data collected from large quantities of literatures, continuous distribution patterns of 142 fishes were obtained with species distribution modeling and subsequent processing, and the distributions of another eleven species were artificially designated. With the distribution pattern of species, Marxan was used to carry out conservation planning. To obtain ideal solutions with representativeness, persistence, and efficiency, parameters were set with careful consideration regarding existing wetland reserves, human disturbances, hydrological connectivity, and representation targets of species. Marxan produced the selection frequency of planning units (PUs) and a best solution. Selection frequency indicates the relative protection importance of a PU. The best solution is a representative of ideal fish reserve networks. Both of the PUs with high selection frequency and those in the best solution have low proportions included in existing wetland nature reserves, suggesting that there are significant conservation gaps for fish species in MLYRB. The best solution could serve as a reference for establishing a fish reserve network in the MLYRB. There is great flexibility for replacing selected PUs in the solution, and such flexibility facilitates the implementation of the solution in reality in case of unexpected obstacles. Further, we suggested adopting a freshwater management framework in the implementation of such solution.     

鄂西南国家级自然保护区群——苔藓植物多样性保护的重要场所

鄂西南地区密集分布有后河、木林子、七姊妹山和星斗山四大国家级自然保护区,共同形成了一个珍稀动植物大体相近、互相补充的保护区群,为摸清鄂西南保护区群的苔藓植物组成,该文采用野外调查和文献资料整理相结合的方法,对鄂西南国家级自然保护区群内的苔藓植物丰富度和组成特征进行了分析,并与渝东南、湘西北的苔藓植物多样性进行了比较。结果表明:(1)鄂西南国家级自然保护区群共有苔藓植物77科197属601种,物种数分别占中国和湖北苔藓总数的19.89%和71.46%。其中,中国特有种27种,仅含1种的科有15科,仅含1种的属有91属。(2)鄂西南国家级保护区群内的各保护区之间的苔藓物种存在一定的相似性与互补性,符合我国生物多样性保护原则。(3)鄂西南国家级自然保护区群苔藓植物区系类型全面,物种数量也显著高于同处武陵山区的渝东南、湘西北等地区。因此,鄂西南国家级自然保护区群不仅有效地保护了大型珍稀濒危动植物,而且还孕育了丰富多彩的苔藓植物类群为苔藓植物营造了良好的居住环境,是苔藓植物多样性保护的重要场所。     

贵州省国家公园选址及其植物多样性保育研究

贵州省生态资源丰富,建立国家公园有利于集中规范化管理生态资源。为了分析贵州省国家级自然保护地的空间分布特征,筛选出优势景观资源聚集区作为国家公园候选区,该文借助ArcGis空间分析工具对现有的5类113处保护地进行空间分布特征分析,筛选出国家公园试点候选区并对其进行资源评价。结果表明:(1)贵州省国家级自然保护地总体呈凝聚型分布,重叠度高,将保护地聚集区作为景观优势聚集区划定了8个国家公园试点候选区。(2)通过对聚集区主要代表性资源分析和专家评分得出,分值排在前列的聚集区可以考虑作为国家公园试点区进行推荐,分值最高的赤水-习水区可优先选为国家公园试点区。(3)赤水-习水区资源的国家代表性、适宜性、国有性和社会可行性等,满足设立国家公园优先整合交叉重叠保护地的基本原则,其植物多样性保育价值重大。该研究结果为国家公园的选址提供了新的思路,并为以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系建立以及国家公园植物多样性保育提供了参考依据。     

基于熵权的珠江三角洲自然保护区综合评价

运用熵权法对珠江三角洲自然保护区进行了综合评价。结果表明:(1)48个样本的保护区中7个为高水平,30个为较高水平,10个为一般,1个较差。从总体水平上看,虽然具有一部分较高水平的保护区,但珠江三角洲的保护区建设水平存在明显的差异,深圳、中山、佛山等地亟待建立新的保护区加以补充;(2)保护区的综合水平与面积具有明显的相关关系,建立了综合水平与面积之间的回归模型,并进一步求出珠江三角洲生态类型自然保护区理论上的最适宜面积;(3)区域保护区综合水平的提高与最大面积指数正相关,区域可以通过建设面积相对较大的优质保护区成为区域生态增长极,通过物种的交流和环境影响拉动其它保护区的发展,但区域范围内保护区之间面积差异不能太大;(4)自然干扰对沿海及岛屿类型的保护区综合水平影响相对较大。     

自然保护地保护成效评估: 进展与展望

自然保护地(protected areas)保护成效是指自然保护地对主要保护对象的保护效果, 及其在维持生物多样性和保障生态系统服务功能等方面的综合成效。近年来自然保护地保护成效评估逐渐成为国内外的研究热点之一。 本文分别从不同空间尺度、评估对象、评估方法以及评估指标等方面综述了相关的研究进展。总体来看, 近年来的研究已基本覆盖了全球、区域、国家和单个自然保护地等不同尺度, 针对森林、湿地、草地和荒漠等代表性生态系统以及野生动植物等主要保护对象进行了评估, 发展了“matching”技术等更为有效的分析方法, 探索了系统的自然保护地保护成效评估指标体系, 并应用一些指标进行了保护成效的案例研究。自然保护区(nature reserve)是我国自然保护地的主体, 近年来我国自然保护区相关管理部门也相继开展了保护成效评估工作, 建议未来进一步加强自然保护区网络尺度和各类型自然保护区的保护成效评估研究, 将自然保护区保护成效评估与管理评估相结合, 研究自然保护区保护成效面临的新问题和潜在影响, 为提升我国自然保护区管理质量提供科学依据。     

湿地自然保护区保护价值评价方法

提出了一套侧重水鸟保护的湿地自然保护区保护价值评价方法.该方法建立的指标体系经过专家咨询和会议讨论确定指标,采用层次分析法(AHP)建立了递阶层次结构模型.指标体系共分为目标层1项、系统层5项、准则层11项和指标层26项.将获取资料的湿地自然保护区按国家有关分类标准与原则归为3个类型(海洋与海岸生态系统类型、内陆湿地与水域生态系统类型和野生动物类型),每个类型内的自然保护区再结合自身湿地主体进一步划分为4个小类型(近海与海岸湿地、河流湿地、湖泊湿地、沼泽湿地).实例分析了海洋与海岸生态系统类型中的以近海及海岸湿地为主体的自然保护区,内陆湿地与水域生态系统类型中的以沼泽湿地为主体的自然保护区和野生动物类型中的以河流湿地为主体的自然保护区,并依照保护价值指数进行了等级划分.为湿地自然保护区的保护价值和发展地位,总体规划和改建变更提供了依据.     

Effects of road network on Asian elephant habitat and connectivity between the nature reserves in Xishuangbanna,Southwest China

Evaluating road effects on the ecological status and landscape connectivity is critical for animal corridor design. Taking the fragmented nature reserves in Xishuangbanna as a case, road impacts on Asian elephant habitats were determined based on a suitability analysis. Potential corridors between different sub-reserves were located using “least-cost” method as a systematic way incorporating remote sensing (RS) and geographic information system (GIS). Our results revealed that road networks, especially high-level roads (expressway, national road and city-county city road), had the largest effects on the suitability according to the sensitivity analysis. Suitability ( > 40) area will increase about 40% if there were no high-level roads. In total, seven potential linkages were located and found to be capable of connecting the habitats of the four sub-reserves. We suggested the Menglun reserve could serve as a stepping-stone for elephant migration. Four further conservation priorities were also identified between the Menglun reserve and the Mengla reserve where the road impacts were intensive. Our study provided information for the development of an efficient reserve network for elephant conservation between existing nature reserves in China and neighboring provinces in Lao PDR.     

青藏高原国家级自然保护区管理能力差异及其对保护成效的影响

青藏高原是我国重要的生态屏障。自然保护区能有效地保护生态安全和生物多样性, 评估自然保护区管理能力对保护成效的影响有利于自然保护区的科学保护与管理。本研究分析了青藏高原54处国家级自然保护区管理机构类型、资金、人员配置等管理能力方面的差异, 并利用归一化植被指数(normalized difference vegetation index, NDVI)研究不同自然保护区的保护成效, 揭示青藏高原国家级自然保护区管理能力与保护成效的关系, 为提升青藏高原自然保护区保护和管理成效提供依据。结果表明: (1)青藏高原国家级自然保护区管理机构行政级别差异较大, 包括厅局级(1处)、县处级(36处)、乡科级(16处)和股级(1处) 4个级别, 其中独立管理机构42处, 与其他机构合署办公的非独立管理机构12处, 行政级别和独立性影响保护成效, 行政级别较高、独立的管理机构的自然保护区保护成效较好。(2)青藏高原国家级自然保护区在单位管理资金、人均管理面积与巡护面积等方面与全国平均水平差异较大, 且专业人才普遍缺乏。建议重点关注青藏高原地区自然保护区保护管理的特殊性, 规范管理机构建设, 加强资金保障, 推动更多高水平专业人才从事保护工作, 进一步加大生态管护岗位设置与培训, 切实提高青藏高原地区自然保护区管理能力和保护成效。     

湿地自然保护区旅游者环境教育感知研究——以盐城丹顶鹤、麋鹿国家自然保护区为例

环境教育是当前生态旅游研究中的热点论题。基于生态旅游动机、环境教育途径、环境教育感知及环境教育效果4个结构变量,以生态旅游发展处于起步阶段的盐城丹顶鹤保护区和处于稳定发展阶段的盐城麋鹿保护区为例,构建湿地自然保护区旅游者环境教育感知影响结构关系模型,深入分析不同生命周期阶段生态旅游地旅游者环境教育感知分异及其影响因素。结果表明:(1)生态旅游动机、环境教育途径、环境教育感知均对环境教育效果产生正向影响。丹顶鹤保护区生态旅游动机对环境教育效果产生显著正向影响,环境教育途径、环境教育感知对环境教育效果均产生正向影响;麋鹿保护区生态旅游动机、环境教育途径均对环境教育效果产生正向影响,环境教育感知对环境教育效果产生显著正向影响。(2)在生态旅游动机、环境教育途径、环境教育感知3个分维度上,丹顶鹤保护区分别以一般生态旅游动机、常规环境教育途径、表层环境教育感知为主,麋鹿保护区则分别以严格生态旅游动机、专门环境教育途径、深度环境教育感知为主。(3)不同生命周期阶段生态旅游地游客环境教育效果存在差异。丹顶鹤保护区游客环境教育效果主要集中在态度、行为效果上,意识效果为辅,知识、技能效果作用较小;麋鹿保护区游客环境教育效果则以知识、态度效果为主,行为、技能、意识效果均起辅助作用。