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研究区域多种生态系统服务之间的权衡协同关系特征,对不同生态系统服务、不同区域之间的协调发展,实现利益相关方效益最大化,达到区域发展与生态保护\"双赢\"具有重要意义。针对目前权衡协同定性分析、长时间动态变化研究不足的现状,以丹江口水源区为例,在采用\"当量因子法\"求得研究区生态系统服务价值的基础上,使用长时间整体分析占优的相关性分析方法和短时期动态变化分析占优的生态系统服务权衡协同度(ESTD)模型对研究区1990—2015年10种生态系统服务的权衡协同关系展开研究。结果表明:1990—1995年,丹江口水源区生态系统服务价值呈负增长,之后则呈不断上涨的时序变化趋势,增幅最大的生态系统服务为水资源供给。生态服务价值最高的用地类型为林地,其次为草地和水域。空间上,生态系统服务价值呈东南高西北低特征。在丹江口水源区生态系统服务之间相互关系中,协同关系占64%,是丹江口水源区生态系统服务之间的主导关系,权衡关系较少,且大多存在于供给服务与调节服务、文化服务、支持服务之间。丹江口大坝加高后,即2005年之后,水源区内生态系统服务之间的权衡协同方向有所改变,改变明显的生态服务有净化环境、水文调节和水资源供给。这3种生态系统服务与生态系统服务之间的权衡关系增多,除这3种生态系统服务外,其余几种单项生态系统服务与生态系统服务之间的权衡关系减少。 相似文献
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鄱阳湖地区生态系统服务权衡与协同关系的时空格局 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
鄱阳湖地区是中国最大淡水湖影响的区域,定量分析其生态系统服务权衡与协同关系对实现区域可持续发展具有重要意义.本研究首先基于遥感、土壤、气象、数字高程模型(DEM)等多源数据,定量测算2005—2015年鄱阳湖地区食物供给服务、土壤保持服务和产水服务,分析服务的时空格局及演变特征;然后运用相关分析、冷热点分析、空间制图方法探析1 km×1 km尺度上服务间权衡与协同关系的时空特征,并研究土地利用视角下生态系统服务及其相互关系的差异.结果表明: 研究期间,鄱阳湖地区食物供给服务增加,土壤保持服务减少,产水服务先增后减.空间分布上,食物供给服务在西北-东南方向上呈现“低-高-低-高”的分布格局,土壤保持服务呈现高低值集聚分布的空间格局,产水服务表现为南高北低的空间分布.鄱阳湖地区食物供给与土壤保持、食物供给与产水量是权衡关系,土壤保持与产水量是协同关系.食物供给与土壤保持呈现北部协同、南部权衡的空间格局,食物供给与产水量之间在空间上呈现出明显的权衡关系,土壤保持与产水量之间从北至南呈现协同-权衡-协同的“夹心式”分异规律.不同土地利用类型间,耕地与食物供给、园林地与土壤保持、水域与产水量之间均存在极显著协同关系,建设用地与3种服务皆是权衡关系.食物供给服务与土壤保持服务和产水服务之间在不同土地利用类型中皆以权衡为主,土壤保持与产水服务在耕地、园林地、草地及建设用地中以协同关系为主、在水域和未利用地中则以权衡关系为主.鄱阳湖地区多重生态系统服务热点区主要在东部和南部平原区,呈减少趋势. 相似文献
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探讨流域地区的生态系统服务功能对高效配置环境资源和合理制定生态环境政策具有重要意义。以闽江流域为研究对象,利用2006年、2011年、2016年三期遥感影像提取闽江流域各个县市的耕地、森林、草地、水体、不透水地表和裸地等专题信息,综合生态系统服务价值表、生态系统服务价值估算模型以及生态系统服务功能权衡协同模型,评估闽江流域生态系统服务价值,并分析该流域生态系统服务价值变化规律趋势及权衡协同关系。结果表明:2006—2016年闽江流域土地利用类型变化较大,森林面积、耕地面积、不透水地表增多,草地面积、水体面积、裸地面积减少,水体面积变化最大;生态系统服务价值总量由2006年的101.12×109元减少到2016年的99.54×109元。2006—2016年,闽江流域内各生态系统服务之间关系以协同关系为主导;2011—2016年,协同关系占比显著提升,但协同度有所降低。同期内,闽江流域生态系统服务功能权衡协同的相似结果亦表现在闽江上游区域中,可认为闽江上游区域作为城市化进程的\"衍射区域\",可有效地作为调整闽江流域生态系统服务关系的关键区域。 相似文献
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新安江流域作为长三角一体化发展的战略水源地与水源涵养区,其生态系统服务变化与权衡协同关系研究对于推进流域生态文明体制建设,促进人地关系协调发展具有重要意义。基于生态系统服务变化指数、相关系数及空间自相关等方法,对新安江流域1999-2019年生态系统服务价值及权衡协同关系进行定量分析。结果表明：（1）新安江流域生态系统服务价值整体呈波动下降态势,改善趋势渐显,生态补偿工作的系统实施强化了河流、湖泊的生态保护效应与地位;（2）新安江流域地均生态系统服务价值空间分布较为稳定,空间相关类型以正相关为主,生态系统服务价值增益相对明显地区多分布在上游安徽省境内;（3）协同关系是新安江流域生态系统服务间相关关系的主体,生态补偿试点工作实施后,水文调节服务与其他服务之间的相关关系发生明显转化,各乡镇单元生态系统服务的相关关系以协同关系为主。 相似文献
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目前,有关生态系统服务权衡与协同关系的研究多集中在局地尺度,在宏观尺度上的研究较少。重点脆弱生态区是我国改善生态环境的主要目标区域,在定量评估我国重点脆弱生态区1990—2015年土壤保持、植被净初级生产力(NPP)和产水服务的基础上,利用相关系数法并结合植被分布场数据对生态系统服务权衡与协同关系进行研究。结果表明:(1)26年间,重点脆弱生态区的土壤保持服务、NPP、产水服务呈现出南多北少的分布格局,且3种服务的年际变化较小,但均有上升的趋势;(2)重点脆弱生态区的3种生态系统服务之间是整体上协同,局部权衡的关系,并且协同关系呈减弱的趋势;(3)生态恢复区的生态系统服务的协同程度大于非生态恢复区,权衡关系减弱的动态变化趋势高于非生态恢复区。定量评估生态系统服务权衡与协同关系的时空特征,有利于研究生态系统服务之间相互关系在时间上的非线性和空间上的异质性,对重点脆弱生态区生态系统的可持续发展具有重要意义。 相似文献
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黄河上游是我国重要的生态屏障和生态功能区,研究其生态系统服务的时空演化及其权衡协同关系对实现黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展具有重要意义。基于土地利用、土壤、气象等数据,借助InVEST模型、相关性分析以及空间自相关分析等方法,定量分析了2000-2020年黄河上游生态系统服务的时空演化特征及其权衡与协同关系。结果表明:(1)黄河上游各项生态系统服务整体表现为\"西南高,东北低\"的分布格局,高值区主要分布于流域西南部,低值区主要分布于流域东北部;(2)研究期内,黄河上游各项生态系统服务均呈现波动变化的趋势,产水量和土壤保持呈现整体减少趋势,生境质量与碳储量呈现增加的趋势;(3)各项生态系统服务两两之间均存在不同程度的相关关系,产水量与生境质量、碳储量呈现此消彼长的权衡关系,产水量-土壤保持、生境质量-碳储量与土壤保持-碳储量之间呈现协同关系;(4)在空间分布格局上,各项生态系统服务间的权衡与协同关系表现出显著的空间异质性与尺度效应,不同分区之间差异较大。本文可为科学管理区域生态系统,促进流域可持续发展提供参考。 相似文献
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秦岭是我国重要的生态功能区,探究秦岭生态系统服务权衡与协同关系对区域的生态保护和高质量发展意义重大。本研究基于遥感、气象、土壤质地等数据,在分析2000、2010和2020年土地利用时空变化的基础上,采用CASA、InVEST和RUSLE模型计算秦岭地区植被固碳量、产水量、生境质量和土壤保持量,并探讨空间异质性特征及生态系统服务关系。结果表明: 2000—2020年,研究区耕地、草地面积持续减少,林地和建设用地面积增长,水域和未利用地变化不明显。研究区固碳量东高西低,呈增长趋势;产水量持续减少,呈现南坡高、北坡低的格局;生境质量稳定增长;土壤保持量先增后减。不同地类的生态系统服务各有差异,同一地类的各个生态系统服务也各不相同。全域尺度下固碳与土壤保持、生境质量与土壤保持、固碳与生境质量皆呈协同关系,固碳与产水、土壤保持与产水、生境质量与产水为权衡关系,但不同条件下服务量间的关系存在明显差异。研究结果有助于降低权衡风险,使总体效益最大化,可为促进生态高质量发展、实现自然资源管理与人类福祉的双赢提供参考依据。 相似文献
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Land use caused by human socioeconomic activities is a driver of change in the global environment. To understand and quantify land‐use change on Earth's natural systems, interdisciplinary approaches linking biophysical and socioeconomic parameters are required. One approach to understand the degree of terrestrial colonization of the biosphere is using the human appropriation of net primary productivity (HANPP). HANPP is defined as the difference between the net primary productivity (NPP) of potential vegetation and the actual NPP for a given area of land. Here, we use HANPP as a lens to examine land‐use change in India from 1700 to 2007 using a spatially explicit data set that extends over this period. We also used the nongridded, Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) data set to calculate HANPP for India from 1961 to 2012 and compared our results. The average potential NPP for India was estimated to be 664 grams of carbon per square meter per year (g C/m2/year). Between 1700 and 2012, the fraction of pastureland and cropland increased from 20% to almost 60%. HANPP as a fraction of the potential NPP increased from 29% to 73% over this period. Calculations of HANPP using the FAO data set yielded an increase from 600 g C/m2 to just over 700 g C/m2 between 1961 and 2012. We also calculated the embodied HANPP of India by considering imports and exports, but the difference between the two is negligible in comparison to the HANPP of India. We further examined the variation of HANPP with socioeconomic parameters such as the Human Development Index (HDI) and population density. There was a roughly negative trend of HANPP with HDI. HANPP roughly increases with population density and then plateaus above a population density of roughly 200 persons per square kilometer. 相似文献
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土壤是生态系统中不可或缺的组成部分,同时也是植物生长与发育的依托。土壤含水量直接影响土壤—植被生态系统中的水分和养分循环,从而决定植物的生长状态。因此,植被的生长状况与土壤含水量之间存在密切的关联。为了深入了解这种关系,本研究选取昭苏县3种优质牧草（冷蒿草、牛筋草和高羊茅）的地面实测高光谱数据作为研究对象,运用倒数、导数、对数等14种光谱变换方法,通过相关性分析找出与土壤含水量高度相关的特征波段,进行植被高光谱的土壤含水量建模预测,目的是要筛选敏感波长和最佳的反演模型。同时,利用CASA模型计算草地实际净初级生产力（ANPP）,以分析土壤含水量与植被生产力的关联程度。结果表明：（1）昭苏县3种优质牧草在可见光波段光谱反射特征相似,而近红外波段差异较大,并且除25%—30%土壤含水量区间外,随着土壤水分增加,植被光谱反射率呈现明显下降趋势。（2）经过14种光谱变换后,昭苏县3种优质牧草的光谱反射率与土壤含水量间的相关性得到提高,尤其在R″、（1/R）′、（log R）′、（log 1/R）′、(R1/2)″等光谱变换形式下,相关性较高,且特征波段数量较多。（3）在（1/R）′、（1/R）″、（log 1/R）″、(R1/2)″等8种高光谱变换形式中,(R1/2)″和（log 1/R）″变换下土壤含水量估算模型精度较好。（4）在过去20年间,昭苏县草地ANPP呈明显下降趋势,草地退化主要集中在平原地带,而植被生产力的减少是多因素作用的结果,土壤含水量只是一个微弱的影响因子。总之,本研究为土壤含水量反演及其与植被生产力关系研究中提供新思路,为土地可持续利用和管理策略的指定提供重要参考。 相似文献
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E. -D. Schulze J. Lloyd F. M. Kelliher † C. Wirth C. Rebmann B. Lühker M. Mund A. Knohl I. M. Milyukova ‡ W. Schulze § W. Ziegler ¶ A. &#;. Varlagin ‡ A. F. Sogachev ‡ R. Valentini S. Dore S. Grigoriev †† O. Kolle M. I. Panfyorov ‡ N. Tchebakova ‡‡ NN. Vygodskaya‡ 《Global Change Biology》1999,5(6):703-722
Based on review and original data, this synthesis investigates carbon pools and fluxes of Siberian and European forests (600 and 300 million ha, respectively). We examine the productivity of ecosystems, expressed as positive rate when the amount of carbon in the ecosystem increases, while (following micrometeorological convention) downward fluxes from the atmosphere to the vegetation (NEE = Net Ecosystem Exchange) are expressed as negative numbers. Productivity parameters are Net Primary Productivity (NPP=whole plant growth), Net Ecosystem Productivity (NEP = CO2 assimilation minus ecosystem respiration), and Net Biome Productivity (NBP = NEP minus carbon losses through disturbances bypassing respiration, e.g. by fire and logging). Based on chronosequence studies and national forestry statistics we estimate a low average NPP for boreal forests in Siberia: 123 gC m–2 y–1. This contrasts with a similar calculation for Europe which suggests a much higher average NPP of 460 gC m–2 y–1 for the forests there. Despite a smaller area, European forests have a higher total NPP than Siberia (1.2–1.6 vs. 0.6–0.9 × 1015 gC region–1 y–1). This arises as a consequence of differences in growing season length, climate and nutrition. For a chronosequence of Pinus sylvestris stands studied in central Siberia during summer, NEE was most negative in a 67-y old stand regenerating after fire (– 192 mmol m–2 d–1) which is close to NEE in a cultivated forest of Germany (– 210 mmol m–2 d–1). Considerable net ecosystem CO2-uptake was also measured in Siberia in 200- and 215-y old stands (NEE:174 and – 63 mmol m–2 d–1) while NEP of 7- and 13-y old logging areas were close to the ecosystem compensation point. Two Siberian bogs and a bog in European Russia were also significant carbon sinks (– 102 to – 104 mmol m–2 d–1). Integrated over a growing season (June to September) we measured a total growing season NEE of – 14 mol m–2 summer–1 (– 168 gC m–2 summer–1) in a 200-y Siberian pine stand and – 5 mol m–2 summer–1 (– 60 gC m–2 summer–1) in Siberian and European Russian bogs. By contrast, over the same period, a spruce forest in European Russia was a carbon source to the atmosphere of (NEE: + 7 mol m–2 summer–1 = + 84 gC m–2 summer–1). Two years after a windthrow in European Russia, with all trees being uplifted and few successional species, lost 16 mol C m–2 to the atmosphere over a 3-month in summer, compared to the cumulative NEE over a growing season in a German forest of – 15.5 mol m–2 summer–1 (– 186 gC m–2 summer–1; European flux network annual averaged – 205 gC m–2 y–1). Differences in CO2-exchange rates coincided with differences in the Bowen ratio, with logging areas partitioning most incoming radiation into sensible heat whereas bogs partitioned most into evaporation (latent heat). Effects of these different surface energy exchanges on local climate (convective storms and fires) and comparisons with the Canadian BOREAS experiment are discussed. Following a classification of disturbances and their effects on ecosystem carbon balances, fire and logging are discussed as the main processes causing carbon losses that bypass heterotrophic respiration in Siberia. Following two approaches, NBP was estimated to be only about 13–16 mmol m–2 y–1 for Siberia. It may reach 67 mmol m–2 y–1 in North America, and about 140–400 mmol m–2 y–1 in Scandinavia. We conclude that fire speeds up the carbon cycle, but that it results also in long-term carbon sequestration by charcoal formation. For at least 14 years after logging, regrowth forests remain net sources of CO2 to the atmosphere. This has important implications regarding the effects of Siberian forest management on atmospheric concentrations. For many years after logging has taken place, regrowth forests remain weaker sinks for atmospheric CO2 than are nearby old-growth forests. 相似文献
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Jiamei Sun;Yue Yan;Bin Zhang;Wei Liu;Shande Dou;Xiaoliang Wang;Jianhui Huang;Dima Chen;Changhui Wang;Xingguo Han;Qingmin Pan; 《Global Change Biology》2024,30(7):e17404
The fraction of net primary productivity (NPP) allocated to belowground organs (fBNPP) in grasslands is a critical parameter in global carbon cycle models; moreover, understanding the effect of precipitation changes on this parameter is vital to accurately estimating carbon sequestration in grassland ecosystems. However, how fBNPP responds to temporal precipitation changes along a gradient from extreme drought to extreme wetness, remains unclear, mainly due to the lack of long-term data of belowground net primary productivity (BNPP) and the fact that most precipitation experiments did not have a gradient from extreme drought to extreme wetness. Here, by conducting both a precipitation gradient experiment (100–500 mm) and a long-term observational study (34 years) in the Inner Mongolia grassland, we showed that fBNPP decreased linearly along the precipitation gradient from extreme drought to extreme wetness due to stronger responses in aboveground NPP to drought and wet conditions than those of BNPP. Our further meta-analysis in grasslands worldwide also indicated that fBNPP increased when precipitation decreased, and the vice versa. Such a consistent pattern of fBNPP response suggests that plants increase the belowground allocation with decreasing precipitation, while increase the aboveground allocation with increasing precipitation. Thus, the linearly decreasing response pattern in fBNPP should be incorporated into models that forecast carbon sequestration in grassland ecosystems; failure to do so will lead to underestimation of the carbon stock in drought years and overestimation of the carbon stock in wet years in grasslands. 相似文献
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净初级生产力(NPP)和净生态系统生产力(NEP)是估算陆地生态系统碳源/汇的重要指标,云南为我国碳汇的主要区域之一,开展云南NPP和NEP时空变化特征分析对科学评估陆地生态系统碳源/汇功能,以及开展碳排放交易具有重要意义。基于BEPS模型1981—2019年NPP和NEP产品,采用线性趋势分析、文献对比等方法,研究云南NPP和NEP时空变化特征及其在云南的适用性。结果表明：(1)1981—1999年云南NPP和NEP呈水平波动,2000年后云南NPP和NEP呈明显波动上升趋势,2000—2019年云南NPP高值区域主要分布在西部和南部,而NEP高值区则主要分布在东部和西部局部地区;(2)2000—2019年云南NPP和NEP除西北部部分地区为下降趋势外,其余大部地区为上升趋势;(3)云南NPP峰值出现在7、8月,谷值出现在2月,NEP峰值出现月份与NPP基本相同,但谷值出现月份较NPP滞后1—3个月,6—10月是云南碳汇的主要月份;(4)BEPS模型估算的NPP与目前广泛应用的CASA和遥感模型结果较为一致,时空变化特征与云南生态恢复措施和气候特征吻合,其估算的NEP与陆地生物圈模型... 相似文献
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1981～2000年中国陆地生态系统碳通量的年际变化 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
应用一个生物地球化学模型(CEVSA)估算了中国陆地净初级生产力 (NPP)、土壤异养呼吸(HR)和净生态系统生产力 (NEP) 在1981～1998年期间对气候和大气CO2浓度变化的动态响应.结果显示,全国NPP总量波动于2.89～3.37 Gt C/a之间,平均值为3.09 Gt C/a,年平均增长趋势约为0.32%.HR总量变化范围为2.89～3.21 Gt C/a,平均值为3.02 Gt C/a, 年均增长0.40%.NEP总量变动于 -0.32和0.25 Gt C/a之间,在统计上没有明显的年际变化趋势.在研究时段内,年平均NEP约为0.07 Gt C/a,表明中国陆地生态系统在气候与大气CO2浓度变化的条件下吸收了碳,为碳汇,总的吸收量为1.22 Gt C,约占全球碳吸收总量的10%,与同期内美国由大气CO2和气候变化所产生的碳吸收量大致相当.尽管由于较高的年际变率,NEP在统计上没有明显的变化趋势,但NPP的增长率低于HR的增长率,说明在研究时段内,中国陆地生态系统的吸碳能力由于气候变化降低了.全国大多数地区年平均NEP接近零,明显的NEP正值区(即碳汇)出现在东北平原、西藏东南部和黄淮平原等地区,而大小兴安岭、黄土高原和云贵高原等地区NEP为负值(即碳源).研究认为,1981～1998年期间中国气候温暖、干旱,因此估算的NEP可能低于其他时段.如果气候进入一个比较湿润的时期,碳吸收量可显著增加,但若当前干旱和暖化趋势以此为继,中国的NEP可能会变成一个负值. 相似文献
17.
基于2005年玉米(Zea mays)生长季土壤呼吸作用及其影响因子的动态观测资料,分析了玉米地土壤呼吸作用的日和季动态及其对土壤温度和生物因子协同作用的响应。结果表明,玉米地土壤呼吸作用的日变化为不对称的单峰型,其最小值和最大值分别出现在6∶00~7∶00和13∶00左右;玉米生长季中,土壤呼吸速率波动较大,其均值为3.16 μmol CO2·m-2·s-1,最大值为4.87 μmol CO2·m-2·s-1,出现在7月28日,最小值为1.32 μmol CO2·m-2·s-1,出现在5月4日。在土壤呼吸作用日变化中,土壤呼吸速率(SR)与10 cm深度土壤温度(T)呈显著的线性关系:SR=αT+β。在整个生长季节,玉米净初级生产力(NPP)与直线斜率(α)呈显著正相关,生物量(B)也明显影响直线的截距(β)。基于此,建立了玉米地土壤呼吸作用动态模型SR=(aNPP+b)T+cB2+dB+e。土壤呼吸作用季节变化的大部分(97%)可以由土壤温度、NPP和生物量的季节变化来解释。当仅考虑土壤温度对土壤呼吸作用的影响时,指数方程会过大或过小地估计了土壤呼吸强度。该文的结果强调了生物因子在土壤呼吸作用季节变化中的重要作用,同时指出土壤呼吸作用模型不仅要考虑土壤温度的影响,在生物因子影响土壤呼吸作用的温度敏感性时,还应该把生物因子纳入模型。 相似文献
18.
为探明土壤水分对水稻生长发育的影响机理,以武香粳14和两优培九为试验材料,分析了不同土壤水分处理下(W1、W2、W3和CK分别表示土壤体积含水量为20%、30%、40%和5cm水层灌溉)的水稻光合特性、产量及水分生产率等。结果表明,轻度水分胁迫(W3)具有处理间最大的叶片气孔导度、蒸腾速率和净光合速率,其他处理规律不显著。灌浆初期各水分处理下叶位间光合指标均表现为:剑叶＞顶2叶＞顶3叶>顶4叶,其他生育期规律不显著。与对照处理(CK)相比,武香粳14的W1、W2和W3处理的产量分别减少61.14%和29.13%、增加0.96%,水分生产率分别减少10.69%、增加1.53%和20.61%;两优培九的产量分别减少64.11%和28.76%,增加2.08%,水分生产率分别减少16.39%,增加2.46%和22.13%。研究结果为水稻精确灌溉和节水生产提供了技术支撑。 相似文献
19.
Jing Wang Yingzhi Gao Yunhai Zhang Junjie Yang Melinda D. Smith Alan K. Knapp David M. Eissenstat Xingguo Han 《Global Change Biology》2019,25(9):2958-2969
Nitrogen (N) enrichment often increases aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) of the ecosystem, but it is unclear if belowground net primary productivity (BNPP) track responses of ANPP. Moreover, the frequency of N inputs may affect primary productivity but is rarely studied. To assess the response patterns of above‐ and belowground productivity to rates of N addition under different addition frequencies, we manipulated the rate (0–50 g N m?2 year?1) and frequency (twice vs. monthly additions per year) of NH4NO3 inputs for six consecutive years in a temperate grassland in northern China and measured ANPP and BNPP from 2012 to 2014. In the low range of N addition rates, BNPP showed the greatest negative response and ANPP showed the greatest positive responses with increases in N addition (<10 g N m?2 year?1). As N addition increased beyond 10 g N m?2 year?1, increases in ANPP dampened and decreases in BNPP ceased altogether. The response pattern of net primary productivity (combined above‐ and belowground; NPP) corresponded more closely to ANPP than to BNPP. The N effects on BNPP and BNPP/NPP (fBNPP) were not dependent on N addition frequency in the range of N additions typically associated with N deposition. BNPP was more sensitive to N addition frequency than ANPP, especially at low rates of N addition. Our findings provide new insights into how plants regulate carbon allocation to different organs with increasing N rates and changing addition frequencies. These root response patterns, if incorporated into Earth system models, may improve the predictive power of C dynamics in dryland ecosystems in the face of global atmospheric N deposition. 相似文献
20.
S. LUYSSAERT I. INGLIMA M. JUNG A. D. RICHARDSON M. REICHSTEIN D. PAPALE S. L. PIAO E. ‐D. SCHULZE L. WINGATE G. MATTEUCCI L. ARAGAO M. AUBINET C. BEER C. BERNHOFER K. G. BLACK D. BONAL J. ‐M. BONNEFOND J. CHAMBERS P. CIAIS B. COOK K. J. DAVIS A. J. DOLMAN B. GIELEN M. GOULDEN J. GRACE A. GRANIER A. GRELLE T. GRIFFIS T. GRÜNWALD G. GUIDOLOTTI P. J. HANSON R. HARDING D. Y. HOLLINGER L. R. HUTYRA P. KOLARI B. KRUIJT W. KUTSCH F. LAGERGREN T. LAURILA B. E. LAW G. LE MAIRE A. LINDROTH D. LOUSTAU Y. MALHI J. MATEUS M. MIGLIAVACCA L. MISSON L. MONTAGNANI J. MONCRIEFF E. MOORS J. W. MUNGER E. NIKINMAA S. V. OLLINGER G. PITA C. REBMANN O. ROUPSARD N. SAIGUSA M. J. SANZ G. SEUFERT C. SIERRA M. ‐L. SMITH J. TANG R. VALENTINI T. VESALA I. A. JANSSENS 《Global Change Biology》2007,13(12):2509-2537
Terrestrial ecosystems sequester 2.1 Pg of atmospheric carbon annually. A large amount of the terrestrial sink is realized by forests. However, considerable uncertainties remain regarding the fate of this carbon over both short and long timescales. Relevant data to address these uncertainties are being collected at many sites around the world, but syntheses of these data are still sparse. To facilitate future synthesis activities, we have assembled a comprehensive global database for forest ecosystems, which includes carbon budget variables (fluxes and stocks), ecosystem traits (e.g. leaf area index, age), as well as ancillary site information such as management regime, climate, and soil characteristics. This publicly available database can be used to quantify global, regional or biome‐specific carbon budgets; to re‐examine established relationships; to test emerging hypotheses about ecosystem functioning [e.g. a constant net ecosystem production (NEP) to gross primary production (GPP) ratio]; and as benchmarks for model evaluations. In this paper, we present the first analysis of this database. We discuss the climatic influences on GPP, net primary production (NPP) and NEP and present the CO2 balances for boreal, temperate, and tropical forest biomes based on micrometeorological, ecophysiological, and biometric flux and inventory estimates. Globally, GPP of forests benefited from higher temperatures and precipitation whereas NPP saturated above either a threshold of 1500 mm precipitation or a mean annual temperature of 10 °C. The global pattern in NEP was insensitive to climate and is hypothesized to be mainly determined by nonclimatic conditions such as successional stage, management, site history, and site disturbance. In all biomes, closing the CO2 balance required the introduction of substantial biome‐specific closure terms. Nonclosure was taken as an indication that respiratory processes, advection, and non‐CO2 carbon fluxes are not presently being adequately accounted for. 相似文献