枸橼酸钠和肝素钠用于血液透析导管封管有效性的对比

比较枸橼酸钠和肝素钠用于成人血液透析导管封管的效果。将68例使用中心静脉置管的血液透析患者随机分为实验组和对照组,每组各34例,透析结束后,分别以枸橼酸钠和肝素钠对实验组和对照组的患者进行封管,持续8周后,比较两组患者的PT、APTT、感染发生率、出血发生率、导管堵塞发生率以及导管功能良好率是否有差异。实验组和对照组封管后1 h和4 h PT,APTT时间与封管前相比都有升高,但对照组指标有显著的统计学差异(p0.05),实验组则没有;对照组有8例患者出现出血状况,实验组有一例,同时对照组有7例患者在透析期间出现感染,实验组有2例,两组在封管后出血发生率和感染发生率均有显著性的统计学差异(p0.05);而在导管堵塞发生率以及导管功能良好率方面没有显著的统计学差异(p0.05)。对于中心静脉置管的血液透析患者,枸橼酸钠较之肝素钠临床效果更好,并发症更少。     

枸橼酸钠与肝素钠应用于血液透析患者封存Cuff导管降低出血倾向的效果

为了探讨枸橼酸钠应用于血透患者封存Cuff导管的效果及对患者凝血功能相关指标的影响,本研究选取我院血透中心长期带Cuff导管进行维持性血液透析的患者80例作为研究对象,收集时间为2014年1月至2016年12月,根据封管药物分为肝素组(采用肝素钠进行封管)和枸橼酸组(采用枸橼酸钠封管),每组40例,对比两组患者的封管效果、凝血功能指标及不良事件发生率。研究显示,封管前,研究组和对照组的PT、APTT、PLT、Fg、D-D及血清Ca2+差异无统计学意义(p0.05);封管后,研究组患者的PT和APTT显著低于对照组(p0.05),研究组的PLT和Fg显著高于对照组(p0.05);研究组和对照组的封管后透析血流量差、导管相关感染、导管内抽吸血栓以及使用尿激酶封管发生率无显著差异(p0.05);研究组的不良事件发生率(20.00%)显著低于对照组的42.50%(p0.05)。本研究表明,枸橼酸钠应用于血透患者封存Cuff导管对患者凝血功能影响较小,有助于减少不良事件及导管相关感染事件发生,但是可能加大患者血栓形成的风险。     

老年危重患者中心静脉导管冲封管方式的探讨

目的探讨老年危重患者中心静脉导管冲封管的有效方式。方法将126例老年危重患者按照中心静脉置管时间顺序随机分为实验组和对照组,实验组采用间断脉冲式冲管加脉冲式正压封管,即输液过程中间断脉冲式冲管(冲管间断时间为4h),输液结束后脉冲式正压封管,脉冲频率均5个/s;对照组采用普通冲封管法。两组冲封管液体均为生理盐水,比较两组导管内赘生物形成情况、导管堵塞发生率及中心静脉导管留置时间。结果两组导管内赘生物形成情况及导管堵塞发生率比较,差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05);而两组导管留置时间比较,实验组较对照组延长,但差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论间断脉冲式冲管加脉冲式正压封管(脉冲频率均5个/s)能有效减少老年患者中心静脉导管内赘生物的形成,降低导管堵塞发生率,延长中心静脉导管留置时间,保证老年危重患者输液治疗的顺利进行。     

封管及穿刺部位使用抗生素预防锁骨下静脉导管相关感染

目的探讨预防锁骨下静脉导管相关感染的方法。方法将锁骨下静脉置管的51例患者随机分为对照组(25例)和实验组(26例)。对照组采用肝素封管;实验组采用肝素加头孢唑啉封管,穿刺点外涂莫匹罗星和氧氟沙星软膏。结果实验组无导管出口部位发生感染患者,对照组4例患者发生导管出口部位感染,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。血行感染,实验组1例,对照组1例,差异无统计学意义。结论局部使用抗生素对锁骨下静脉导管出口部位有预防作用,对血行感染则可能无效。     

枸橼酸钠用于血液透析导管封管的效果观察

为了探讨枸橼酸钠用于血液透析导管封管的效果,本研究选取2016年1月至2017年8月在我院行血液透析治疗的慢性肾功能不全患者97例,采用随机数字表法将患者随机分为观察组(n=50)和对照组(n=47),观察组给予枸橼酸钠封管,对照组给予肝素钠封管,观察两组封管液堵管率、导管血流量、导管相关性感染发生次数等。本研究结果显示,观察组和对照组3个月内封管液堵管率分别为19.23%和20.95%,差异比较无统计学意义(p0.05);观察组和对照组导管血流量和导管相关性感染发生次数比较差异无统计学意义(p0.05);观察组封管后PT和APTT分别为(13.92±3.87) s和(36.08±4.25) s,明显少于对照组(p0.05),PLT为(149.54±34.44)×10~9/L,明显高于对照组(p0.05);观察组穿刺压迫点时间、潜血转阴时间和皮肤粘膜出血停止时间分别为(5.42±1.22) min、(4.18±1.03) d和(4.78±1.25) d,明显短于对照组(p0.05);观察组皮下出血发生率为8.00%,明显低于对照组(p0.05)。本研究表明,枸橼酸钠用于血液透析导管封管效果与肝素钠相似,但其可明显降低出血倾向,对机体凝血功能影响小。     

半永久性中心静脉留置导管在血液透析中的临床应用体会

目的:总结半永久性中心静脉留置导管在血液透析中的临床应用,并对两种不同方法的并发症进行对比分析.方法:选择新疆自治区人民医院血净中心自2005年7月～2011年7月中心静脉留置导管(Central Venous Catheter,CVT)病例共计1153例,包括半永久性颈内静脉双腔留置导管(568例)及临时性颈内静脉双腔留置导管(585例),临时性双腔导管留置应用Seldinger技术.半永久性颈内静脉留置导管采用美国Permcatch带涤纶套双腔导管,长度36-40cm,插管在局麻下实行,经颈内静脉应用Seldinger技术,采用撕脱型扩张导管置管法,带一涤纶套固定,半永久性导管则根据所选用导管长度的不同按导管标示用纯肝素封管.结果:两种CVT方式中,临时性颈内静脉双腔导管留置时间短,导管功能不良占27.1％,感染占27.0％,半永久性颈内静脉双腔导管留置时间长,导管功能不良占9.7％,感染占7.2％,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论:半永久性中心静脉留置导管操作简单、方便、安全,并发症低于临时性双腔导管,为解决由于自身血管条件而不能作人造血管或内瘘的血液透析患者选择了一条血管通路,值得临床推广应用.     

20例长期中心静脉留置导管的护理体会

目的:探讨防治长期中心静脉留置导管疼痛、血栓形成等并发症的护理操作的注意事项。方法:选择2011年1月至2012年12月我科长期中心静脉留置患者20例,其中男性15例,女性5例,5例是慢性肾病原发病中糖尿病肾病,3例是恶性肿瘤导致肾功能衰竭,5例为慢性肾炎,7例为高血压肾病,所有血液透析患者都采用双腔导管进行治疗,20例均经右侧颈内静脉置入。20例材料均采用美国Quinton公司Permcath带涤纶套双腔导管,长36cm,涤纶距导管19cm。结果:长期留置导管患者有1例局部形成血栓,有1人发生感染,无一人拔管,最长1例长期留置导管已经使用48个月。结论:在长期中心静脉留置导管的护理中,采用科学有效的健康指导教育,以及对痛疼、脱管、血栓等的细致护理,能收到更好的效果,减少感染率的发生,并延长留置导管的使用时间。     

香豆乙酯与华法林预防髋膝关节手术后下肢深静脉血栓形成的效果比较

目的:比较香豆乙酯与华法林预防髋膝关节手术后下肢深静脉血栓形成的疗效。方法:选取我院行髋膝关节手术患者38例,随机分为实验组和对照组,每组19例。对照组给予低分子量肝素及香豆乙酯片治疗;实验组给予低分子量肝素及华法林治疗。观察并比较两组患者的临床效果、下肢深静脉血栓的发生率及不良反应的发生情况。结果:实验组总有效率(94.7%)高于对照组(68.4%),差异有统计学意义(P0.05);实验组患者下肢深静脉血栓发生率(5.3%)低于对照组(21.1%),差异有统计学意义(P0.05);实验组不良反应发生率(15.8%)低于对照组(42.1%),差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:与双香豆乙酯相比,华法林预防髋膝关节手术患者下肢深静脉血栓形成的效果更显著,且并发症较少。     

半永久性颈内静脉留置导管在血液透析中的临床价值

目的:研究半永久性颈内静脉留置导管在血液透析中的临床价值。方法:选取2013年10月到2014年10月我院收治的半永久性颈内静脉留置导管患者42例(研究组),另选取同期人造血管内瘘患者42例(对照组),分析两组患者的临床资料。结果:研究组导管留置时间(23.2±0.8)月显著长于对照组的(12.8±0.8)个月,两组比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);研究组导管功能不良和感染显著少于对照组,两组比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。研究组无显著不良反应发生,对照组有2例止血困难,6例血栓形成。结论:半永久性颈内静脉留置导管具有方便、不良反应少的优点,可应用于需要血液透析的患者。     

对PICC导管使用不同封管液封管的效果研究

目的：比较使用预充式导管冲洗器（Flush）、生理盐水、肝素钠生理盐水（简称肝素盐水）三种封管液对PICC导管封管的效果。方法：将120例使用PICC导管的患者随机分成3组,分别使用预充式导管冲洗器封、生理盐水、10 U/m L的肝素盐水封管,比较三组的配药时间、最大流速、导管有无回血、有无静脉炎、穿刺点有无局部感染。结果：配药时间上,Flush组为4.3±5.8 s,生理盐水组为38.7±17.4 s,肝素盐水组为94.2±27.1 s,差异有统计学意义,P〈0.001;最大流速上,三组差异无统计学意义,P=0.412;在导管回血比较中,Flush组比生理盐水组发生导管回血的情况少,差异有统计学意义（P=0.0494）,Flush组是生理盐水组发生导管回血情况的EXP（-2.1038）=0.1220倍,肝素盐水组和生理盐水组发生导管回血情况没有差异,P〉0.05;使用三种封管液均无静脉炎和局部感染情况发生。结论：使用预充式导管冲洗器（Flush）对PICC导管进行封管,可以有效节省配药时间,有效减少PICC导管的回血;三种封管液间对PICC导管相关性静脉炎和局部感染差异无统计学意义,可能与本研究的局限性有关。     

Taurolidine Lock Is Superior to Heparin Lock in the Prevention of Catheter Related Bloodstream Infections and Occlusions

Background and Aims

Patients on home parenteral nutrition (HPN) are at risk for catheter-related complications; mainly infections and occlusions. We have previously shown in HPN patients presenting with catheter sepsis that catheter locking with taurolidine dramatically reduced re-infections when compared with heparin. Our HPN population therefore switched from heparin to taurolidine in 2008. The aim of the present study was to compare long-term effects of this catheter lock strategy on the occurrence of catheter-related bloodstream infections and occlusions in HPN patients.

Methods

Data of catheter-related complications were retrospectively collected from 212 patients who received HPN between January 2000 and November 2011, comprising 545 and 200 catheters during catheter lock therapy with heparin and taurolidine, respectively. We evaluated catheter-related bloodstream infection and occlusion incidence rates using Poisson-normal regression analysis. Incidence rate ratios were calculated by dividing incidence rates of heparin by those of taurolidine, adjusting for underlying disease, use of anticoagulants or immune suppressives, frequency of HPN/fluid administration, composition of infusion fluids, and duration of HPN/fluid use before catheter creation.

Results

Bloodstream infection incidence rates were 1.1/year for heparin and 0.2/year for taurolidine locked catheters. Occlusion incidence rates were 0.2/year for heparin and 0.1/year for taurolidine locked catheters. Adjusted incidence ratios of heparin compared to taurolidine were 5.9 (95% confidence interval, 3.9–8.7) for bloodstream infections and 1.9 (95% confidence interval, 1.1–3.1) for occlusions.

Conclusions

Given that no other procedural changes than the catheter lock strategy were implemented during the observation period, these data strongly suggest that taurolidine decreases catheter-related bloodstream infections and occlusions in HPN patients compared with heparin.     

老年患者PICC导管相关性上肢深静脉血栓治疗的影响因素

目的：研究老年患者PICC相关上肢深静脉血栓的治疗效果及影响因素。方法：选择我院西院233例行PICC置管后发生上肢深静脉血栓的老年患者,将其分为再通组及未再通组,收集患者的一般资料、基础疾病史、置管相关信息、血栓相关数据、是否拔除导管以及是否抗栓治疗等数据,并对结果进行统计分析。结果：126例上肢深静脉血栓患者中再通组拔除导管和接受抗栓治疗的比例明显高于不通组;拔除导管和接受抗栓治疗的患者其血栓完全再通的比例高于对照组。发现血栓后拔除导管组以及接受抗栓治疗组,其累积不通率要明显低于对照组。结论：PICC导管相关上肢深静脉血栓治疗中,拔除导管和接受抗栓治疗者其效果更优;出现PICC管相关性血栓的时候,对于导管仍有用途,没有感染迹象的老年患者,主张保留置管。     

Reduction of catheter-associated sepsis in parenteral nutrition using low-dose intravenous heparin.

To assess whether adding low-dose heparin to the infusate of patients receiving parenteral nutrition reduced the incidence of septic complications related to the central venous catheter, 80 consecutive patients requiring intravenous feeding were studied. Half of these patients received heparin 1 unit/ml of infusate, while in the remaining 40 (controls) an equal volume of physiological saline was added to the infusate. Strict criteria for the management of the indwelling CVC were observed. The catheter tips were cultured after removal: only one was infected in the heparin group compared with nine in the control group. This significant reduction may have been due to the heparin preventing a fibrin sleeve from forming around the catheter tip. It is recommended that, as well as observing the usual aseptic precautions in managing the cannula, 500 units of heparin are added to each 500 ml of fluid infused to reduce the incidence of catheter-associated sepsis.     

The Clinical Significance and Risk Factors of Anti-Platelet Factor 4/heparin Antibody on Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients: A Two-Year Prospective Follow-up

Background

Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia is an immune response mediated by anti-PF4/heparin antibody, which is clinically characterized by thrombocytopenia and thromboembolic events. In this study, a prospective and multi-center clinical investigation determined the positive rate of anti-PF4/heparin antibody in maintenance hemodialysis patients in China, identified the related risk factors, and further explored the effect of the anti-PF4/heparin antibody on bleeding, thromboembolic events, and risk of death in the patients.

Methods

The serum anti-PF4/heparin antibody was measured in 661 patients from nine hemodialysis centers, detected by IgG-specific ELISA and followed by confirmation with excess heparin. Risk factors of these patients were analyzed. Based on a two-year follow-up, the association between the anti-PF4/heparin antibody and bleeding, thromboembolic events, and risk of death in the patients was investigated.

Results

The positivity rate of the anti-PF4/heparin antibody in maintenance hemodialysis patients was 5.6%. With diabetes as an independent risk factor, the positivity rate of the anti-PF4/heparin antibody decreased in the patients undergoing weekly dialyses ≥3 times. The positivity rate of the anti-PF4/heparin antibody was not related to the occurrence of clinical thromboembolic events and was not a risk factor for death within two years in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Negativity for the anti-PF4/heparin antibody combined with a reduction of the platelet count or combined with the administration of antiplatelet drugs yielded a significant increase in bleeding events. However, the composite determination of the anti-PF4/heparin antibody and thrombocytopenia, as well as the administration of antiplatelet drugs, was not predictive for the risk of thromboembolic events in the maintenance hemodialysis patients.

Conclusions

A single detection of the anti-PF4/heparin antibody did not predict the occurrence of clinical bleeding, thromboembolic events, or risk of death in the maintenance hemodialysis patients.     

Tunnelled central venous catheters yield a low incidence of septicaemia in interleukin-2-treated patients

 A retrospective study on the incidence of catheter-related complications and catheter indwelling time (t _CI) during treatment with continuous interleukin-2 (IL-2) infusion in patients with metastatic renal cell cancer, who were equipped with tunnelled central venous catheters (CVC). A group of 72 patients were treated with IL-2-based immunotherapy. Two induction treatment cycles of 35 days each were used. Treatment consisted of IL-2 as a continuous intravenous infusion (c.i.v.) with lymphokine-activated killer cells and interferon α intramuscularly. A tunnelled CVC was inserted at the start of treatment and was kept in place for the duration of the therapy or until the occurrence of complications. Out of 72 CVC, 30 (42%) functioned uneventfully for a median t _CI of 64 days. In another 12 clinically uncomplicated cases (16%), catheter tips were positive in routine culture after a median t _CI of 33 days. In 18 patients (25%), CVC-related infections were noted, including 8 (11%) local tunnel infections and 10 (14%) septic episodes. These complications occurred at a median t _CI of 28 and 20 days respectively. In 15 (83%) of these 18 catheter infections, Staphylococcus aureus was isolated, whereas in the remaining 3 (17%) Staphylococcus epidermidis was found. Subclavian vein thrombosis was noted in 12 (17%) CVC at a median t _CI of 31 days; 5 (36%) of these were diagnosed in the first 14 patients. This prompted us to administer prophylactic heparin 15 000 IU c.i.v. daily during IL-2 treatment. Thereafter the incidence of thrombosis dropped to 7 (12%) in the subsequent 58 CVC inserted (P = 0.03). In conclusion, in contrast to previous reports on the high incidence of CVC-related septicaemia and thrombosis, we observed a relatively low incidence of these complications, which we ascribe to the use of tunnelled catheters and prophylactic heparin. Received: 9. January 1997 / Accepted: 13. March 1997     

胃癌患者术后并发症的危险因素分析

目的:探讨胃癌术后并发症的危险因素及其防治措施.方法:调查117例胃癌患者手术治疗前后的临床资料,并对术后发生并发症可能的危险因素进行评估、分析.结果:胃癌术后并发症包括切口感染、肺部感染或胸腔积液、腹腔感染、肠梗阻、吻合口瘘,发生率为35.04％(41/117),手术方式、手术时间、胃管留置时间、术后生活习惯与手术后并发症相关(P＜0.05).结论:胃癌术后并发症由多种原因综合引起,除患者素质和病变因素外,6个危险因素依次为:行全胃切除、D2清扫、手术时间＞4h、术中出血量≥800mL、胃管留置时间＞3d、长期吸烟,应重视其围手术期处理.     

Thrombus aspiration in a series of patients with stable or unstable angina pectoris and lesion-site thrombus formation

Background. In acute myocardial infarction, thrombus aspiration prior to percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) is often beneficial, but this approach has never been studied in patients without acute myocardial infarction. The aim of this retrospective study is to shed light on that topic based on our initial experience with manual thrombus aspiration in patients with stable or unstable angina pectoris and angiographic evidence of lesion-site thrombus. Methods. We assessed the feasibility (thrombus aspiration without predilatation) of this approach; in addition, we determined angiographic coronary flow and myocardial blush grade. Results. During 33 months in which a total of 4725 PCI were performed in our centre, manual thrombus aspiration was attempted in 14 patients with stable or unstable angina pectoris with angiographic evidence of thrombus. In nine of these 14 patients, the aspiration catheter could be advanced into the lesion without predilatation; in eight patients visible thrombus was obtained. The corrected TIMI frame count improved during the entire interventional procedure (21.1±11.2 vs. 12.8±5.9 frames; p=0.015). Myocardial blush grade, which overall improved during PCI (p<0.001), tended to show greater improvement in patients in whom thrombus aspiration could be achieved (1.6±0.9 vs. 0.7±0.5; p=0.06). Conclusions. Preliminary evidence suggests that manual thrombus aspiration may occasionally be considered in selected patients without acute myocardial infarction but with angiographic evidence of lesion-site thrombus. Nevertheless, prospective studies are required to clearly define the role of this approach in clinical practice. (Neth Heart J 2010;18:423-9.)     

Catheter lock technique: in vitro efficacy of ethanol for eradication of methicillin-resistant staphylococcal biofilm compared with other agents

Biofilm formation in central venous catheters (CVC) is a prerequisite for catheter-related bloodstream infection (CRBSI). The catheter lock technique has been used to treat biofilm infection, but the ideal agent, concentration and the minimum exposure time necessary to eradicate the biofilms are not clearly known. In this study, biofilm-producing strains of staphylococci were used to find out the minimum biofilm eradication concentration of ethanol compared with three other conventional antibacterial agents. Eight representative methicillin-resistant staphylococci, from colonized CVCs, were studied. The biofilms were exposed to 1, 5 and 10?mg?mL(-1) of gentamicin, ciprofloxacin and vancomycin. The ethanol concentrations used were 20%, 40% and 80%. Biofilms were examined for the presence of live organisms after exposure to these agents from 30?min to 24?h. The three antibiotics were unable to eradicate the biofilms even after 24?h, while ethanol at 40% concentration could do so for all the isolates in 1?h. Our study highlights the efficacy and rationale of using 40% ethanol for a short period as catheter lock solution to eradicate biofilms and thus to prevent CRBSI, instead of using high concentrations of antibiotics for extended periods.     

A Retrospective Study of Preferable Alternative Route to Right Internal Jugular Vein for Placing Tunneled Dialysis Catheters: Right External Jugular Vein versus Left Internal Jugular Vein

Background

Right internal jugular vein (IJV) is a preferred access route for tunneled (cuffed) dialysis catheters (TDCs), and both right external jugular vein (EJV) and left IJV are alternative routes for patients in case the right IJV isn’t available for TDC placement. This retrospective study aimed to determine if a disparity exists between the two alternative routes in hemodialysis patients in terms of outcomes of TDCs.

Methods

49 hemodialysis patients who required TDCs through right EJV (n = 21) or left IJV (n = 28) as long-term vascular access were included in this study. The primary end point was cumulative catheter patency. Secondary end points include primary catheter patency, proportion of patients that never required urokinase and incidence of catheter-related bloodstream infections (CRBSI).

Results

A total of 20,870 catheter-days were evaluated and the median was 384 (interquartile range, 262–605) catheter-days. Fewer catheters were removed in the right EJV group than in the left IJV group (P = 0.007). Mean cumulative catheter patency was higher in the right EJV group compared with the left IJV group (P = 0.031). There was no significant difference between the two groups in the incidence of CRBSI, primary catheter patency or proportion of patients that never required urokinase use. Total indwell time of antecedent catheters was identified as an independent risk factor for cumulative catheter patency by Cox regression hazards test with an HR of 2.212 (95% CI, 1.363–3.588; p = 0.001).

Conclusions

Right EJV might be superior to left IJV as an alternative insertion route for TDC placement in hemodialysis patients whose right IJVs are unavailable.