产肠毒素型大肠杆菌F41黏附素是染色体编码并与K88在遗传学上相关

<正> 产肠毒素型大肠杆菌(ETEC)寄居人类及动物宿主的小肠,产生肠毒素导致液体与电解质的分泌。是通过一种命名为黏附素(adhesin)的繖状结构的细菌蛋白介导寄居于小肠。人与动物ETBC黏附素有几种不同的抗原型。表达这些黏附素的菌体细胞有凝集各种动物红细胞的能力。并与黏附素抗原型有关。黏附素对确定菌株致病性起一定作用。黏附素表达的遗传学基础是与这些抗原型相关的质粒。 最近已确定F41是对牛及猪有致病性的ETEC黏附素。θ9及0101血清型ETEC菌株的另一种黏附素K99的产生与其有关,但最近提及的某些菌株不产K99也产F41。F41在甘露糖存在的条件下可介导凝集人红细     

产肠毒素大肠杆菌Ⅳ型菌毛尖端黏附素单克隆抗体的交叉反应性、表位定位和效价

正产肠毒素大肠杆菌(ETEC)是资源受限地区的旅行者和儿童腹泻的主要致病菌。ETEC致病的关键一步是ETEC菌毛介导细菌黏附到宿主肠细胞。这些菌毛根据序列相似性进行分类,其中Ⅳ型菌毛家族成员最具有特征性。ETEC的Ⅳ型菌毛家族有八个相关成员,可分为三个亚类(5a,5b和5c),它们具有相似的结构排列,都有1个菌毛尖端黏附素。     

产肠毒素大肠杆菌诱导肠上皮细胞凋亡的研究进展

产肠毒素大肠杆菌(enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, ETEC)是引起人和动物腹泻的重要病原菌之一,其中黏附素和肠毒素是其感染引起腹泻的主要毒力因子。首先,黏附素介导ETEC与宿主小肠上皮细胞的黏附和定殖。随后,定殖的细菌产生肠毒素,导致水、电解质代谢紊乱,最终引起水样腹泻。传统的观点认为ETEC属于非侵袭性大肠杆菌,并不会引起肠上皮细胞凋亡和破坏肠道的屏障结构。但是越来越多的研究证据表明,在体外和体内ETEC感染均可诱导肠上皮细胞凋亡,破坏宿主肠黏膜屏障的完整性,促进疾病发展。本文将就ETEC不同毒力因子诱导细胞凋亡的具体机制、细胞凋亡与疾病发展的相关性以及在临床如何利用抗凋亡治疗预防ETEC感染等方面进行综述,旨为进一步深入阐明ETEC的分子致病机制提供参考,为防治ETEC引起的腹泻提供新策略。     

人源产肠毒素大肠杆菌疫苗的研发进展

腹泻是全球范围内引起5岁以下幼童死亡的第二大病因,而产肠毒素大肠杆菌(ETEC)是引起腹泻的最常见病原菌,其产生的细菌定植因子(CFs)和肠毒素是关键的毒力因子。CFs介导细菌黏附宿主小肠上皮细胞并完成定植,产生热敏肠毒素(LT)和热稳定肠毒素(ST)破坏宿主上皮细胞内的体液平衡,使体液和电介质过量分泌从而导致腹泻。预防ETEC腹泻的首选方法是使用能激发宿主产生抗黏附素免疫力和抗肠毒素免疫力的疫苗,阻断ETEC黏附和定植并中和肠毒素。目前一种名为Dukoral~的霍乱疫苗因能刺激机体产生抗热敏毒素免疫,已经被一些国家批准用于短期保护和预防旅行者腹泻。新型试验性ETEC候选疫苗正在研发中,旨在提供保护期长、反应谱广的抗ETEC感染免疫保护力。本文针对疫苗研发的关键问题和研究现状作一综述,并对未来的研究作出展望。     

产志贺样毒素和肠毒素大肠杆菌分子流行病学

[目的]人和动物腹泻的主要病原菌为大肠杆菌,本文主要研究贵州省致腹泻大肠杆菌毒力因子的分布类型.[方法]采用PCR技术对各毒力因子的基因分布进行研究.[结果]共分离到333株大肠杆菌,其中产肠毒素大肠杆菌(ETEC)在腹泻的人、猪、牛群中占优势,分别为:人群73(n=112),猪群82(n=106),牛群18(n=115).在ETEC菌株中检测到热敏肠毒素(lt)和不耐热肠毒素(st)基因,还存在lt/st并存现象.从人、猪、牛群中还检测到产志贺样毒素大肠杆菌(STEC),其中源自猪的STEC的检出率最高.大部分STEC同时携带lt、st或lt和st同时并存.编码F18菌毛的主亚基由fedA基因编码.对所分离大肠杆菌F18菌毛进行的研究结果表明,fedA基因主要与肠毒素基因共存,与stx基因并存的类型较少,25份猪源STEC菌株中仅有4份检测到fedA基因.[结论]贵州省人群、猪群和牛群致腹泻病原菌中以带F18菌毛的ETEC为主,STEC主要分布在腹泻的猪群中.     

用原生质体转化技术构建含有大肠杆菌K88ac、LT-B和O_149抗原基因的菌株

毒素源性大肠杆菌(ETEC)是可以引起幼畜腹泻的致病菌,此类菌具有对宿主特异的起粘附定居作用的菌毛,还有直接引起腹泻的肠毒素,目前已发现对热敏感的肠毒素LT和对热稳定的肠毒素ST。在临床中经常分离到的带有K88菌毛抗原的致病菌主要是引起新生仔猪的急性腹泻,其发病、流行都比较快,是新生仔猪死亡的一个重要原因,给畜牧业造成极大的危害。本实验室经过几年的研究,已经构建了具有     

猪源大肠杆菌(ETEC、STEC、AEEC)毒力基因及其与O抗原型的关系

[目的]揭示从我国部分地区仔猪腹泻或水肿病病猪体内分离到的300个大肠杆菌分离株所属病原型(pathotype)、毒力基因及其与O血清型的关系.[方法]O血清型采用常规的凝集试验进行测定,毒力基因采用PCR方法检测.[结果]通过对这300个分离株的O血清型及其毒素、紧密素和黏附素基因进行鉴定,结果显示除50株未定型、17株自凝外,测定出233个分离株的血清型,这些分离株覆盖了45个血清型,其中以0149、0107、0139、093和091为主,共133株,占定型菌株的57.1%;拥有est Ⅰ、estⅡ、elt、stx2e和eae A基因的菌株分别为102(34.0%)、190(63.3%)、81(27.0%)、57(19.0%)和54(18.0%)株;分离株中有51株K88基因阳性(其中菌毛表达率为100%),75株F18基因阳性(其中菌毛表达率为50.7%),在K88菌株中,0149血清型与est Ⅰ或estⅡ elt密切相关,在F18菌株中,0107血清型与est Ⅰ或estⅡ、0139血清型与stx2e紧密相关.依其毒力特征可将这些分离株分为以下6种类型:ETEC、STEC、AEEC、ETEC/STEC、AEEC/ETEC和AEEC/ETEC/STEC,分别拥有190、24、36、32、17和1个菌株,占分离株的63.3%、8.0%、12.0%、10.7%、5.7%和0.3%.通过分析这些分离株的O血清型、毒素类型和黏附素型之间的相关性:猪源ETEC以0149、0107、093和098等血清型为主,0149:K88菌株主要与estⅡ或estⅡ elt肠毒素相关,0107:F18菌株主要与estⅡ相关,093和098血清型菌株主要与estⅡ肠毒素相关;STEC菌株以0139:F18血清型为主,拥有stx2e;AEEC菌株拥有紧密素,无明显优势血清型;ETEC/STEC菌株以0107:F18和0116:F18血清型为主,主要与est Ⅰ stx2e或estⅡ stx2e密切相关,ETEC/AEEC菌株以091和0107血清型为主,全部拥有肠毒素est Ⅰ和紧密素基因.[结论]我国至少存在6种病原型的猪肠道致病性大肠杆菌,其中ETEC为我国部分地区猪大肠杆菌病的主要病原,同时其病原型日益复杂.     

大肠杆菌F18菌毛及其亚型的PCR鉴定

F18菌毛是产肠毒素大肠杆菌 (ETEC)与产vero细胞毒素大肠杆菌 (VTEC)的重要致病因子 ,可介导细菌对小肠细胞的黏附 ,并具有F18ab和F18ac 2个抗原亚型。根据已发表的F18ab菌毛A亚单位 (FedA ab)的基因 (fedA ab)设计 3条引物 ,建立了 2种聚合酶链式反应 (PCR)扩增方法。通过对F18ab 大肠杆菌、F18ac 大肠杆菌、K88 大肠杆菌、K99 大肠杆菌、987P 大肠杆菌、F4 1 大肠杆菌的试验 ,结果表明所建立的PCR方法可特异性鉴定F18 大肠杆菌并区别其亚型F18ab与F18ac     

大肠杆菌K99菌毛fan操纵子的克隆、表达及活性

[目的]在体外克隆和表达猪产肠毒素大肠杆菌(ETEC) K99菌毛操纵子fan结构基因,并检测重组菌毛的相关生物学活性.[方法]以猪源分离的表达K99菌毛ETEC C83907株制取模板,成功PCR扩增出编码K99菌毛的fan操纵子,约5.7 kb.将fan操纵子克隆人表达质粒载体pBR322,筛选出含正确阳性质粒的重组菌.进一步将上述的重组质粒DNA转化至不含任何菌毛的大肠杆菌SE5000株,同时将空载体pBR322质粒转化入SE5000构建阴性对照菌株.[结果]该重组菌能与鼠抗K99菌毛单克隆抗体发生明显的凝集反应,与新生仔猪小肠上皮细胞刷状缘BBV分子有强烈凝集反应.电镜观察到上述重组菌表面大量表达K99菌毛,用热抽提法提纯其表达的K99菌毛,并经SDS-PAGE电泳和考马斯亮蓝染色,可以得到分子量约为18.5kDa的主要蛋白条带.纯化菌毛免疫小鼠后制备出高效价的鼠抗血清,能与携带K99菌毛的C83907、C83914、C83260野生株发生强烈的凝集反应,而与携带其他菌毛的ETEC不反应.玻板凝集试验和Western blot结果表明:体外表达的K99菌毛具有和野生K99菌毛相同的抗原性.用表达K99菌毛的重组菌进行HeLa细胞体外黏附试验和黏附抑制实验,结果表明:重组菌和野生菌株一样具有较强的粘附性,而且用重组菌毛制备的鼠抗血清能有效地抑制上述重组菌或野生菌株对细胞系的黏附结合.[讨论]本研究为进一步研究K99菌毛生物学作用建立了良好的实验平台.     

肺炎克雷伯菌菌毛的研究进展

肺炎克雷伯菌为条件致病菌,可引起肺炎、败血症等多种化脓性炎症,近年来肺炎克雷伯菌也成为医院内感染的主要致病菌之一。研究表明,菌毛作为细菌重要的毒力因子之一,在细菌黏附过程中起重要作用,细菌可借助于菌毛尖端黏附素黏附到宿主的组织器官,这是引起机体致病的首要条件。肺炎克雷伯菌菌毛包括Ⅰ型菌毛和Ⅲ型菌毛,绝大多数的肺炎克雷伯菌均可表达Ⅲ型菌毛,在医院感染的致病过程中起到关键作用。     

Genome sequences and phylogenetic analysis of K88- and F18-positive porcine enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli

Porcine enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) continues to result in major morbidity and mortality in the swine industry via postweaning diarrhea. The key virulence factors of ETEC strains, their serotypes, and their fimbrial components have been well studied. However, most studies to date have focused on plasmid-encoded traits related to colonization and toxin production, and the chromosomal backgrounds of these strains have been largely understudied. Here, we generated the genomic sequences of K88-positive and F18-positive porcine ETEC strains and examined the phylogenetic distribution of clinical porcine ETEC strains and their plasmid-associated genetic content. The genomes of porcine ETEC strains UMNK88 and UMNF18 were both found to contain remarkable plasmid complements containing known virulence factors, potential novel virulence factors, and antimicrobial resistance-associated elements. The chromosomes of these strains also possessed several unique genomic islands containing hypothetical genes with similarity to classical virulence factors, although phage-associated genomic islands dominated the accessory genomes of these strains. Phylogenetic analysis of 78 clinical isolates associated with neonatal and porcine diarrhea revealed that a limited subset of porcine ETEC lineages exist that generally contain common toxin and fimbrial profiles, with many of the isolates belonging to the ST10, ST23, and ST169 multilocus sequencing types. These lineages were generally distinct from existing human ETEC database isolates. Overall, most porcine ETEC strains appear to have emerged from a limited subset of E. coli lineages that either have an increased propensity to carry plasmid-encoded virulence factors or have the appropriate ETEC core genome required for virulence.     

A probable new adhesive factor (F42) produced by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli isolated from pigs

Three enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) strains (coded 62, 104, and 567/7) isolated from piglets with neonatal diarrhea produced only a thermostable enterotoxin. Although these strains showed mannose-resistant microhemagglutination (MRMH), the responsible factor was serologically different from the known hemagglutinating colonization factors from porcine strains (K88, K99, and F41). Bacterial cells from these strains adhered to HeLa cells and pig brush borders. Electron microscope studies revealed the presence of fimbria-like structures on bacterial cells grown at 37 C but not on cells grown at 18 C. The antiserum prepared from partially purified fimbrial antigen (provisionally called F42) inhibited chicken erythrocyte MRMH caused by these strains as well as adherence of strain 567/7 to HeLa cells and to pig brush borders. These data taken together suggest the existence of a new hemagglutinating adhesin that is different from those so far described for porcine ETEC.     

Evaluation of a small-scale method for the extraction of the K88 antigen from enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli

A small-scale method for the extraction of the K88 major fimbrial subunit from enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) based on heat extraction has been developed. Variation in the buffer composition, time and temperature of extraction had negligible effect on the subsequent SDS-PAGE profile. There was, however, a correlation between the pH of the extraction buffer and the ensuing amount of K88 released. Reduction of the pH from 7 to 4 reduced by six-fold the amount of K88 released from the cells. We suggest that the relative stability of the K88 fimbriae at acid pH may influence the site of infection by ETEC in the intestine.     

Fimbrial Subunit Protein FaeG Expressed in Transgenic Tobacco Inhibits the Binding of F4ac Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli to Porcine Enterocytes

Plants offer a promising alternative for the production of foreign proteins for pharmaceutical purposes in tissues that are consumed as food and/or feed. Our long-term strategy is to develop edible vaccines against piglet diarrhoea caused by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (F4 ETEC) in feed plants. In this work, we isolated a gene, faeG, encoding for a major F4ac fimbrial subunit protein. Our goal was to test whether the FaeG protein, when isolated from its fimbrial background and produced in a plant cell, would retain the key properties of an oral vaccine, that is, stability in gastrointestinal conditions, binding to intestinal receptors and inhibition of the F4 ETEC attachment. For this purpose, tobacco was first transformed with a faeG construct that included a transit peptide encoding sequence to target the FaeG protein to the chloroplast. The best transgenic lines produced FaeG protein in amounts of 1% total soluble protein. The stability of the plant-produced FaeG was tested in fluids simulating piglet gastric (SGF) and intestinal (SIF) conditions. Plant-produced FaeG proved to be stable up to 2 h under these conditions. The binding and inhibition properties were tested with isolated piglet villi. These results showed that the plant-produced FaeG could bind to the receptors on the villi and subsequently inhibit F4 ETEC binding in a dose-dependent manner. Thus, the first two prerequisites for the development of an oral vaccine have been met.     

肠产毒性大肠杆菌分子生物学及基因工程疫苗的研究进展

综述了肠产毒性大肠杆菌(ETEC)的分子生物学和基因工程疫苗的最新进展。ETEC的肠毒素基因和菌毛蛋白基因对于ETEC的致病性起主要作用,肠毒素基因工程疫苗为预防ETEC引起的腹泻开辟了新的途径。     

Characterization of fimbriae extracts from porcine enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strains carrying F6 (987P) antigen.

Fimbrial extracts from porcine enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) strains carrying F6 (987P) intestinal colonization factor antigen wereobtained using the thermal shock method. The extracts were analyzed by SDSPAGE and immunoblotting using different fimbriae-specific antisera. Two major protein bands with molecular masses of 17.5 and 21.9 kDa were detected. The 21.9-kDa band was identified as the major subunit of F6 fimbrial antigen in strains of serogroups O9 and O141. The 17.5-kDa band was associated with porcine strains of serogroups O9 and O20.     

Chloroplasts assemble the major subunit FaeG of Escherichia coli F4 (K88) fimbriae to strand-swapped dimers

F4 fimbriae encoded by the fae operon are the major colonization factors associated with porcine neonatal and postweaning diarrhoea caused by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). Via the chaperone/usher pathway, the F4 fimbriae are assembled as long polymers of the major subunit FaeG, which also possesses the adhesive properties of the fimbriae. Intrinsically, the incomplete fold of fimbrial subunits renders them unstable and susceptible to aggregation and/or proteolytic degradation in the absence of a specific periplasmic chaperone. In order to test the possibility of producing FaeG in plants, FaeG expression was studied in transgenic tobacco plants. FaeG was directed to different subcellular compartments by specific targeting signals. Targeting of FaeG to the chloroplast results in much higher yields than FaeG targeting to the endoplasmic reticulum or the apoplast. Two chloroplast-targeted FaeG variants were purified from tobacco plants and crystallized. The crystal structures show that chloroplasts circumvent the absence of the fimbrial assembly machinery by assembling FaeG into strand-swapped dimers. Furthermore, the structures reveal how FaeG combines the structural requirements of a major fimbrial subunit with its adhesive role by grafting an additional domain on its Ig-like core.     

肠产毒性大肠埃希菌F4ac菌毛蛋白FaeG亚单位的原核表达及免疫学鉴定

目的克隆并表达肠产毒性大肠埃希菌（ETEC）F4ac菌毛蛋白亚单位FaeG,为制备预防幼畜ETEC感染的疫苗奠定基础。方法以ETEC（C83902）基因组DNA为模板,PCR扩增faeG基因,插入原核表达质粒pGEX-6P-1,构建重组质粒pGEX-faeG。将pGEX-faeG转化大肠埃希菌BL-21I,PTG诱导表达。SDS-PAGE分析表达蛋白的相对分子质量和表达形式,Western blot鉴定其抗原性。将表达菌超声破碎后离心提取包涵体制备抗原,经口灌喂免疫小鼠,检测小鼠血清中抗FaeG的IgGI、gA,鉴定其免疫原性。结果扩增的faeG基因全长786 bp,与基因文库中的faeG基因同源性达96%。重组质粒pGEX-faeG经PCR及双酶切鉴定确有插入片段,且序列完整。表达产物FaeG相对分子质量约53 kD,主要存在于碎菌后的沉淀中,以包涵体形式表达。Western blot显示该蛋白可与ETEC F4ac阳性血清特异性结合,免疫后小鼠血清抗FaeG IgGI、gA明显高于PBS和GST对照组。结论成功构建了ETEC F4ac菌毛蛋白亚单位FaeG的重组质粒pGEX-faeC,表达了重组蛋白FaeG,该蛋白具有良好的抗原表达了重组蛋白FaeG,该蛋白具有良好的抗原性和免疫原性,可用于研制预防幼畜ETEC感染的疫苗。